Suchergebnisse

Padom Zapadnog Rimskog Carstva 476. poslije Kr. te ulaskom Gota u Rim, Europa se raspala na mnogo tada neorganiziranih, nepovezanih entiteta koji su započinjali izgradnju vlastitoga kulturnog i političkog identiteta. Kako je vrijeme prolazilo, tako se sve više gubio jedan unificirani mjerni sustav (rekli bismo: antički SI sustav mjera) te sve ono kulturno i tehnološko naslijeđe koje je Rim nakon sebe ostavio. Mjerni sustav uvijek je potreban da bi bilo koji vid društvene aktivnosti uopće opstao. S obzirom da je područje rimskog utjecaja bilo ogromno, a da je na njemu nastalo mnogo novih entiteta, nisu se uspjeli zadržati već uvriježeni mjerni sustavi nego su se počeli stvarati i upotrebljavati lokalni sustavi. Uporaba lokalnih mjernih sustava bila je katkad toliko rascjepkana da su gradovi koji su jedni drugima vidjeli zidine imali potpuno drugačije definirane odnose unutar mjernih sustava. Opisivanje svih mjernih jedinica tijekom srednjeg vijeka zahtijevalo bi puno vremena. Ovdje će biti opisano sve ono što se odnosi na mjerenje mase, što izravno ili neizravno utječe na točnost odnosno bolje rečeno vjerodostojnost izmjera, poglavito pri obavljanju razmjene novca u trgovanju na područjima s različitim mjernim sustavima. Te pojave često su iskorištavali ovlašteni mjenjači novca koji su na "zakonit" način potkradali drugu stranu.

U radu se donosi presjek izvora (epigrafičkih, diplomatičkih, narativnih, kartografskih) i kritički pogled u historiografiju za srednjovjekovni i ranonovovjekovni Beram, koji u kontekstu hrvatskoga glagoljaštva zauzima iznimno važno mjesto. Iako je riječ o ruralnome području s pojedinim urbanim elementima – jedan je od kaštela Pazinske knežije sa statusom gradića (Stätl) te župa Porečke biskupije – to mjesto baštini povijesnoumjetničke i glagoljične spomenike iznimne važnosti. U prvome su to redu hrvatskoglagoljični rukopisi Prvi i Drugi beramski misal te Prvi i Drugi beramski brevijar (danas svi u Narodnoj in univerzitetnoj knjižnici u Ljubljani, Slovenija) te župna crkva sv. Martina, izvorno srednjovjekovno zdanje, o čemu svjedoči glagoljični natpis iz 1431., i gotička crkva sv. Marije na Škrilinah sa zidnim slikama (freskama) koje je 1474. slikao majstor Vincent iz Kastva (lat. Vincentius de Castua). Te su freske jedan od najvrjednijih radova domaće istarske srednjovjekovne umjetnosti. Poseban će se naglasak staviti na izvore (osobito na neobjavljene zapisnike vizitacija porečkih biskupa tijekom 17. i 18. stoljeća) i historiografiju u pogledu proučavanja Berma i njegove spomeničke te rukopisne baštine s pokušajem davanja odgovora na jedno od ključnih pitanja: kakve su bile političke i crkvene, društveno-gospodarske, a napose kulturne prilike u Bermu u promatranome razdoblju kao preduvjet za razumijevanje mjesta čuvanja i mogućega nastanka pojedinih glagoljičnih rukopisa koji se povezuju s tamošnjom župom. ; Beram is a settlement in central Istria (Croatia) that has existed since the early Middle Ages. Its predominantly Slavic-Croatian character has been verified very early in archival records and documents, as well as in its Glagolitic cultural features. Beram (Vermo in Italian, Verm in German) holds an important place in the study of Mediaeval Istria and Croatian Glagolitism. Though it is a rural area with some urban elements (it was one of the castles of Pazin County, and had e.g. 148 hearths in 1578, with the status of a minor city [Ger. Stätl]), this settlement boasts historical and artistic monuments and a Glagolitic heritage of exceptional importance. Primarily, these consist of Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts (the 15th-century First and Second Missal of Beram and the First and Second Beram Breviary, held at the National and University Library in Ljubljana, Slovenia); the present day parish church of St. Martin, originally from 1431; and the Gothic church of St. Mary on Škrilinah with frescoes painted in 1474 by master Vincent of Kastav (Lat. Vincentius de Castua). These frescoes are among the most valuable works of local Istrian Mediaeval art. In the early modern period (16th to 18th century), Beram was host to both dramatic wartime conflicts (1615-1618) and an attempt at spiritual regeneration by means of Catholic restoration. It is a place that was divided in terms of government during the period under study. While administratively belonging to the Habsburg Monarchy, spiritual authority was exercised by a Venetian subject holding the office of bishop of Poreč. This fact will represent an important obstacle in the spiritual development of both this and other micro-locations in Istria. The paper analyses the cultural, social, and religious circumstances of Beram throughout a period stretching from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. The paper is also based on the existing historiographic literature and an unpublished 17th-century record of pastoral visitations. Special emphasis is placed on the historical perspective of the study of Beram and its sacral and manuscript heritage from the Middle Ages to the early modern period; an interdisciplinary approach to future research and appreciation of this historical region is suggested. A review of published works related to the history of the Catholic Church in Istria is also provided, noting that an overview of the Istrian Church's history in the 16th and 17th centuries has yet to be produced. Details are also provided concerning archival materials from the period found in depositories such as the Diocesan Archives in Poreč, the Diocesan Archives of Trieste, and the Vatican Apostolic Archive, as well as in local parish archives and registers, which were mainly written in Glagolitic. The authors will seek to guide scholars to this rich vein of sources as a basis for future research.

