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A distinction has become entrenched in United States law between treaties that are "self-executing" and those that are not. The precise nature of this distinction—indeed, its very existence—is a matter of some controversy' and much confusion. More than one lower federal court has pronounced the distinction to be the "most confounding" in the United States law of treaties. A tremendous amount of scholarship has sought to clarify this distinction, but the honest observer cannot but agree with John Jackson's observation that "[t]he substantial volume of scholarly writing on this issue has not yet resolved the confusion" surrounding it. The continuing, and remarkably candid, judicial confusion over this issue will, I hope, excuse yet another attempt to bring some coherence to the doctrine. In this article, I argue that much of the doctrinal disarray and judicial confusion is attributable to the failure of courts and commentators to recognize that for some time four distinct "doctrines" of self-executing treaties have been masquerading as one. With a view to furthering the development of doctrine in conformity with constitutional allocations of power, I identify these four "doctrines," as reflected in the self-execution decisions of the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts, and I examine the very different types of analysis that they call for.

Living in the shadow of the United Nations and paralysed by the superpowers for much of the post-World War II period, few regional organizations have lived a celebrated life. Few issues proved as divisive and contentious at the drafting of the United Nations Charter as the UN's future relationship to regional organizations. If some at San Francisco believed that the future global organization might be assisted by several regional pillars, the 'Wilsonian tendency to identify regionalism with war-breeding competitive alliances survived', and most who were present at the creation were determined to ensure that the future global organization had seniority and superiority over any present or future regional organization. Although Chapter VIII of the UN Charter did stake out a potential role for regional organizations, including the possibility that they might prevent conflicts from being referred to the Security Council, the language adopted reflected the contentious and unresolved nature of the proceedings: 'The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific settlements of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies either on the initiative of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council.' The subsequent forty-five years suggests that the UN found only limited use for regional organizations.

To better understand the psychosocial context of adolescent substance abuse, 1,938 students in Grades 9 through 12 were anonymously surveyed regarding their level of involvement with alcohol and drugs, and their number of negative personal consequences in the past year due to substance use. Multivariate analysis of variance using grade in school as a covariate revealed that the strongest predictor of lower levels ofsubstance involvement and consequences was perceived social supportfrom thefamily. A measure of emotional autonomy was highly correlated with greater substance involvement and consequences. When autonomy was considered in the context of support (individuation), students who were high in autonomy but low in support had the highest levels of substance involvement and consequences. Autonomous students whofelt supported by theirfamilies had somewhat higher involvement with, and consequences of, substance use when compared to their less autonomous "supported" peers. Females in the study reported less substance use but the same number of negative personal consequences as did males. There was no interaction between gender and support with autonomy. These findings suggest that family support is an important context for the development of autonomy and the prevention of substance abuse and other health risk behaviors during adolescence. The findings also support the notion that successful individuation is related to advances in autonomy within the context offamily support.

Defined broadly as any relationship between companies involving a
sharing of common destinies, strategic alliances are cropping up across
the global arena. Due to the maturation of several trends of the 1980s,
such as: intensified foreign competition, shortened product life cycles,
soaring cost of capital, including the cost of research and development,
and ever‐growing demand for new technologies, alliances are becoming an
attractive strategy for the future. Published material on the subject is
vast, diverse and fragmented. Synthesizes this material and develops a
common thread as to how these alliances are formed and the ingredients
for their success or failure. Identifies six dimensions along which the
alliances are formed and the change in management style needed for the
success of alliances. Defines an interesting phenomenon termed the
"Octopus Strategy" where multidivision companies from Japan,
the United States and Europe are joining forces to create multiple
strategic alliances. The end result of this strategy is that two
divisions of the multidivision companies may have formed an alliance,
while other divisions of the same organizations may be in fierce
competition with one another. Develops a model of the working of
strategic alliances based on the existing empirical evidence. Suggests
some contributions that government, industry and education should make
for the success of alliances.

As noted by several observers, information technology (IT) has rapidly evolved from "part of the organizational overhead" into a strategic resource capable of changing patterns of competition within industries [8, p. 275]. However, while this evolution has become part of the fabric for literature exploring the strategic impact of IT, very few studies have been undertaken to determine the specific influence(s) of technology‐based competition on industry structure. The development of analytical frames for capturing aspects of industry behavior provides a potentially powerful tool for evaluating the influence strategic IT initiatives may have on current bases of competition. Drawing from the theoretical disciplines of industrial economics and strategic management, this study develops a framework for analyzing longitudinal changes in industry structure. Working within this frame, the study then analyzes the nature and change of structure in three industries during and after the introduction of strategic information technology. The findings suggest that in each of these industries structural characteristics were dramatically altered subsequent to the introduction of competitive‐based IT. In two of the industries (airlines and industrial chemicals), early adopters broke away from other industry participants, in effect, forming unique bases of competition. In the remaining industry (drug wholesalers), previously distinct bases of competition consolidated, resulting in a more competitive industry structure than that which existed prior to the technological innovation.

