Suchergebnisse

This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) is designed to support the forthcoming Chad Five-Year Development Plan (2016-2020). It succeeds the Interim Strategy agreed with the Government of Chad in March 2010. The Interim Strategy Note (ISN) set out the World Bank Group's (WBG's) support to Chad for the period 2010-2012. The strategy was composed of three main pillars: strengthening governance; improving livelihoods and access to key social services; and improving regional integration and connectivity. The WBG has continued to operate on the basis of the ISN since 2012, as the conditions were put in place for a return to a full partnership framework, in particular the full resumption of an IMF program and of the dialogue towards the HIPC Completion Point. In May 2013 the Government of Chad published its National Development Plan (NDP) for the period 2013-2015, which is considered the third Poverty Reduction Plan for Chad. This included a strong results framework, with 24 strategic indicators and 65 intermediary indicators, including all HIPC completion point triggers. It was the subject of a Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) in June 2013 in which the WBG and IMF broadly endorsed the thrust of the plan. A JSAN issued in March 2015 on the 2013 Monitoring Report of the NDP determined that the NDP was satisfactorily implemented overall in 2013, representing a significant departure from the non-implementation of the first two poverty reduction strategies of 2003-2006 and 2008-2011.

As the result of past investments in gas and mining sectors and high world commodity prices, the Bolivian economy grew considerably during the last seven years. Prudent macroeconomic policies and high taxes on hydrocarbon revenues led to a significant accumulation of fiscal surplus and external reserves. Under a state-led development model, the government led by President Morales pursued redistributive policies and invested heavily in road construction. However, it has retained far more of the conservative fiscal and macroeconomic policies than would have been predicted. Sustained growth has translated into significant poverty reduction and improved equity as unskilled labor, including from indigenous groups, benefited from booming non-tradable sector activities. The availability of hydrocarbon revenues, however, created little incentive for the government to address the structural issues in the economy. The Plurinational State of Bolivia is more resource dependent, institutions are weak, decision making is increasingly discretionary, productivity remains low both inside and outside the agriculture sector and environmental degradation is worsening. Going forward, the Bank Group should develop a long-term partnership with the government as well as groups outside of the government. The Bank should scale up the good practice programs in agriculture and help the government develop a strategy for improving agricultural productivity and rural development more broadly. In transport, the Bank should continue to focus on road maintenance to complement the construction programs of the government and other partners.

Since the cessation of conflict, Mozambique has achieved impressive economic growth and has become an example of successful post conflict reconstruction and development, moving from a one-party state to a multiparty democracy and from a socialist, command economy to a market-based economy. Mozambique's development has been strongly supported by foreign aid, and since 2001 average annual disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) have amounted to over 1 billion dollar, or 12 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Strong economic growth has contributed to a decline in income poverty, but the level of overall poverty remains high. This country program evaluation (CPE) focuses on the Bank's program for FY2001-08, examining the following questions: did the Bank correctly assess the problems Mozambique faced?; was the Bank's strategy appropriate for meeting the country's development needs?; how effective was Bank assistance in implementing those strategies?; what were the outcomes of the assistance?; and to what extent did the Bank, other development partners, the government, or exogenous forces contribute to outcomes? The CPE is organized as follows: Chapter one assesses Mozambique's economic and social development and identifies major development priorities and constraints facing the country. Chapter two is an overview of the Bank's program of lending and analytic and advisory activities (AAA). Chapters three, four, and five cover thematic aspects: stabilization and growth (including infrastructure and agriculture development), poverty reduction and human development, and governance. Chapter six covers International Finance Corporation (IFC) activities in Mozambique, and chapter seven assesses partnership and harmonization. The last chapter contains conclusions, lessons, and recommendations.

In this paper authors argue that the main determinants of differences in prosperity across countries are differences in economic institutions. To solve the problem of development will entail reforming these institutions. Unfortunately, this is difficult because economic institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, authors only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. The authors illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. The author's analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces authors have outlined in this paper. Better development policy will only come when authors recognize this and understand these forces better. Nevertheless, some countries do undergo political transitions, reform their institutions, and move onto more successful paths of economic development.