Parental leave reforms that aimed at higher father's involvement in childcare began in the 1970s. However, the number of fathers who took parental leave increased only in the 1990s when Scandinavian countries began introducing father's quotas or paternity leaves, that is, earmarked leave periods to be used by fathers or otherwise lost. Croatia introduced the two-month father's quota as late as in 2013. Although the reform did not contribute to a sudden increase in the number of fathers on parental leave, there is always a steady, albeit small, number of fathers taking up leave. This article aims to provide an insight into fathers' experiences on parental leave in Croatia. Relying on interviews with 11 middle-class fathers in the City of Zagreb, the article explores father's motives for taking leave, their experience regarding the initial decision and the procedure of exercising their right to leave and their experience of being on leave. Results suggest that the fathers were very eager to use their right to leave and spend time with their children. They mostly used longer leaves (more than 3 months) and the experience of being home alone with the child made the fathers learn new skills in relation to childcare and housework, but also rethink their relation to work and family. ; Reforme roditeljskih dopusta usmjerene na uključivanje većeg broja očeva u brigu o djeci započele su 1970-ih, međutim broj očeva koji su koristili roditeljske dopuste povećao se tek 1990-ih kada su skandinavske države počele uvoditi kvote za očeve, odnosno očeve dopuste. Te su kvote periodi dopusta namijenjeni isključivo očevima te u slučaju neiskorištenosti od strane oca propadaju. Hrvatska je uvela dvomjesečnu kvotu za očeve tek 2013. Iako reforma nije doprinijela značajnom povećanju broja očeva koji koriste dopuste, u Hrvatskoj uvijek imamo određeni stabilan, iako mali, broj očeva koji koriste dopuste. Namjera ovog rada je pružiti uvid u iskustva očeva na roditeljskom dopustu u Hrvatskoj. Intervjuima s 11 očeva srednjeg društvenog sloja u Gradu Zagrebu dobiven je uvid u motivaciju očeva za korištenjem dopusta, njihova iskustva u vidu donošenja odluke i postupku ostvarivanja prava na dopust te njihova iskustva tijekom samog korištenja roditeljskog dopusta. Rezultati pokazuju kako su očevi bili jako motivirani koristiti svoje pravo na dopust i provesti vrijeme s djetetom. Uglavnom su koristili duže dopuste (više od 3 mjeseca) te im je iskustvo bivanja samih s djetetom omogućilo stjecanje novih vještina u brizi za djecu i za kućanstvo, ali ih je i potaknulo da promisle o svojem odnosu prema poslu i obitelji.

The paper explores the causes of the Middle East conflicts. The author considers that apart from historical & religious roots the main causes are the importance of the energy deposits, great & regional powers competition & collisions over energy resources, the complexity of water management in the region for its scarcity, traditional, religious & ethnic differences, social differentiations & conflicts, growing poverty among majority of people, demographic problems. The persistence & not solving of these problems clearly indicate that local terrorisms, wars & armed confrontations remain the ominous feature of the region, concludes the author. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author initiates the article with the theory that the concept of sovereignty significantly differs in the late Middle Ages & the early modern age. Bodin gave to the sovereign the competency to both legislate & command, thus creating a significant shift forward from the medieval monarchical competency. Although he connected the two competencies, he was still unable to make the sovereign master of law but only master of statutes, with some limitations. The modern age recognizes two types of sovereignty: sovereignty of the sovereign & sovereignty of the people. The first case deals with absolute monarchies, while the second is concerned with democracies. Today, only the latter case is politically relevant. The author differentiates between 'the people' as a group of autonomous individuals, & 'the people' as an organic entity. The first form of political unity comes from autonomous individuals, & sees in the government only limiting power, while the second sees the basis for political unity in the whole of the ethnic body, culture, language, religion, history, etc. The second form has its roots in the romanticism of the 19th century; since the fall of socialist systems, it is again dominant in political thought & practice. The author warns of the dangers of one-sided use of organic unity in the creation of political communities & considers a combination of national & individual elements (democratic & liberal) the only successful basis for sovereignty. Adapted from the source document.

The author distinguishes between the antiquity's & Middle Ages' teachings on natural law & justice as a virtue & the modern-age Hobbes' theory of the prerequisites of the legal system. Hobbes' theory identifies the prerequisites of the legal system & describes the institution of legal constraint which guarantees the rule of law. The author points to the central historical difference between these paradigms. Finally, the author traces the evolution of Hobbes' paradigm in Kant's philosophy of right. Adapted from the source document.

The authors of this text consider the third form of representation developed in the medieval doctrine of corporation, the so-called identity or pars pro toto representation. It concerns a relationship in which a part of the corporation -- council, assembly, or some members -- is considered identical to the whole body of the corporation in terms of its activity. The main purpose of identity representation is to mediate the idea of legal unity of corporation with the multitude of its members or parts of which it consists: by the act of representation different parts of the corporation form its legal unity at the moment of reaching decisions. Unlike in agency representation, the position of the representative is thus not the consequence of authorisation or of the transfer of power of action by those represented: the representative and the represented are not two separate legal entities; rather, it is considered that with the action of its "elevated" part, the corporation acts by itself. The text presents three fundamental subtypes of identity representation: Marsilius of Padua's valentior pars, rendering majority decisions on issues concerning the corporation as a whole, and a permanent representative body. Special attention is given to the Conciliar Movement in which identity representation played an important part, and to the first association of representation through identity with the idea of authorisation in the thought of Nicholas of Cues. The text looks into estate assemblies of German Lander (provinces) in the period prior to the French Revolution as an example of historic institutionalisation of identity representation. Adapted from the source document.