19th century migration from Europe was the other side of the picture from nation building and the rise of nationalism. Between 1870 and 1930, the age of mass migration, about twenty million people left Italy, a quarter of them for South America. During this era, Italian music and Italian musicians, already present in South America since the mid-16th century, became important and outstanding actors in musical culture all over the subcontinent. They brought along with them their folkloric and popular music and dance repertoires, customs and genres, transforming and developing them in their new habitats. In the present volume, musicologists and literature scholars from both Europe and America shed light on different forms of interrelations between Italian migration and urban musical culture in Latin America, from the 16th century through the age of mass migration up until the present day, from Tarantella through Tango to Chilean Pop.
El traslado de las personas es un elemento crucial de la integración global. La mayor parte de los países de destino favorecen la entrada de trabajadores altamente calificados, pero restringen la de aquellos no especializados, o la de los que buscan asilo o refugio. Una causa importante de la migración es la creciente desigualdad de ingresos y de seguridad humana entre países más y menos desarrollados. Otros elementos que impulsan la migración incluyen un desarrollo económico disparejo; rápidas transiciones demográficas; y avances tecnológicos en transporte y comunicaciones. Cada vez más, los migrantes no trasplantan su existencia social de una sociedad a otra, sino que mantienen lazos transnacionales. La crisis económica global que empezó en 2008 trajo consigo un hiato en algunos de estos factores, pero no ha socavado su relevancia a largo plazo. El modelo tradicional australiano de migración para el asentamiento permanente, debe ajustarse a las nuevas realidades de movilidad y conectividad globales.
El artículo plantea en primer lugar un acercamiento a la problemática global de las migraciones a nivel mundial y su relevancia en la coyuntura actual, para poder centrarse en la segunda parte al caso de África. Debido a la complejidad de la cuestión, el trabajo se limita solamente al análisis de la migración laboral. El continente africano azotado por la pobreza, la sequía, las hambrunas y los conflictos políticos conoce una ola sin precedente de movimientos migratorios. En nuestro estudio analizamos en primer lugar el factor económico, como la Inversión Extranjera Directa, como un elemento central para detener el flujo migratorio. Sin embargo, la inestabilidad continental, no permite atraer las inversiones necesarias. La tendencia migratoria en África, como también en el caso de América latina, se ha incrementado drásticamente en la última década y podemos prever un incremento aún más fuerte en los próximos decenios. Los fenómenos socio-políticos ponen de manifiesto que el continente Africano presenta muchos cambios en los patrones que se habían estado viviendo por años. Por mencionar algunos, destacan transformaciones que van desde el cambio de destinos clásicos para la migración, hasta la nueva dinámica de inserción al mercado laboral de los países receptores. El VIH también marca nuevos patrones modificando el estilo de vida de la sociedad. Desgraciadamente la mayoría de ellas presenta un panorama negativo, por lo que se pone de realce que el continente tiene una infinidad de retos que afrontar en pro de un desarrollo que permita mejorar las condiciones de vida de sus habitantes. ; The article first proposes to analyse the global theme of world migrations and their relevance within the present world situation in order to focus in the second part on the African case. Due to the complexity of the question, the paper only deals with work migration. The African continent, hit by poverty, draughts, famine and political conflicts, presents an unprecedented migration. In our paper we seek to analyse first the economic factor, such ad Direct Foreign Investment, as a central element in order to stop migration flux. However, continental lack of stability does not make it possible to attract the necessary investments. The African migratory trend, as well as the Latin American case, has drastically increased over the last decade and we can foresee an even grater increase in the coming years. Socio-political phenomena show us that the African continent shows many changes in the patterns which had been commonplace in the previous years. Just to mention a few, there are transformations that range from the typical migration destinations to the new dynamics of labour market insertion in the receiving countries. HIV also shows new patters by modifying social lifestyles. Unfortunately, most of them present a negative pattern, and this is why it is highlighted that the continent faces a number of challenges in order to develop and improve its inhabitants standard of living. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
Foodstuffs quality and safety are important issues involving packaging behavior in food preparing and storing processes. In this context, food legislation compliance increasingly demanding, concerns the knowledge of several key aspects of food-packaging systems. This article presents a review about main packaging materials currently used in the food industry, their interactions with the packaged product, mainly migration of macro and microelements from packaging to food, analytical techniques and mathematical models used in elements migrants identification, the national and international regulations established. ; La calidad e inocuidad de los productos alimenticios es un tema relevante que involucra el comportamiento de los empaques en los procesos de preparación y almacenamiento de alimentos. En este contexto, el cumplimiento de la legislación alimentaria, cada día más exigente, requiere el conocimiento de varios aspectos clave en los sistemas empaque-alimento. Este artículo presenta una revisión acerca de los principales materiales de empaque actualmente usados en la industria alimentaria, sus interacciones con el producto empacado principalmente la migración de macro y microelementos desde el empaque hacia el alimento, abordando técnicas analíticas y modelos matemáticos usados en la identificación de elementos migrantes, así como también aspectos relacionados con la normativa establecida nacional e internacionalmente.
