Suchergebnisse

This paper reexamines from a theoretical perspective the role of monetary and macroprudential policies in addressing the build-up of risks in the financial system. We construct a stylized general equilibrium model in which the key friction comes from a moral hazard problem in firms' financing that banks' equity capital serves to ameliorate. Tight monetary policy is introduced by open market sales of government debt, and tight macroprudential policy by an increase in capital requirements. We show that both policies are useful, but macroprudential policy is more effective in fostering financial stability and leads to higher social welfare.

Latvijas valsts robeža atdala Latvijas Republikas sauszemes un ūdeņu teritoriju, tās zemes dzīles un gaisa telpu no kaimiņvalstīm un neitrālajiem Baltijas jūras ūdeņiem. 1920. gada 11. augustā Rīgā tika parakstīts Latvijas un Krievijas miera līgums. Parakstītā līguma otrajā pantā teikts: "(.) Krievija bez ierunām atzīst Latvijas valsts neatkarību, patstāvību un suverenitāti". Praktiski Latvijas un Krievijas robeža bija stratēģiskā līnija, līdz kurai aizgāja Latvijas atbrīvošanas armija. 1920. gada miera sarunās notika šīs līnijas izlīdzinājums. Kārļa Ulmaņa vienaldzības pret Latgali un latgaliešiem un valdības nenoteiktās politikas dēļ netika panākta Opočkas, Sebežas un Drisas apriņķu latviešu apdzīvoto teritoriju – 4912 km2 platībā – pievienošana Latvijai. 1921. gada 26. janvārī notika Latvijas "de jure" atzīšana Parīzē. 1921. gada 22. septembrī Latviju uzņēma Tautu Savienībā. Jau 1921. gada 11. janvārī sanāca pirmā jauktā Latvijas-Krievijas robežas komisijas sēde. Robežas izveidošanas laikā tika noturētas 63 kopsēdes un 30 apakškomisijas sēdes. Robežas garums no Latvijas-Igaunijas-Krievijas robežu saskares punkta bija 328 verstis jeb 349,91 km. Pa upēm robeža pieņemta pēc 1922. gada gultnes. 1935. gada 26. martā tika pieņemts Latvijas Republikas likums par valsts robežu apsardzību. LR likums par robežu apsardzību atbilda tā laika Eiropas valstu robežlikumu standartiem un apstiprināja starptautiski atzītās Latvijas valsts robežas. 1990. gada 20. decembrī tika pieņemts likums par valstu robežu. 1992. gada 9. jūlijā LR AP pieņēma lēmumu par valsts robežas atjaunošanu ar Krieviju un Igauniju. Tagadējais Latvijas-Krievijas robežas garums: Alūksnes rajonā 45,53 km, Balvu rajonā 91,26 km un Ludzas rajonā 138,80 km. Kopā Latvijas-Krievijas robeža ir 275,59 km.

Objective: Tobacco taxes are a well-established cost-effective policy to prevent Noncommunicable Diseases. This paper evaluates the expected effects of a tobacco tax increase on the Sustainable Development Goals in Colombia. Methods: We use microsimulation to build an artificial society that mimics the observed characteristics of Colombia's population, and from there we simulate the behavioral response to a tax increase of COP$4,750 (an increase that has been discussed by policy makers and legislators) and the subsequent effects in all SDGs. Results: The tobacco tax hike reduces the number of smokers (from 4.51 to 3.45 MM smokers) and smoking intensity, resulting in a drop in the number of cigarettes smoked in Colombia (from 332.3 to 215.5 MM of 20-stick packs). Such reduction is expected to decrease premature mortality, healthcare costs, poverty and people facing catastrophic expenditure on healthcare, to increase health, income and gender equity, and to strengthen domestic resource mobilization even in the presence of illicit cigarettes. Conclusion: Tobacco taxes are an effective intervention for public health and a powerful instrument to advance on the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Relevance: A comprehensive analysis of the impact of tobacco taxes on all areas of Sustainable Development is missing in the empirical literature. Such perspective is needed to break the barriers for further tobacco tax increases by gathering wider societal support, especially from stakeholders and key decision makers from development areas other than health. SDG Nr: SDG3 (health), SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 4 (education), SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG6 (water), SDG10 (inequality), SDG12 (responsible production and consumption), SDG17 (partnerships).

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of tobacco fiscal policy, but distributional effects have been less examined, especially at the subnational level. The objective of this study is to analyse the distributional effects of a one-peso tobacco tax increase (roughly equivalent to tripling the current excise tax) on health, poverty, and financial outcomes at the subnational level in Mexico. METHODS: We employ an extended cost-effectiveness analysis that estimates life-years gained, smoking attributable deaths averted, treatment costs averted, number of persons avoiding poverty and catastrophic health expenditures, and additional tax revenues by income group across five regions. RESULTS: With the one-peso tax increase (or 44% price increase), about 1.5 million smokers would quit smoking across the five regions, resulting in nearly 630 thousand premature deaths averted and 12.6 million life years gained. The bottom income quintile would gain three times more life years gains than the top quintile (ratio 3:1), and the largest gain for the most deprived would occur in the South (ratio 19:1), the region with the highest poverty incidence. Costs averted and additional tax revenues would reach 44.6 and 16.2 billion pesos, respectively. Moreover, 251 thousand individuals would avoid falling into poverty, including 53.2 in the lowest income quintile, and 563.9 thousand would avoid catastrophic health expenditures. Overall, the bottom income group would obtain 26% of the life years gained and 24% of the cost averted, while only paying 3% of the additional tax revenue. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant gains from a substantial cigarette price increase would be for the poorest 20%, especially in the South, the most impoverished region of Mexico. Therefore, tobacco taxes are an opportunity for governments to advance in equity and towards the achievement of sustainable development goals on non-communicable diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available ...

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Notes on the Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction: Diversity, Integration, Secularism and Multiculturalism -- PART I Theoretical Developments in a Comparative European Perspective -- 2 Framing Contemporary Citizenship and Diversity in Europe -- 3 The Multicultural States We're In -- 4 Beyond Post-national Citizenship: Access, Consequence, Conditionality -- 5 Islamic Difference and the Return of Feminist Universalism -- PART II Cultural Diversity and Policy Responses in the European Union -- 6 Religious Diversity and Education: Intercultural and Multicultural Concepts and Policies -- 7 Active Immigrants in Multicultural Contexts: Democratic Challenges in Europe -- 8 Not a One-way Road? Integration as a Concept and as a Policy -- 9 Ethnic Statistics in Europe: The Paradox of Colourblindness -- Index