A rich panel data set from Mexico is used to study the patterns of entry, exit, and growth of microenterprises and to compare these with the findings of the mainstream theoretical and empirical work on firm dynamics. The Mexican self-employment sector is much larger than its counterpart in the United States, which is reflected in higher unconditional rates of entry into the sector. The evidence for Mexico points to the significant presence of well-performing salaried workers among the likely entrants into self-employment, as opposed to the higher incidence of poorer wageworkers among the entrants into the U.S. self-employment sector. Despite these differences, however, the patterns of entry, survival, and growth with respect to age, education, and many other covariates are very similar in Mexico and the United States. These strong similarities suggest that mainstream models of worker decisions and firm behavior are useful guides for policymaking for the developing-country microenterprise sector. Furthermore, they suggest that, as a first approximation, the developing-country microenterprise should probably be viewed as they are in the advanced countries as offering potentially desirable job opportunities to low-productivity workers.

How are resources allocated within extended families in developing economies? This question is investigated using a unique social experiment: the South African pension program. Under that program the elderly receive a cash transfer equal to roughly twice the per capita income of Africans in South Africa. The study examines how this transfer affects the labor supply of prime-age individuals living with these elderly in extended families. It finds a sharp drop in the working hours of prime-age individuals in these households when women turn 60 years old or men turn 65, the ages at which they become eligible for pensions. It also finds that the drop in labor supply is much larger when the pensioner is a woman, suggesting an imperfect pooling of resources. The allocation of resources among prime-age individuals depends strongly on their absolute age and gender as well as on their relative age. The oldest son in the household reduces his working hours more than any other prime-age household member.

The objectives of the Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions (CALI) study were (a) to identify the costs of adaptation through local institutions, and (b) to investigate which institutions help households adapt to climate variability, which efforts and costs are needed to realize the adaptation options, and how they facilitate adaptation to climate variability. The study was carried out in Ethiopia, Mali, and Yemen. This report discusses the results for Yemen. In Yemen, village surveys were conducted in six villages and two expert workshops were organized to discuss the main framework of the study and to evaluate the draft results. The study assessed household vulnerability, analyzed the strategies households adopt to reduce the impacts of climate hazards, and evaluated the assistance households receive from different institutions. The analysis was based on household surveys, focus group discussions, and institutional stakeholder interviews. Vulnerability profiles, developed on the basis of field survey results, show that household vulnerability differs substantially between and within villages. The results show that the vulnerability and agro ecological potential in Yemen are related to rainfall, which is related to altitude. This study is a reflection of the insights that (a) poor, rural households are facing most of the climate variability- related hazards; (b) adaptation also has socioeconomic aspects; (c) understanding local adaptation processes is important for informing macro-policies; and (d) for prioritizing future adaptation, it is crucial to analyze historical adaptation strategies. The study involves an assessment of the adaptation options rural household pursue. The study also considers the differential access of various vulnerability groups, as well as the drivers for adopting particular strategies or constraints for not adopting other strategies. For this, households and institutional stakeholders were interviewed in six villages in Yemen, focus group discussions were organized, and experts were consulted.

China's 12th five-year plan (2011-2015) aims to promote inclusive, equitable growth and development by placing an increased emphasis on human development. Good health is an important component of human development, not only because it makes people's lives better, but also because having a healthy and long life enhances their ability to learn, acquire skills, and contributes to society. Indeed, good health is a fundamental right of every human being. Good health among a population can also enhance economic performance by improving labor productivity and reducing economic losses that arise from illnesses. The findings and recommendations can inform and promote a broad dialogue toward the development of a multisectoral response to effectively address the growing burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including a better alignment of the health system with the population's health needs. The report also advocates implementing 'health in all' policies and actions for a multisectoral response to NCDs in China to help achieve the ultimate goal of 'harmonious' development and growth.

Botswana has had a stable democratic government and good governance since independence in 1966. With a sustained high average economic growth (about 9 percent) fueled by the diamond mining industry, it is the only country in Africa listed among the 13 'economic miracles' of the world for 1960-2005. The total fertility rate remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa, with 25 countries showing a rate greater than 5.0. In contrast, Botswana experienced the greatest fertility decline in the region during 1980-2006, with the total fertility rate decreasing from 7.1 in 1981 to 3.2 in 2006. The Botswana national family planning program, judged the strongest in Africa, contributed to this decline. The government strongly committed to meeting family planning needs, integrated maternal and child health/family planning (MCH/FP) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) services in 1973. The government spends about 18 percent of its total budget on health, a higher proportion than the Abuja declaration's target of 15 percent.