En pocas ocasiones se brinda a los geógrafos la posibilidad de que sus investigaciones orienten las actuaciones políticas, conjugando academia y praxis. Por ello, la firma de un convenio entre el Parlamento de Canarias y las dos universidades del archipiélago, creando un grupo de expertos y una subcomisión parlamentaria para orientar las actuaciones políticas en la gestión de la inmigración, representó un hito en la acción de dichas instituciones. Para los investigadores, la oportunidad de poner en práctica una disciplina de profunda repercusión social. Para los parlamentarios, la posibilidad de fundamentar sus actuaciones legislativas en un basamento científica y socialmente acreditado. El análisis de esta iniciativa y del trabajo efectuado desde la perspectiva geográfica constituye el objeto de este artículo, planteado desde el convencimiento de que puede guiar otras iniciativas semejantes en las que ciencia y compromiso social estrechen sus vínculos, especialmente en el ámbito de las migraciones internacionales. ; Only seldom do geographers experience the possibility of effectively providing guidelines for policy makers, of bridging the gap that usually separates academia from praxis. The agreement signed between the Parliament of the Canary Islands and the Islands' two universities, setting up a group of experts and a parliamentary subcommittee in order to provide guidance for immigration policy-making, has been a landmark in the case of both academic institutions. The agreement has provided researchers with the opportunity to put an applied knowledge of widespread social impact into practice. Likewise, Members of Parliament have been offered the chance to base their policy-making on sound social and scientific foundations. The present paper analyses this initiative and the work undertaken from a geographical perspective, based on the authors' conviction that it might help other similar institutions to bring science and social commitment closer together, especially within the context of international migrations. ; Il est rarement offert aux géographes la possibilité d'orienter les actions politiques par leurs recherches en conjuguant académie et praxis. Or, la signature d'une convention entre le Parlement des Canaries et les deux universités de l'archipel, entraînant la création d'un groupe d'experts et d'une sous-commission parlementaire pour orienter les interventions politiques dans la gestion de l'immigration, a marqué un tournant dans l'action de ces institutions. Les chercheurs ont eu l'occasion de mettre en pratique une discipline d'une profonde répercussion sociale, et les parlementaires la possibilité d'asseoir leurs décisions législatives sur une base scientifiquement et socialement reconnue. Le but de cet article est d'analyser cette initiative et le travail effectué du point de vue géographique, dans la certitude qu'il peut servir de guide à d'autres initiatives semblables dans lesquelles la science et l'engagement social puissent resserrer leurs liens, en particulier dans le domaine des migrations internationales.
The feminization of migration is a human mobility process that responds to several social, economic and even political situations that have taken place worldwide. Regarding the case of Ecuador female migration wave to Europe was primarily the result of a critical period that the country faced in the late nineties. The article explores the circumstances that produced such migration; we also analyze gender roles of men and women in their country of origin and destination as well as transnational motherhood. ; La feminización de la migración es un proceso de movilidad humana que responde a muchas situaciones sociales, económicas e incluso políticas que han tenido lugar a nivel mundial. Este artículo trata sobre el caso particular del Ecuador, donde la ola migratoria femenina principalmente hacia Europa fue consecuencia de una época crítica que atravesó el país a finales de los años noventa. A continuación, exploramos las circunstancias que produjeron dicho fenómeno migratorio; también analizamos los roles de género de hombres y mujeres en los países de origen y de destino y la maternidad transnacional.
