The improving fiscal situation in the Philippines presents an opportune time for the government to reassess the resource requirements of achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) and to exercise greater vigilance in ensuring that the MDGs benefit from the fiscal space that has been created. In response, this study updated and expanded the earlier study on the financing of MDGs that was completed in 2002. In particular, it estimated the financial requirements needed to achieve Goals 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7; compared the resource requirements with the funding level that is likely to be made available to determine the funding gap for each of these goals under alternative macro and sectoral policy scenarios; arrived at a consolidated estimate of total general government resource requirement and resource gap in financing the said MDGs; and proposed how resources can optimally be managed, referring to both operational efficiencies and institutional arrangements, so as to maximize their effectiveness.
The Millennium Development Goals have become the frame of reference for most of the development community: the standard by which performance will ultimately be judged. Given their importance, considerable attention has been paid as to whether these goals will be met or not. The overwhelming conclusions from such analyses are not positive. The goals will not be met. There are exceptions-education has expanded rapidly, although questions are raised about quality, and some countries, notably in South East Asia, but also South Asia to a lesser extent, have done well across the board and will meet several of the goals. But many countries, most especially in Africa, will not. The projections show that poverty will become more heavily concentrated in Africa in both relative and absolute terms. In addition, whilst urban poverty will increase, in 2015 poverty will remain a predominately rural phenomenon, with 60-70 per cent of the poor (depending on the measure) living in rural areas. But these projections are based on assumptions, including the assumption of business as usual. Various adverse shocks may result in far worse scenarios. On the other hand, more intensive promotion of pro-poor policies can mean that the goals might yet be realized.
This paper uses two classes of multidimensional indices to measure countries' evolution towards the achievement of United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Our results suggest that improvements in the different MDGs tend to be uncorrelated among them and, on average, countries are largely off-track in their way towards MDGs achievement. This evolution has been highly uneven across countries and dimensions. While population growth is negatively associated to countries' MDGs improvement, the latter is unrelated to countries' economic growth, therefore posing a great challenge for international development agencies and national governments who aim to promote simultaneous progress in the different MDGs. ; L'article utilitza dues classes d'indicadors multidimensionals per mesurar l'evolució dels països envers la consecució dels Objectius de Desenvolupament del Mil·lenni (ODM) de Nacions Unides. Els resultats suggereixen que les millores en els diferents ODMs tendeixen a no estar correlacionades i que, en promig, els països no estan ben encarrilats de cara a la consecució dels ODM. Aquesta evolució ha estat molt variada entre països i dimensions. Mentre que el creixement de la població està associat negativament a la millora dels països en els ODMs, aquest darrer no està relacionat amb el creixement econòmic dels països, fet que suposa un gran repte per a les agències de desenvolupament internacional i pels diferents governs nacionals que vulguin promoure un progrés simultani en els diferents ODMs. ; Este artículo utiliza dos clases de indicadores multidimensionales para medir la evolución de los países hacia la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) de Naciones Unidas. Los resultados sugieren que las mejoras en los diferentes ODMs tienden a no estar correlacionadas y que, en promedio, los países no están bien encarrilados de cara a la consecución de los ODM. Esta evolución ha sido muy variada entre países y dimensiones. Mientras que el crecimiento de la población está asociado negativamente a la mejora de los países en los ODMs, éste último no está relacionado con el crecimiento económico de los países, lo que supone un gran reto para las agencias de desarrollo internacional y para los distintos gobiernos nacionales que quieran promover un progreso simultáneo en los diferentes ODMs.
In 2000 the Government of Indonesia together member states of the United Nations (UN) attended the Millennium Summit in New York and signed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which has eight important goals. Efforts to realize the achievement of these goals is a challenge in development around the world, including health development. The role of dental nursing in accordance with the objectives of the MDGs are 1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) Achieve universal primary education, 3) Promote gender equality and empower women, 4) Reduce child mortality, 5 Improve maternal health, 6) Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 7) Ensure environmental sustainability 8)Develop a global partnership for development. Of the eight MDGs, it can be concluded that dental nursing has a role in achieving the goals and the MDGs.