This report synthesizes data from surveillance, behavioral surveys and published and unpublished research to better understand emerging patterns and trends in the HIV epidemic in Bangladesh. Taking stock of 20 years of experience with HIV in Bangladesh, this report summarizes what is known about the coverage and impact of HIV prevention services, including knowledge on risk and protective behaviors. The report is divided into nine chapters. Chapter one provides a brief introduction and an overview of the methodology used for this exercise. Chapter two discusses the risks and vulnerabilities of the high risk groups including female sex workers, injecting drug users, male who have sex with male, hijra and overlapping populations, while chapter three discusses the trend of the infection amongst partners of high risk groups. Bangladesh continues to report low condom use, which is analyzed and discussed in chapter four. Structural factors including macro level and intermediate level factors that affect HIV interventions in Bangladesh are addressed in chapter five. The national HIV response is discussed in chapter six. The report concludes with a discussion of the main findings, with recommendations for the future in chapter seven, and chapter eight and nine are annexes and references.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gunnahalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 80 per cent is covered by soils, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 22 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 61 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 49 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 31 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 70 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3- 9.0) and 10 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 75 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 77 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 75 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 49(8) 223(38) Sapota 1(<1) 37(6) Maize - 271(47) Pomegranate 1(<1) 176(30) Bajra 31(5) 225(39) Guava - 38(6) Groundnut 3(1) 45(8) Jackfruit 1(<1) 37(6) Sunflower 24(4) 146(25) Jamun 31(5) 98(17) Cotton 24(4) 248(42) Musambi 24(4) 153(26) Red gram 1(<1) 121(21) Lime 24(4) 153(26) Bengalgram 23(4) 249(43) Cashew - 70(12) Chilli 28(5) 26(5) Custard apple 54(9) 258(44) Tomato 28(5) 13(2) Amla 31(5) 281(48) Brinjal 30(5) 319(54) Tamarind - 92(16) Onion 3(1) 114(19) Marigold - 272(47) Bhendi 3(1) 345(59) Chrysanthemum - 273(47) Drumstick 1(<1) 169(29) Jasmine - 134(23) Mulberry 1(<1) 181(31) Crossandra - 112(19) Mango - 12(2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (53.71%) men and 81 (46.29%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 6, semi medium farmers' was 5.73 and medium farmers' was 6. The data indicated that, 32 (18.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (46.86%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (26.29%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.57 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Gunnahalli had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 1.14 per cent functional literates, 28 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.43 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.86 per cent of them had high school education, 8.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.14 per cent of them did ITI, 5.14 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing Masters.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.23 per cent of the household heads were involved in other occupation.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 54.29 per cent of the household members, 20.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.57 per cent had household industry, 17.14 per cent of them were student, 1.71 per cent of them were housewife and 1.71 per cent of them were in private services.  The results show that 3.43 per cent of the households participated in user groups and 96.57 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 2.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 6.67 per cent of small farmers, and 7.14 per cent of medium farmers have participated in user group.  The results indicate that 19.35 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 22.58 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house and 45.16 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 93.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 12.90 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess tempo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess auto, 6.45 per cent of the households possess landline, and 77.42 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs.5896, mixer grinder was Rs.2981, motor cycle was Rs.45000, mobile phone was Rs.2430, Auto was Rs.80000, tempo was Rs.200000 and bicycle was Rs.8800.  About 16.13 per cent of the households possess plough and bullock cart, 12.90 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.48 per cent of them posses sprayer, 6.45 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 64.52 per cent of them possess weeder.  The average value of plough was Rs.1541, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.2666 the average value of tractor was Rs. 6,05,000 and the average value of 2 sprayer was Rs.4454, the average value of bullock cart Rs.21600, and the average value of weeder Rs.84.  The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 32.26 per cent of the households possess local cow, 16.13 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 6.45 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.96, average own labour (women) available was 1.79, average hired labour (men) available was 16.88 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.21.  About 67.74 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 62.50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small, 63.64 per cent of semi medium and 71.43 per cent of medium farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, only 1 (2.38%) person migrated among the samples households in the micro watershed that belonged to medium farm household and he has migrated on average of 500 Kms and the average duration was 6 months.  Job/work was the reason for migration and construction of house was the major positive consequence of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Gunnahalli micro watershed possess 22.64 ha (45.89%) of dry land and 26.70 ha (54.11%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.19 ha (64.37%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (35.63%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.84 ha (70.37%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (29.63%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 7.49 ha (42%) of dry land and 10.34 ha (58%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.11 ha (40.26%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.53 ha (59.74%) of irrigated.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 339,989.27 and average value of irrigated was Rs.509,201. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,321,586 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 364,000 for dry land and Rs. 864,500. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 267,027 for dry land and Rs. 473,698 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 153,552 for dry land and Rs. 384,320 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  There was only 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.84 per cent of the farmers, open well were the source of irrigation for 6.45 per cent of the farmers and tank was the source of irrigation for 3.23 per cent of the farmers. 3  The depth of bore well was found to be 64.09 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.97 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.21 hectares, small farmers had 1.62 hectares, semi medium farmers had 10.81 hectares and medium farmers had 12.15 hectares.  Farmers have grown Bajra (3.64 ha), Beetle leaf (0.08 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), Cotton (2.43 ha), Groundnut (4.45 ha), Jowar (0.1 ha), Maize (27.13 ha), Pearl millet (4.23 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha) and Sunflower (1.21 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, maize, pearlmillet. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize, redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, beetle leaf, cotton, groundnut, maize, pearl millet and Bengal gram. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, cotton, maize, pearl millet, red gram and sunflower.  The cropping intensity in Gunnahalli micro watershed was found to be 67.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 94.06 per cent, for small farmers it was 84.38 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 72.42 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 58.27 per cent.  The results indicate that, 22.58 per cent of the households possess bank account. Around 12.50 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  Around 25 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives and 83.33 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, and medium farmers have on an average availed Rs.80000, Rs.30000, and Rs.175000 respectively.  The main purpose of borrowing credit from both institutional and non-institutional sources was agricultural production for all households.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38694. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49993.59. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11299.59, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 50404.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82607.78. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32202.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24133.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32595.49. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 8462.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 44855.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30257.50. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -14598.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67. 4  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58095.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 121039.88. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 62944.55, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for beetroot was Rs. 118697.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from beetroot cultivation was Rs. -7547.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 36736.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20840.63. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -15895.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33033.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -18213.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.45.  The results indicated that, dry fodder available in the micro watershed was 120 tons and it was available for 51 days. Green fodder available was 82 tons and it was available for 24 days. 51.61 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 45.16 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Only 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 36825 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs.70600, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 106370 and for medium farmers it was Rs.106885.  The average annual expenditure in the micro watershed is Rs. 9320.74. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3312.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 16760, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10363.64 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 9234.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 54 coconut, and 4 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 2 coconut trees in their backyard.  Households have planted 115 neem trees, 11 tamarind trees, 3 pongamia trees and 9 banyan trees.  The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 37.50 per cent of marginal, 9.09 semi medium, and 14.29 medium farmers.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1580.65 for land development, Rs. 290.32 for irrigation facility, Rs.1064.52 for improved crop production and Rs. 467.74 for improved livestock management.  Loan from bank is the major source of investment for 12.9 per cent of households and own funds were the source of investment for 9.68 per cent for land development. For irrigation facility 6.45 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank. For improved crop production 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan, 6.45 per cent depend on own funds, 3.23 per cent depend on soft loans and for improved livestock management 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan. 5  The results indicated that, bajra, beetroot, Bengal gram, cotton, groundnut, maize, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.71 per cent.  About 70.97 per cent of the households sold their produce to agents/traders, about 25.81 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, another 22.58 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 12.90 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Around 9.68 per cent of the households have carried head loads, 25.81 per cent have used cart, 70.97 per cent have used tractor and 25.81 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 22.58 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems and were interested in soil testing i.e. 37.50 per cent of marginal farmers and 20 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond, 3.23 per cent have adopted bore well recharge pit and 16.13 per cent of the households are following summer ploughing.  The results indicated that 22.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, and 16.13 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.39 per cent of the households, bore well for 22.58 per cent, open well for 3.23 per cent, lake/tank for 9.68 per cent and canal was the source of drinking water for 19.35 per cent of the households.  