Tourism is one of the first economic activities in the world generating directly and indirectly between the 10 and 12% of world wealth. Its successes have hidden during a long time its social impacts and negative effects on environment, also hiding the narrow and intense relations that occur between tourism and migrations. Be enough with indicating that emigrants coming from the South or the European East usually use a tourist visa to reach their "promised land". Immigrants coming from the North -more and more numerous- are, often, tourists who decide to remain in the place where they have chosen to visit. In the global context it is necessary to analyse the relations between tourism and migration, and the way as tourism could integrate the migratory phenomenon in its sociopolitical dimension from the principles of codevelopment. The author suggests leaning more in the eyes of the sociologist and the political analyst to evaluate the new subjects that affect tourism, such as the implications of social mobility/migration, the free circulation of people and their impact on both developing and developed societies. ; El turismo es una de las primeras actividades económicas del mundo, generando directa o indirectamente entre el 10 y el 12% de la riqueza mundial. Durante mucho tiempo, el éxito económico de la actividad turística ha ocultado sus impactos sociales y sus efectos nocivos sobre el medio ambiente, difuminando también las estrechas e intensas relaciones que se dan entre el turismo y las migraciones. Estas relaciones tienen un alcance político y sociológico de gran amplitud. Baste con señalar que los emigrantes provenientes del Sur o Este europeo suelen utilizar el visado turístico para alcanzar su "tierra prometida". El inmigrante procedente del Norte —cada vez más numeroso— es, a menudo, un turista que decide quedarse de forma permanente en el lugar donde elige para vivir. En el actual contexto de la globalización, es oportuno y necesario preguntarse por las relaciones entre turismo y migración, y por el modo como el turismo podría integrar políticamente el fenómeno migratorio a partir de los principios del codesarrollo. El autor sugiere apoyarse en la mirada del sociólogo y del politólogo para analizar los nuevos temas que afectan al turismo, como son las implicaciones de la movilidad social/migración, la libre circulación de las personas y su impacto tanto en los países de origen como en los de destino.
O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as origens, os desdobramentos e as permanências da prática de racialização dos corpos negros, por meio das políticas migratórias brasileiras, desde fins do século XIX até os dias atuais. Para tal, serão utilizadas as abordagens epistemológicas pós e decoloniais, com destaque para o pensamento afro-diaspórico. Esta investigação propõe a inclusão da "raça" como categoria analítica indispensável para o estudo das migrações no Brasil. A partir de uma abordagem inédita, será examinado como o Haitianismo deixou um legado que serviu de substrato para a formulação de legislações explicitamente racializadas sobre imigração. O primeiro tópico tematizará a nacionalidade e cidadania no Brasil a partir de sua independência, nos momentos iniciais de constituição do Estado imperial pós-colonial. O segundo tópico aborda as relações entre a raça e as normativas migratórias do século XX. Por fim, na última seção, será apreciada a atual Lei de Migração a partir das concepções de racismo estrutural e colonialidade do poder. ; El objetivo de este articulo es discutir los orígenes, los ramos y las permanencias de la practica de racialización de cuerpos negros, por medio de las políticas de migración brasileñas, desde fines del siglo XIX hasta los días actuales. Para esto, serán utilizadas los abordajes epistemológicos post y decoloniales, en especial el pensamiento o afro-diaspórico. Esta investigación propone la inclusión de la "raza" como categoría de análisis indispensable para el estudio de las migraciones en Brasil. A partir de un abordaje inédito, será examinado como el "Haitianismo" dejó un legado que sirvió de sustrato para la formulación de las legislaciones explícitamente racializadas sobre inmigración. El primer asunto traerá el tema de nacionalidad y ciudadanía en Brasil a partir de su independencia, en los momentos iniciales de su constitución del Estado imperial post colonial. El segundo tópico trata de las relaciones entre raza y las normativas migratorias del siglo XX. Por último, esta la sección en que será apreciada la actual "Lei de Migração" a partir de las concepciones de racismo estructural y colonialidad del poder. ; The aim of this article is to discuss the origins, expansion and permanences of the practice of racialization of black bodies, through brazilian migration policies, from the end of the 19th century to the present day. For this purpose, post and decolonial epistemological approaches, specially the afro-diasporic thinking, will be used. This research proposes the inclusion of "race" as an indispensable analytical category for the study of migrations in Brazil. From an unprecedented approach, it will be examined how Haitianism has left a legacy that served as a substrate for explicitly racialized legislation on immigration. The first topic will address the nationality and citizenship in Brazil starting from its independence, in the initial moments of constitution of the post-colonial Imperial State. The second topic addresses the relations between race and the migratory normatives of the 20th century. Finally, in the last section, the current Migration Law will be appreciated from the conceptions of structural racism and coloniality of power.
The increase in the number of natural disasters that has been observed in recent decades around the world under the influence of increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, not only often causes significant damage to the economy and infrastructure of the territories, but also causes people to die and their mass migrations. In the light of these trends, the environmental situation is increasingly becoming the subject of scientific interest of researchers of various specialties: not only climatologists, but also economists and demographers. However, despite the increasing publication activity, in particular, on problems of population migration caused by climate change and environmental problems, there are significant gaps in the theoretical and methodological aspect. Our analysis of the scientific discourse (mostly English-speaking) showed that the discrepancies concern not only the question of which immigrants should be classified as environmental or climate migrants, but also the very term "environmental migrants", as well as the legal issue of the necessity and legality of providing such persons of refugee status. It has been established that at the moment "environmental refugees" do not actually have and never had refugee status, either in accordance with the relevant UN Convention or in accordance with the national legislation of any country. The article attempts to systematize and analyze the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to this problem and, on its basis, gives recommendations regarding their application. The features of statistical accounting for environmental migrants are established. The main difficulties of identifying and identifying those migration processes that resulted from changes in the environment are identified, since along with natural factors, a combination of other socio-economic factors, such as low living standards or poverty, often influence decision-making on resettlement. The principles that should be followed when organizing environmental migration statistics at the national level are given. Two groups of existing international sources of quantitative data on environmental migration are described: a bibliographic database containing materials and publications on environmental migration, as well as a database of quantitative data that provide information on the number of displaced persons. The relationship between climate change and the impact on the quality of life of the population has been identified. The negative impact of climate change on the level and quality of life of the population was identified primarily in rural areas, which led to an increase in the scale and deepening of poverty, and also caused the migration of the rural population.