In the 1970s,Indonesiais one of thepoorest countries inAsia. In 1976, 54million people in Indonesia(40% of the population) belong to the categoryof poor. In1980-1990anperiodis a period ofhigh economic growth. High economicgrowthis closely linkedwithpoverty reductiondrasticallywhere the numberof poor peoplefell by almost50% from40millionto 22million peoplein 1981s/d1996.In the year2010 the numberof poor peopleamounted to31.02 million people, or about 13:33% andthe poverty ratein March2009 amounted to32.53million, or about 14:15% (BPS). LastBPS dataperSeptember 2013shows that there are28.59millionor11.66% ofthe totalpopulationinIndonesia.PovertyinIndonesia hasdecreasedsignificantlysincethe reformera. Acceleration ofpoverty reductionprogramsinIndonesiais donewithgoodsynergywork programsatnational and local levels. Poverty reduction programscurrently dividedinseveralclusters: Cluster(1) Direct AidSociety(BLM). Thisclusterincludes theSchool Operational Assistance(BOS), Community Health Insurance(Assurance), Ricefor the Poor(Raskin), Family Hope Program(PKH). Cluster1goalistoreducepovertyandimprove thequality ofhuman resources, especiallythe poor.Cluster (2) is the national community empowerment Program (PNPM) independently. The purpose of PNPM Mandiri is to increase prosperity and employment opportunities of the poor independently. Cluster (3) people's business credit (KUR) is a people's business credit is given to the poor without collateral to the community a certain amount. Purpose to provide and strengthening economic access for businessmen of small and micro-scale. An important aspect in strengthening is giving them freely to access of the poor to be able to try and improve the quality of life.In 2011 the Government carry out a Cluster of clusters of four. This Cluster includes: (1) the provision of the House very cheap, (2) a cheap public transport Vehicles, (3) clean water to the people, (4) enhancement of Life for fishermen, (5) improvement of Urban Edge Community Life. The 4 Cluster in the framework of poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), so the expected goal of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 is reached. As it known that the millennium development goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is an attempt to meet the basic needs of the rights of man through a joint commitment between the 189 UN Member States to implement the 8 (eight) Millennium development goals, namely (1) tackling poverty and hunger, (2) achieve primary education for all, (3) encourage gender equality and the empowerment of women, (4) reduce child mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) fight against spread of HIVAIDS, malaria and other contagious diseases, (7) Living and Sustainability (8) global partnership in development. Eight of these targets as measurable goals for a single package of development and poverty reduction.In September 2000, the United Nations Millennium Summit, where world leaders agreed on eight development goals that are specific and measurable global called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The first seven goals focus on eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality; In September 2000, the United Nations improve maternal health, combat HIV-AIDS, malaria and other diseases, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Whereas the eighth goal calls for the establishment of a global partnership for development, with targets for aid, trade and debt relief.However approach the year 2015, global world will experience the transformation of the global development of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The shifting of the MDGs to the SDGs doesn't mean the goal contained in the MDGs fail is reached. Quite the contrary, many world records that reveal the success in various countries, there is a remarkable improvement experienced by the poor countries in the ranking of HDI (human development index) the lowest. In the last 40 years, the State- countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report in the 2013 Global Monitoring Report also explain the positive trend in the achievement of the MDGs. reduction of half of the world's poor population, reduction of half of the population without access to clean water, the Elimination of gender inequality in primary education in 2015, and the improvement of life in a hundred million slums by 2020 was reached more quickly, i.e. in 2010. ADB, a number of countries in Asia also experienced progress in achieving the millennium development goals. The number of poor population has decreased significantly in Malaysia, Viet Nam and China. In Thailand and Malaysia, long-term policies to overcome poverty coupled with their concern for the environment has made the countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report, these countries are on a sustainable growth path. But not so the case with Indonesia, a country with a diversity of biodiversity in forests is raining but the risorsis contained therein are not managed sustainably and fairly.Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be forwarded to Suistanable Development Goals (SDGs). The MDGs will expire in 2015, but until now there has been no final draft which will forward the MDGs program. to that end, scientists and many quarters trying to deepen the concept of SDGs as successor to the MDGs. Keywords: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primary education, maternal health, clean water.
