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The term "migration background" is commonly used in Germany today, but this neologism is only 20 years old. As an official category, it is even much younger. There has been only little research concerning the new population category, which emerged around the turn of the millennium. Thus, the question how the "migration background" could become the central category describing migration related diversity in Germany is not answered yet. This article fills this gap by exploring the context of the emergence of the "migration background" including the history of ethnic categories in German official statistics. It describes the actual definition of a "migration background" which became an official category in 2007 when the German Federal Statistical Office started publishing data regarding "the population with a migration background" based on the microcensus, a 1% household survey with mandatory participation. The central questions are: how national membership is imagined, how is it inscribed in definitions, and what adaptions had to be made over time? To answer these questions, different sources as questionnaires, publications of results of the microcensus and national reports on children and youth are analysed. Using interpretative methods, it is shown how a new taxonomy of the population in Germany was created, how it was influenced by international and national educational research, and to which extent it reshaped the perspectives on newcomers and natives. It is shown that the new category is tightly bound to citizenship and summarizes a number of older ethnic categories, but excludes also immigrated Germans who immigrated shortly after Second World War and from the former German Democratic Republic. Therefore, the label "migration background" is misleading because inherited citizenship and ancestry is in the centre of the definition rather than migration experience. ; Peer Reviewed

We employ 2011 European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data for Austria to perform Markovian mobility matrix analysis and uni- and multivariate econometric analysis to study intergenerational educational mobility by gender and migration background. We find that the educational attainment of girls and migrants relative to their parents is less mobile than for boys and natives. Further, the immobility of educational attainment is enhanced by the intersection of these identities: migrant girls are the least educationally mobile group and are especially likely to follow their mothers' educational footsteps, while native boys are the most mobile, especially compared to their mothers.

"The paper discusses techniques for sampling the 'migrant background' population in Germany, which comprises all first-generation immigrants, all non-citizens born in Germany, and all children with at least one parent fulfilling one of these criteria. Random walk sampling and random digit dialing techniques are feasible for sampling this population as a whole, but inefficient for subgroups. Telephone directories provide biased representations of the population, and the large proportion of non-pubs disqualifies their use. The Central Register of Foreigners excludes naturalized immigrants and introduces a socio-economic bias toward the less successful. Snowballing overrepresents persons with larger ethnic networks. The center sampling technique may encounter particular problems in Germany due to settlement patterns and legal issues affecting certain immigrants. Local authority Population Registers provide the best representation of the population. Foreign citizenship fails to identify the target population as it largely underestimates numbers and distorts the social structure. Place of birth is a suitable criterion to identify the Aussiedler population (ethnic German immigrants from eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union). In most cases, however, foreign names best serve the purpose of unbiased sampling. Therefore, name-based sampling in the Population Registers is the method of choice. However, the decentralized administration of Population Registers makes this a costly endeavor and although there is a certain legal sampling interface, there are still legal obstacles to optimal implementation of this sampling procedure." (author's abstract)

Migration is an ever-increasing phenomenon that is unfailingly the topic of public discourse. Recently, empirical interest has expanded to include the study of attitudes towards immigration. However, the focus usually lies on the opinion of natives, that is, persons without a migration background. This is unfortunate, because in many countries the proportion of people with a migration background is quite high, and many of them hold the citizenship of the receiving country. I expect individuals with a migration background to have more favourable attitudes towards immigration than the general population because they can identify more strongly with other immigrants due to their own migration history. Furthermore, I expect this difference to decrease with each subsequent migrant generation, with earlier generations holding more positive attitudes than later generations. For the analyses, I pooled data from the 2008-2016 rounds of the American General Social Survey. The subsample used included 7,362 respondents, 2,811 of whom had a migration background. Moreover, the data set allowed the differentiation of three generations of migrants. The results support the theoretical expectations. Persons with a migration background had more favourable attitudes towards immigration compared to those without a migration background. However, a closer look revealed that this is the case only for first-generation immigrants. The attitudes of second- and third-generation immigrants differed from each other on the 5% level, but the attitudes of neither group differed from that of the general population when the migrants' regional origins were controlled for.