Again, the notion of "circular migration" as a process of rationalization of migrations with job motivation is reappearing. It is a concept that produces both favourable and adverse reactions among researchers. Like so many proposals, their strengths and weaknesses depend more on how is realized its regulation and its practical application than on their content and potential. A substantial part of migration corresponds to socio-economic reasons, associated with job mobility. For this type of migration, the break with the cultural elements of everyday life and the social networks from their home country are unintended consequences of mobility. The most visible contribution of their efforts in the countries of origin is the economic remittances. Circular migration suggests that mobility incorporates the notion of return. In other words, that migration involves a moment of their life cycle, where the return to their social environment of origin can become a reality, including benefits for a new migration later. The consequences of this restructuring on the horizon of life of the migrants are important. It allows reintegrate skilled human capital to the societies of origin, with positive consequences for social and economic development in these societies. It maintains the quality of emotional life for the migrants and their families. It intensifies the relationship between the societies and simplifies the problems of coexistence of contradictory religious or cultural systems, with particular reference to freedom and equality. There are numerous examples relating to gender violence, children, etc, that are unacceptable in the democratic Western societies. Certainly the optimal scope is defined by economic migration. This migratory approach excludes other types of migration especially important: the Non-economic migration, with other motivations as for example to look for new horizons of life, exploring alternative lifestyles, political persecution, and so on. ; Nuevamente, reaparece la noción de "migraciones ...
The historic peace accords signed in Mexico at the beginning of 1992 opened a new chapter in our history and revived the hope of the beginning of a new stage to take us to the reformulation of the State in order to rebuild the damaged social fabric; However, after 19 years of this unprecedented event, the predominance of the political as a dominant factor and its dialectical relationship with the economic as a determinant, led to progress in the first, but a huge deficit in the second, with the result of an intermittent social conflict before the deterioration of the quality of life of the majority of the population. On this basis the thesis is held that in 1992 the war ended, but we went to a state of no peace; in the face of insecurity, unemployment, the increase in the cost of living and continuing with an exclusionary democracy, the population has experienced a situation of anxiety that it has tried to solve by emigrating and struggling internally to survive, as the State fails to fulfill its obligation to guarantee civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights, as mandated by the Constitution. That is the general scenario inherited by the first leftist government in El Salvador, and, 18 months into its mandate, we are still waiting to see our yearnings for peace fulfilled, granting the new government the benefit of the doubt, with the desire to that in 2011 the economy and its social focus will become the dominant factor. ; Los histórico acuerdos de paz firmados en México al inicio de 1992, abrió un nuevo capítulo de nuestra historia e hizo renacer la esperanza del inicio de una nueva etapa para enrumbarnos hacia la reformulación del Estado en aras de rehacer el tan dañado tejido social; sin embargo, al cumplirse 19 años de ese inédito acontecimiento, el predominio de lo político como factor dominante y su relación dialéctica con lo económico como determinante, propició avances en el primero, pero un enorme déficit en el segundo, con la resultante de una intermitente conflictividad social ante el desmejoramiento de la calidad de vida de la mayoría de la población. Sobre esta base se sostiene la tesis de que en 1992 concluyó la guerra, pero pasamos a un estado de no paz; ante la inseguridad, el desempleo, el incremento en el costo de la vida y el continuar con una democracia excluyente la población ha vivido una situación de zozobra que ha intentado resolver emigrando y luchando internamente por subsistir, al incumplir el Estado su obligación de garantizarle los derecho civiles, políticos, sociales, económicos y culturales, tal como lo manda la Constitución. Ese es el escenario general heredado por el primer gobierno de izquierda en El Salvador, y, a 18 meses de su mandato, todavía estamos expectantes para ver cumplidos nuestros anhelos de paz, concediéndole al nuevo gobierno el beneficio de la duda, con el deseo de que en el 2011 la economía y su enfoque social pase a ser el factor dominante.