AbstractThis paper attempts to integrate the complex of elements which make up the concept of human resources management effectiveness through the development of a model and its application to Canadian human resources management practice. Prior to presenting the model, the literature on the role of human resources management (HRM) and its relationship to organizational effectivess is reviewed. The model argues that organizations will be successful when the correct fit between environment, organization, and the sub‐units of the organization is achieved. Following the model, guidelines for measurement and an analysis of the dynamics of the model are presented, as well as implications for human resources management practice.RésuméCet article entreprend d'intégrer l'ensemble des éléments qui composent le concept de l'efficacité de la gestion des ressources humaines par l'entremise du développment d'un modèle et de son application à la pratique canadienne de direction des ressources humaines. Avant la présentation du modèle, la littérature au sujet du rǒle de la gestion des ressources humaines ainsi que son rapport à l'efficacité organisationnelle sont révisés. Le modèle offert souligne que le succès de l'organisation résulte d'un lien correct entre l'environnement, l'organisation et les sous‐unités de l'organisation. Suite à l'explication du modèle, des directives de mesure et une analyse des dynamiques du modèle sont présentées, ainsi que les répercussions pour la pratique de l'administration des ressources humaines.

The article analyses the role of the Netherlands in the Atlantic Alliance over the past decades in the wider context of small power strategies. The main thrust of the argument is that small states can apply balancing strategies not only to protect their security in the central system of rivalling great powers but also to defend their interests in subordinate domains where middle powers may play a prominent part. The particular case is a clear instance of a small state using alliances to link objectives at different levels of political action. Thus, the Netherlands, while taking advantage of its reputation as a faithful ally in NATO, has sought to draw on the support of the United States in order to forestall attempts at domination by larger regional powers in Western Europe, first and foremost France. The contention is made that the Dutch have been successful in pursuance of their strategy. The final part discusses the impact on the Dutch position of recent post-Cold War developments and the dynamics of European integration. One of the options available in the arsenal of small power strategies would be a switch by the Netherlands from the postwar balancing policies along with the USA to a future posture of `bandwagoning' with its most powerful European partner, i.e. Germany.

ABSTRACTThis paper presents data on the distribution of seven pesticides in an agricultural catchment which is located within the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service farm at Rosemaund, 11 km north‐east of Hereford, UK. Data for aldicarb, atrazine, carbofuran, dimethoate, MCPA and isoproturon, are available for both the soil and surface waters (drain and stream water), with simazine data available only for the stream. Measurements were taken before and after pesticide application, which was made following normal agricultural practice. Soil residue data showed the degradation rates of the pesticides to be within the range of literature values. Pesticide levels in the stream and drains during runoff events following rainfall ranged from below detection limits (typically 0.02‐0.1 μg/1), to 264 μg/1 (for carbofuran). Over 90% of the events had detectable maximum concentrations. The percentage of pesticide applied, which was removed during individual rainfall events, was calculated. The maximum value estimated was 1.1%, again for carbofuran. Most of the events gave values several orders of magnitude below this value.The data have been used to try to validate a range of models which could be used for screening new pesticides or for informing decisions on the use of existing pesticides. The results of the validations are summarized.

Les territoires traditionnels de chasse et de trappe des Cris dans les régions méridionales du bassin de Moose River ont été infiltrés au début du XXe siècle, par les colons euro‐canadiens et l'exploitation des ressources qui s'est ensuivie, avec l'encouragement actif du gouvernement provincial. Après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, ces tendances se sont également propagées au nord du bassin. Selon de nombreux contemporains, l'économie basée sur la chasse et la trappe des Cris s'était désintégrée face à la concurrence des Euro‐Canadiens et l'appât du travail rémunéré et de la vie villageoise. Cependant, de récentes études sur le terrain démontrent l'importance continue et la viabilité de l'économie autochtone traditionnelle du bassin de Moose River.The traditional hunting and trapping territories of the Cree in the southern reaches of the Moose River Basin were infiltrated by Euro‐Canadian settlement and resource‐based development early in the 20th century, with the active encouragement of the provincial government. After the Second World War, these trends were also evident in the northern part of the Basin. Many contemporaries believed that the Cree hunting and trapping economy had disintegrated in the face of Euro‐Canadian competition and the lure of wage labour and village life. However, recent field studies document the continuing importance and viability of the traditional aboriginal economy of the Moose River Basin.

Includes bibliography. ; South Africa needs a modern, sophisticated telecommunications network to ensure economic development and political stability. The same network must also provide affordable and reliable service to a great percentage of the population. The telecommunications industry is currently monopolised by Telkom, a state-owned business enterprise (SBE), and does not appear capable of meeting these basic requirements. The purpose of this paper is to present a case for restructuring Telkom and liberalising the telecommunications industry to best serve the needs of the South African economy. The objective for restructuring the telecommunications industry must be to maximise long-term consumer welfare for all South Africans. This paper argues that consumer welfare will be maximised only by dismantling the statutory monopoly structure and moving toward a highly competitive, privately owned telecommunications industry. The economic issues, of course, cannot be discussed realistically without reference to political, social and historical variables, all of which are also considered. By focusing primarily on economic issues, however, this paper strives to avoid the ideological disputes which usually surround discussions of state ownership. This paper focuses on the telecommunications industry because it represents the single most important infrastructural component in a modern economy. It also presents a unique opportunity if managed well, and a grave danger if allowed to continue in its current structure.