Around 77.42 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel, 3.23 per cent used kerosene, 3.23 per cent used biogas and another 16.13 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.77 per cent of the households in micro watershed and for 3.23 per cent kerosene lamp was the major source of light. 25.81 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 11.11 per cent of marginal, 11.11 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL and 6.45 per cent did not possess PDS card.  Around 58.06 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 50 percent of the marginal, 60 per cent of the small, 72.73 per cent of the semi medium and 42.86 percent of the medium farmers. 6  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 58.06 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 48.39 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 80.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 19.35 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.87 per cent, egg were adequate for 58.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 51.61 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds were market surplus for 29.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 9.68 per cent, and fruits were market surplus for 3.23 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.13 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.48%), high rate of interest on credit (58.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (3.23%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (38.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (12.90%), less rainfall (96.77%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) (29.03%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Irakallaguda microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 654 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soil, 8 per cent by rock out crops, 150cm) soils.  About 2 per cent is sandy (loamy sand) at the surface, 37 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 48 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 32 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 83 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 85 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 8 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 78 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 19 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 53 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 58 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 77 (12) 210 (32) Pomegranate 46(7) 227(35) Maize 52 (8) 255 (39) Guava 46(7) 177(27) Bajra 143(22) 247(38) Jackfruit 46(7) 177 (27) Redgram 46(7) 147 (22) Jamun - 243(37) Bengal gram 28(4) 244(37) Musambi 71 (11) 202(31) Groundnut 46(7) 383 (59) Lime 71(11) 202 (31) Sunflower 71 (11) 147 (23) Cashew 49(7) 191(29) Cotton 25(4) 263 (40) Custard apple 190(29) 292(45) Chilli 125(19) 112(17) Amla 165(25) 317 (49) Tomato 128(20) 109(17) Tamarind - 111(17) Drumstick 86(13) 223 (34) Marigold 46(7) 240(37) Mulbery 86(13) 299(46) Chrysanthemum 46(7) 240(37) Mango - 86(13) Jasmine 46(7) 191(29) Sapota 46 (7) 177(27) Crossandra 46(7) 216(33) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 113 (54.59%) men and 94 (45.4%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, small farmer were 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, medium farmers were 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22.  There were 32 (15.24%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (39.52%) were in 16- 35 years of age, 35.24 (35.24 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (10%) were above 61 years of age.  The Irakallaguda had 18.10 per cent illiterates, 4.76 per cent functional literates, 18.1 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.10 per cent of them had middle school education, 27.62 per cent of them had high school education, 10 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.95 per cent of them had diploma, 0.95 per cent of them had ITI, 5.24 per cent of them had degree education and 6.19 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 87.86 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 10.20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 64.76 per cent of the household members, 9.05 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.95 per cent were general labours, 3.81 per cent of them were in private sector and 13.8 per cent of them were students.  The results shows that 2.86 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.95 per cent of them participated in user groups and 96.19 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 4.5 per cent of landless farmers have participated in self help groups and 95.24 per cent have not participated in any local institutions. Marginal farmers participated in self help group (12.50%) and user groups (12.5%).  The results indicate that 16.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 79.59 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 4.08 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 6.12 per cent of the households possess radio, 77.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.35 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 32.65 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 36.73 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 83.37 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of radio was Rs.366, television was Rs.3828, mixer grinder was Rs.1312, was Rs.837, motor cycle was Rs.37333 and mobile phone was Rs.2139.  About 18 per cent of the households possess plough, 4.08 per cent of them possess tractor and 6.12 per cent of the households possess sprayer. The average value of 2 plough was Rs.759, the average value of tractor was Rs. 475000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.2666.  The results indicate that, 6.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 10.20 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 10.20 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 10.20 per cent of the households possess sheep and 4.08 per cent of the households possess goat.  Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.78, average hired labour (men) available was 4.44 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.11.  The results indicate that, 34.38 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 65.63 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, 5 (2.38%) persons were migrated from the micro watershed which includes 9.52 persons from landless category and 3 persons from marginal farmers' category.  People have migrated on average of 353.33 kms and average duration was months 11.33. Landless have migrated 260 kms and on an average 12 months in a year. Marginal farmers have migrated 400 kms and on an average 11 months in a year.  Job/work was the reason for migration for all the migrants.  Improved quality of the life was the major Positive consequences of migration for 100 per cent of the persons migrated from landless households, 33.33 per cent of migrated from marginal farm households.  Households of the Irakallaguda micro watershed possess 32.11 ha (60.93%) of dry land and 21.33 ha (39.10%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 560644 and average value of irrigated was Rs.697749.  