On its current economic trajectory, India will achieve some of the eight Millennium Development Goals, but will miss many of the others. The good news is that India is making great strides with regard to the first of the Millennium Development Goals: reducing extreme poverty. Even though there is an active debate about the "exact" measure of extreme poverty, all indicators suggest rapid progress, enough on the current trajectory so that the headcount poverty rate in 2015 will be less than half of the rate in 1990, as called for by the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, India is likely to miss several of the other goals, related to hunger, IMR, under-5, and MMR, disease, and the physical environment. The proportion of children in India who are chronically undernourished remains very high. So too does the MMR and IMR. And the goal of environmental sustainability is not being achieved, as parts of India are suffering from worsening crises of water, soils, and deforestation. What India requires is a significant increase of targeted investments in clinics, schools, nutrition programs, disease control, irrigation, rural electrification, rural roads, and other basic investments, especially in rural India as the current budgetary allocations are inadequate. Higher public investments in these areas need to be accompanied by systemic reforms that will help overhaul the present system of service delivery, including issues of control and oversight. Additionally, India should "plan for success." The Planning Commission should ensure that current programs as well as the next Five-Year Plan are built around achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Indeed, not only the Union Government, but every state and even every district, should base their investment programs around achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
Sustainable development refers to a mode of humandevelopment in which resource use aims to meet human needs while ensuring the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. Sustainable development encompasses four domains -economic, ecological, political and cultural sustainability. In order to have a sustainable world, it is very important to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The role of mass media has been phenomenal in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. Today, attaining Universal Primary Education has been on the top of the agenda of every government. Today women are more empowered, there is reduction in the Child Mortality Rates and improvement in maternal health which have been possible due to the intervention of mass media. Further, media have been able to create ample awareness across the globe in combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. To achieve MDGs, it is very essential to have a global partnership for development wherein developed countries contribute for the progress of developing countries. Through its preventive, curative, rehabilitative, developmental and correctional approach, mass media have become a key stakeholder contributing to move towards accomplishing the MDGs. The paper discusses on role of mass media in realizing all the eight MDGs.
Millennium development goal (MDG) of poverty reduction aims for halving of the head-count ratio over the period 1990-2015. Available studies draw attention to the gap between observed and required growth rates, the difficulties of sustaining the latter over time, and whether the policy stance of a government makes a difference to its overall performance. Trade-offs between growth and redistribution in achieving the MDG have also been examined. The present study builds on earlier work in several respects. A two-stage procedure is developed in which income per capita depends on agricultural GDP, a measure of openness of the economy, and regional characteristics in the first stage, and poverty depends on the (estimated) income per capita, a measure of income inequality, and regional characteristics in the second stage. Alternative estimation techniques - including a panel data method- have been employed to check the robustness of the results. The feasibility of halving poverty is examined at the global, regional and country levels. The gaps between required and observed growth rates of aggregate and agricultural income, and the trade-offs between growth and redistribution of income are assessed. While doubts persist about the feasibility of halving poverty in some regions, the results bring into sharper relief the potential of redistribution in achieving this goal.
Millennium development goal (MDG) of poverty reduction aims for halving of the head-count ratio over the period 1990-2015. Available studies draw attention to the gap between observed and required growth rates, the difficulties of sustaining the latter over time, and whether the policy stance of a government makes a difference to its overall performance. Trade-offs between growth and redistribution in achieving the MDG have also been examined. The present study builds on earlier work in several respects. A two-stage procedure is developed in which income per capita depends on agricultural GDP, a measure of openness of the economy, and regional characteristics in the first stage, and poverty depends on the (estimated) income per capita, a measure of income inequality, and regional characteristics in the second stage. Alternative estimation techniques – including a panel data method- have been employed to check the robustness of the results. The feasibility of halving poverty is examined at the global, regional and country levels. The gaps between required and observed growth rates of aggregate and agricultural income, and the trade-offs between growth and redistribution of income are assessed. While doubts persist about the feasibility of halving poverty in some regions, the results bring into sharper relief the potential of redistribution in achieving this goal.