The politics of history and memory culture have recently been the topic of increased discussion again—and this discussion has by no means been cool-headed, but hot, with a high potential for conflict. An argument is ongoing in the public sphere over which (hi)stories are present and visible and which are not, who is being recognized and who is not, as well as what is being forgotten, repressed, or tacitly accepted in this context. Corresponding to this general development, a debate is currently ongoing in the German press that has been dubbed "Historikerstreit 2.0," or "the historians' debate reloaded." The controversy was initially sparked by a discussion about the Cameroonian intellectual Achille Mbembe, his position toward the State of Israel, and his involvement with the BDS movement, before continuing on to a discussion about Michael Rothberg's book Multidirectional Memory when it was published in a German translation. Finally, the debates deepened with the controversy surrounding Dirk Moses's polemics concerning an ostensible "German catechism" with regard to Holocaust commemoration.

AbstractResearch on electoral choices of citizens with migration background has remained largely descriptive. What is missing is a systematic test of theories that can explain individuals with migration background's voting behavior. This article provides such a test on the basis of a post‐electoral survey from the 2011 Swiss general election. It is the first study on the electoral behavior of the first and second generation in Switzerland. And it shows that specific migration background impacts considerably on vote choice. In particular, individuals with migration background belonging to outgroups have a higher propensity to vote for the Left than natives. This relationship is partly explained by the party identifications adopted by the citizens with migration background belonging to outgroups.

"Basierend auf dem Framing-Ansatz werden Kontext und Strukturen der TV-Nachrichtenberichterstattung über Minderheiten untersucht. Innerhalb des letzten Jahrzehnts hat sich der politische Diskurs über Standards und Absichten von Integration dramatisch geändert. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie stehen deshalb Facetten der Zielformulierung (graduell versus absolut). Eine Stichprobe von 285 TV-Nachrichten über Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland wird auf implizite thematische Strukturen und politische Zielformulierungen hin analysiert. Die Clusteranalyse ergibt vier Nachrichten-Frames: Kriminalität, Migrationspolitik, Kulturelle Nähe und Terrorismus-Risiko. Sie weisen darauf hin, dass das öffentliche Bild von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund als relevante Minderheitsgruppen in Deutschland weiterhin negativ und implizit verzerrt bleibt. Das zeigt sich in der großen Häufigkeit von Risikokommunikation über mutmaßliche Terrorpläne sowie der vorherrschenden Formulierung absoluter Ziele anstatt gradueller. Die Integration des Framing-Ansatzes sowie der spezifischen Zielformulierungen erweist sich theoretisch und methodisch als fruchtbar, um den aktuellen medialen Integrationsdiskurs genau zu erfassen." (Autorenreferat)

Il ruolo giocato dalle famiglie nella riuscita dei percorsi di inserimento è am-piamente riconosciuto, ma assai poco tematizzato e valorizzato nelle pratiche e nelle politiche rivolte ai migranti sui territori di arrivo. L'approccio indivi-dualizzante al migrante sollecita processi di infantilizzazione e spesso impone separazioni forzate anche dai legami familiari. Il numero monografico vuole porre l'attenzione sul transnazionalismo che caratterizza le vite di molti mi-granti, sulla trasformazione che investe i modelli familiari sia per i minori e gli adulti soli che con-vivono con famiglie rimaste nei luoghi di origine, sia per le famiglie che affrontano sul territorio di arrivo la rinegoziazione dei ruoli e del-le aspettative genitoriali.

The aim of this article is primarily a pragmatic one: to analyse police work by investigating the ways diversity is dealt with in the civil service in Germany, a country often described as hostile to diversity. In doing so from the standpoint of the police officers who contribute, through their work, in educating, recruiting, and counseling officers from post-migration backgrounds, the article sheds light on how change happens within the organization. At the center of this article is an ideal-type of one of the ways, or techniques, drawn upon when dealing with diversity in the police.