There were 16 live bore wells and 11 dry bore wells among the sampled households in Irakallaguda micro watershed and one defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source for 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 30 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of medium farmers. The results revealed that bore well was major irrigation source for 32.65 per cent of the households.  Marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.88 hectares, small farmers had 2.51 hectares, semi medium farmers had 20.39 hectares of irrigated land and medium farmers had 5.22 hectares of irrigated land.  Farmers have grown arecanut (0.45 ha), chilly (0.4 ha), coconut (0.61ha), cotton (10.34ha), groundnut (17.92 ha), horsegram (0.81 ha) and ragi (5.17ha). Marginal farmers have grown arecanut (0.45 ha), cotton (1.74ha), ground nut (5.32 ha), and 3 ragi (3.76ha). Small farmers have grown cotton (1.88ha), ground nut (3.72ha), and ragi (1.42 ha). Semi medium farmers have grown chilly (0.4 ha), coconut (0.61 ha), cotton (2.31ha), ground nut (7.76 ha), horsegram (0.81 ha) and ragi (0.2ha). Medium farmers have grown cotton (4.41ha). Large farmers have grown groundnut (1.11ha).  The cropping intensity in Irakallaguda micro watershed was found to be 41.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 41.53 per cent, for small farmers it was 39.31 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 42.42 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 34.21 per cent and large farmers had 40.49 per cent.  The results indicate that, 95.92 per cent of the households possess bank account and 59.18 per cent of them have savings. With respect to category wise account, 100 per cent of land less, 90.91 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, semi medium, medium and large farmers possesses bank account. With respect to savings, 80 per cent of land less, 63.64 per cent of marginal, 30 per cent of small, 55.56 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had savings in the bank account.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of landless, 62.64 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 66.37 per cent semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 79.31 per cent have availed loan in commercial banks, 3.45 per cent have availed loan in cooperative bank, 10.43 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives, 3.45 per cent have availed loan from moneylender and 24.41 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  Landless, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers have availed Rs.120000, Rs.137857, Rs. 113000, Rs.196666, Rs. 215000 and Rs.10000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 72.41 per cent of the households have borrowed loan (institutional source) for agriculture and 3.45 per cent of them have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. Half of the land less have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. 78.57 per cent of marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small farmers, 83.33 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers availed loan for agriculture production. About 50 per cent of small and landless have availed loan for animal husbandry.  The results indicate that, agriculture was the main propose for which credit (private source) is borrowed for 60 per cent of the households which includes 60 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers. About 10 per cent of them borrowed credit for Bore well/irrigation related equipments which includes 50 per cent of Semi medium farmers. About 10 per cent of them borrowed credit for Construction-cattle shed which includes 20 per cent of marginal farmers. 4 Landless have borrowed loan for household consumption and 20 per cent of marginal farmers have borrowed for education.  The results indicate that, 70.83 per cent of the households have repaid institutional source credit partially which includes 100 per cent of landless, 66.67 per cent of marginal farmers, 50 per cent of small farmers, 80 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers. The data also shows that 29.17 per cent of the farmers have not repaid which includes 33.33 per cent of marginal and 50 per cent of small farmers.  Results indicated that 90.91 per cent of the households have paid private source credit partially which includes 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal and large farmers, and 50 per cent of small farmer. About 9 per cent of the households have not paid which includes 50 per cent of marginal farmers.  The results indicate that, 54.17 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 4.17 per cent of them opined that credit has higher rate of interest, 29.17 per cent opined that credit was easily accessible and 12.50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent have opined that credit was easily available, 9.09 opined that credit helped them to perform timely agricultural operations. The results revealed that 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, small and large farmers opined that credit was easily available. About 50 per cent of marginal farmers opined that credit helped them to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 18902. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11699.64. The net income from ground nut cultivation was Rs. -7203.0, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.62.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 12205. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18965. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 6760. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for ragi was Rs. 13661. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 15882. The net income from ragi cultivation was Rs. 2221, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 47444. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20430. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -27013. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.6.  The results indicate that, 28 tones of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 142 days in a year. About 7 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 18 days in a year.  The results indicate that, 18.37 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 22.73 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, 50 5 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers. The data revealed that only 6.12 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate which includes 4.55 per cent of marginal and 22.22 per cent of semi medium farmers.  Sampled households have grown 496 coconut trees among them marginal farmers have grown 70, small farmers have grown 50 and semi medium farmers have grown 366.  The results indicate that, households have planted teak, 4 Neem trees, 8 tamarind, 81 Pongamia and 1 banyan trees. Marginal farmers have planted 2 Neem, 3 tamarind, 47 Pongamia trees and 1 banyan tree. Small farmers have planted 4 tamarinds. Semi medium farmers have planted 2 Neem, 1 tamarind and 4 Pongamia trees. Medium farmers have planted 30 Pongamia trees.  