The Millennium Development Goals, present in the UN Millennium Declaration 2000, are a set of goals to reduce poverty, disease, and deprivation of the world's poorest people This paper examines the Development and increscent that Millennium Development goals have lived in a transition country like Kosovo, which is one of the less developed countries in Europe. Furthermore, Kosovo is one of the ancient lands in Balkan passing through many wars and difficulties in achieving growth and prosperity, international presence and effect in all the institutions and government have helped Kosovo to increase the overall economical, political and social life. MDG's are becoming a very important part of changing the standard of living in many of the countries in the world, where living conditions are not in an acceptable position. Also, it critically evaluates each of 8 MDG's and the improvement that they have achieved during these post war years, even though Kosovo is not officially part of MDG's Agreement that all the states have signed. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n14p123
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set the stage for developing countries to reduce extreme poverty and the problems that accompany it, such as hunger, high rates of infant, child and maternal mortality, insufficient disease control, lack of education, illiteracy, gender disparity and environmental degradation. Each goal has a specific target level for progress, such as halving poverty or reducing infant mortality rates by two thirds. All goals are to be reached by 2015, using 1990 as the benchmark year. By setting a time frame and specific levels of reductions for a variety of indicators, progress towards the goals is measurable, if data on indicators is available. Tracking progress is an essential step towards meeting the goals, as problem areas can be identified only through monitoring and evaluation, and interventions and strategies can then be developed to target them. South Asia as a whole seems likely to halve poverty levels by 2015, due in large part to India's progress on this MDG indicator. However, the situation is not as promising in other areas, such as reduction of high rates of infant, under-five and maternal mortality. There are wide inter-country, inter-state and intra-state differences in levels of progress towards the goals throughout South Asia. In a country as large and as populous as India, tackling problems such as high maternal mortality rates at the state and even at the district levels could determine whether India as a whole achieves the MDGs. Over one billion of the roughly 1.37 billion residents of South Asia reside in India, which means that India's achievement of any of the goals brings South Asia as a whole a step closer towards regional goal attainment. For South Asia as whole and for India in particular, public spending must be increased in the areas of health, education, rural infrastructure and agricultural research and development. The Indian government under-invests in all of these areas. Not only must public spending be increased, but spending must be accompanied by reforms. Decentralization would lead to greater control and oversight, conditions necessary for accountability. There are only 11 years remaining to meet the MDGs. It is time for South Asian governments to focus on problem areas related to extreme poverty in the region, such as high rates of infant and maternal mortality, low primary school enrollment and completion rates, poor rural infrastructure and low rates of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, especially in rural areas.
This report emphasizes high-income countries' responsibility to lead byexample in pursuing more open markets and in supporting the Least DevelopedCountries to raise their export competitiveness. It proposes concrete andpractical steps that governments and international agencies can undertake tobring trade to bear on development.The report has been prepared by a group of leading experts who contributedin their personal capacity and volunteered their time to this importanttask. I am very grateful for their thorough and skilled efforts, and I am sure that the practical options for action in this report will make an importantcontribution to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. I stronglyrecommend it to anyone who is interested in how to mobilize trade fordevelopment.
This report emphasizes high-income countries' responsibility to lead byexample in pursuing more open markets and in supporting the Least DevelopedCountries to raise their export competitiveness. It proposes concrete andpractical steps that governments and international agencies can undertake tobring trade to bear on development.The report has been prepared by a group of leading experts who contributedin their personal capacity and volunteered their time to this importanttask. I am very grateful for their thorough and skilled efforts, and I am sure that the practical options for action in this report will make an importantcontribution to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. I stronglyrecommend it to anyone who is interested in how to mobilize trade fordevelopment.
I. Was sind die MDGs und woher kommen Sie? II. Stärken der MDGs III. Schwächen der MDGs IV. Konsequenzen für ein mögliches neues Zielsystem für die Zeit nach 2015
The possible effect of Government Consumption (a component of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) on attainment of the hunger Millennium Development Goal (MDG1) was analyzed by evaluating the effect of macroeconomic, social, demographic and policy variables on average undernourished population. Eighty-four developing countries with data available on undernourished population were included in an ecological study. Regression models were applied to explore possible determinants of Undernourished between 1990 and 2004 and consequent achievement of the projected 2004 MDG1. In 2004, 1.4% of the overall undernourished population in the studied countries [70.16 million people] was in excess of the projected level required to meet MDG1. The multiple linear regression showed significant associations between Undernourished and poverty levels, the Gini Index, rural population and Government Consumption. The multiple logistic regression showed significant associations between achievement of projected 2004 MDG1 levels and Government Consumption and the Gini Index. The significant associations between Undernourished and Government Consumption suggest that the effects of GDP components on social conditions call for more thorough research and that policymakers such as governments and international financial institutions need to ensure that changes in distributive and redistributive policies do not negatively affect the possibility of achieving MDG1.