The results indicated that for land development 8.16 per cent depends on loan from bank, 65.31 per cent depends on own funds and 2.04 per cent depends on soft loan. For irrigation facility, 30.61 per cent expects government subsidy, 8.16 per cent anticipates loan from bank and 6.12 per cent depends on own funds. For improved crop production, 2.04 per cent depends on government subsidy, 14.29 per cent depends on loan from bank and 6.12 per cent through own funds. For iimproved livestock management, 8.16 per cent expects government subsidy and loan from bank and 14.29 per cent depends own funds.  Arecanut, chilly, cotton, groundnut, horsegram and redgram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Ragi was sold 60.26 per cent of total production.  The results indicated that, 2.04 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to agents/traders includes 4.55 per cent of marginal farmers. About 8 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants includes 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 50 per cent of the medium farmers. About 10 per cent of the households have sold in regulated markets includes 4.55 per cent of marginal farmers, 10 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers. About 4.08 per cent of the households have sold the agricultural produce to contract markets, which includes 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that 2.04 per cent of the households have use head load as mode of transport, 12.24 per cent have used cart, 65.31 per cent have used tractor, 4.08 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, the results indicated that, 26.53per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 36.36 per cent of marginal farmers, 30 per cent of small farmers, 11.11 per cent of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of medium farmers have faced soil and water erosion problem. 6  The results indicated that, 89.90 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent large farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 61.22 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 89.90 per cent of the households about 8 per cent of the households have adopted mulching. Contour cultivation was adopted by 48.98 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 7 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good, 23.0 per cent opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 43.0 per cent of the households opined that bunds are severely damaged and 27 per cent opined that the bunds required full replacement.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 95.92 per cent includes 100 per cent of landless, 95.45 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers.  Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed. Kerosene was major source of light for 4.08 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that,91.84 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 68.18 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 95.92 per cent of the households sampled possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.31%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (67.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (63.27%), high rate of interest on credit (73.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (81.63%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (81.63%), inadequate extension services (63.27%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (87.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kokkaragundi-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 322 ha. in Kokkaragundi-3 microwatershed in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm.The north-east monsoon contributes about 165 mm and prevails from October to early December, maximum of 363 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September and the remaining 105 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 6land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 39 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 41per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 15 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, less than one per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 56 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area  The land suitability for 21 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75 (23) 82 (25) Jackfruit - 13 (4) Maize - 32 (10) Jamun - 124 (37) Bengal gram 69 (22) 132 (41) Musambi 56 (17) 68 (21) Ground nut - 140 (43) Lime 56 (17) 61 (19) Sunflower 67 (21) 101 (31) Cashew - - Cotton 50 (15) 140 (28) Custard apple 58 (17) 74 (24) Banana - 125 (39) Amla 56 (17) 71(22) Pomegranate - 125 (39) Tamarind - 113 (35) Mango - - Marigold - 150 (47) Guava - - Chrysanthamum 150 (47) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75036' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Budihal, Belhatti, Hosur and Balehosur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.2 to 47.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the major source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 4.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making is around among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.56 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 83.9 % and irrigated land 16.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.76 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 83.33 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13417 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.137806 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17208 per household; about 53 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 840 grams (1772.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.12100 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1646. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 443 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 136065 per year for the total area of 322.24 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 12662/ha/year in maize.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3337/ ha/year in maize.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was in maize (Rs. 27169). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (100 %).  In Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed, major soil is Kabulayathakatti (KLK) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 15.28 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize, Attikatti (AKT) soils are also having shallow soil depth cover 0.44 %, Nabhapur (NBP) soil series having shallow 3 soil depth cover around 17.20 % of areas, Harve (HRV) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 11.43 % of area, Kalasapur (KPR) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 8.12% of area, respectively and Nagavi Tanda (NGT) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 7.42 % of area, all these are soil series major crop is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.37277/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 3.08) and Rs.9961/ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 2.85).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (33.4 to79.2%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Mormanchi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 597 ha in Mormanchi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 15 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 25 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 62 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 95 per cent has soils that are low (20 ppm) in about 1 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 56 (9) 61 (10) Guava - - Maize - 61 (10) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 117 (20) Jamun - 37(6) Sunflower 56 (9) - Musambi 37(6) 20 (3) Cotton 56 (9) 61 (10) Lime 37(6) 20 (3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 56 (9) 61 (10) Custard apple 56 (9) 61(10) Bengalgram 118(20) 87 (15) Amla 56 (9) 61(10) Mango - - Tamarind - 37 (6) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helpssustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges.This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Mormanchi Micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17036' – 17038' North latitudes and 7704' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 597 ha, bounded by Gobbarwadi, Kinhi, Patvada, Bhimhalli and Chengta villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Mormanchi Microwatershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.4 to 34.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 40.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) among the all sample households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.9 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 1.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production among the all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.91 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.4 per cent and agriculture is a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 23900 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11500 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having ploughed and bullock cart.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 43000 per household; about 58 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 870.5 grams (2046.91 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.37480 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2375. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1441 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 827326 per year for the total area of 597.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7005/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 11324) and black gram (Rs. 2685).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in black gram (Rs. 72496) and red gram (Rs. 64245). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (91.0 %) followed by black gram (9.0 %). 3  In Mormanchi Micro-watershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 52.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Matki (MAT) series are also having very shallow soil depth cover around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing black gram. Dinsi (DSI) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 10.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 50083/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 32666/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.57).  In black gram the cost of cultivation is in MAT soil Rs 28808/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 4.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopanhalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 567 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils except 1 ha area, which is covered by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently (1-3% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 90 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 9 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  Entire area of the microwatershed soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in 26 per cent area is 0.75%) in soil organic carbon content.  Entire area of the microwatershed is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in (0.6 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 566(100) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 566(100) Jamun - 566(100) Sunflower 566(100) - Musambi 566(100) - Cotton 566(100) Lime 566(100) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 566(100) - Custard apple 566(100) - Bengal gram 566(100) - Amla 566(100) - Guava - - Tamarind - 566(100) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUC by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1704'–1706' North latitudes and 77021'–77024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 567.15 ha, bounded by Mudhol, Adki, Bidharcheda and Gopanpalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mudhol subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 64.6 to 35.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward castes (OBC) is around 10.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 4.2 per cent households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 31.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 60.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.88167 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. 2  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.5500 per household, about 20.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough  The average value of livestock is around Rs.75000 per livestock; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 831.3 grams (1831.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.20717 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2295 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.420 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.237921 per year for the total area of 567.15 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 10316/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs.21561) followed by redgram (Rs.10671) and greengram is negative return.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs 64858) followed by green gram (Rs 42379) and redgram (Rs 60481). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (74.6 %) followed by bengal gram (15.8 %) and green gram (9.6%).  In Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed, major soil are Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 4.22 % of areas, crops grown are bengalgram (53.8 %) and redgram (46.2 %) and Dandothi (DDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 95.52 % of area, crops grown are green gram (13.0 %) and redgram (87.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.52021/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs.28339/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.59).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs.20701/ha (with BCR of 2.04) and green gram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 19699/ha (with BCR of 0.93). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (8.3 to 9.9 %), bengal gram (35.9 %) and green gram (28.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project