EUROPEAN BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION SERVICE (EBIS) Number 17, 1995 Code Number: NL95021 Size of Files: Text: 38.3K No associated graphics files I. News from Brussels (Commission, Parliament, Council) I.1 News from the BCC I.2 Research and related Commission Calls for RTD proposals Vaccines Task Force Human Genome Programmes Worldwide Biofuels Hazard analysis in food safety Access to research installations I.3 Regulatory Framework Contained use of GMMs Directive Directive on legal protection of biotech inventions BST II. Member States Biotechnology in foods: briefing paper. Biotech in European Society meeting France - New strategic research programme Germany - Safety conferences Ireland - Biotechnology sourcebook Netherlands - Patents position - Transgenic animals United Kingdom - Ethical newsletter - New research organisation III. International Developments OECD - Bioremediation - Developing countries - Bacterial mineral leaching New Zealand - GMO releases Sweden - International institute Switzerland - Gene transfer in nature - "Substantial Equivalence" in food-stuffs EBIS is produced by the European Commission and distributed without charge. Please write to ASFRA if you wish to receive it on a regular basis. It is not a statement of Commission policy. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy, no liability can be accepted by the Commission or its servants for the consequences of errors. Reproduction of EBIS material may be made without reference to Editor.

The wanax is the central figure of authority in Mycenaean society. This much is clear from studies of the references to wanax in the Linear B tablets, interpretation of the history of the use of the term wanax in Homer and later Greek, and reconstruction of the development of the institution of kingship from the end of the Bronze Age through the Archaic to Hellenistic period. Scholars want to know the same things about the Mycenaean wanax that we do about power figures -- "big men", chieftains, shamans, kings -- in any society: how and when did the wanax originate? How were the institution and authority of the wanax legitimized and maintained? What cultural needs did the wanax satisfy and what powers and responsibilities did he have in different spheres of daily life: religious, political, economic, military, and social? What led to the disappearance of the institution of the wanax in post-palatial Greek culture? Each of these questions is major and multi-faceted. Here Palaima discusses them and problems connected with them in two parts. In the first part he rejects the Indo-European model of a warrior-king in favor of a priest-king more along the lines of Hittite models. In the second part he pursues several speculative arguments related to the paraphernalia of Mycenaean kingship. ; Classics

With tension between the demand for health services and the cost of providing them, rationing is increasingly evident in all medical systems. Until recently, rationing was primarily through the ability to pay or achieved implicitly by doctors working within fixed budgets. Such forms of rationing are commonly alleged to be inequitable and inefficient and explicit rationing is advocated as more appropriate. Utilisation management in the United States and quasi-markets separating purchasing from provision in the United Kingdom are seen as ways of using resources more efficiently and are increasingly explicit. There is also advocacy to ration explicitly at the point of service. Mechanic reviews the implications of these developments and explains why explicit approaches are likely to focus conflict and dissatisfaction and be politically unstable. Explicit rationing is unlikely to be as equitable as its proponents argue and is likely to make dissatisfaction and perceived deprivation more salient. Despite its limitations, implicit rationing at the point of service is more sensitive to the complexity of medical decisions and the needs and personal and cultural preferences of patients. All systems use a mix of rationing devices, but the clinical allocation of services should substantially depend on the discretion of professionals informed by practice guidelines, outcomes research, and other informational aids.

THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES HOW THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT HAS ADAPTED ITS INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, ITS PROCEDURES IN ORDER TO PLAY A MORE IMPORTANT ROLE IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MATTERS. IN RECENT YEARS, THREE DEVELOPMENTS HAVE ENHANCED THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT'S PARTICIPATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. FIRST, A NUMBER OF FRENCH PARLIAMENTARIANS FELT THAT SOMETHING HAD TO BE DONE TO IMPEDE THE GATHERING PACE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION WITH THE CONCOMITANT DECISIONAL DRIFT AWAY FROM PARIS TOWARDS BRUSSELS AND STRASBOURG, WHICH THEY FELT WOULD TURN THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT INTO LITTLE MORE THAN A RUBBER STAMP. SECONDLY, THE STRIKING QUANTITATIVE INCREASE IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LEGISLATION (MAINLY DUE TO THE ENACTMENT OF THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT), THE NEED TO INCORPORATE MUCH OF IT INTO DOMESTIC LAW, AND THE REQUIREMENT THAT EXISTING AND FUTURE DOMESTIC LAW BE CONSISTENT WITH COMMUNITY LAW HIGHLIGHTED THE BASIC FAILURES OF THE 1979 LAW AND GAVE RISE TO THE 1990 LAW STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENTARY DELEGATIONS. THIRDLY, ONE OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEBATE OVER THE MAASTRICHT TREATY WAS THE AMENDMENT OF ARTICLE 88 OF THE FRENCH CONSTITUTION, WHICH NOW OBLIGES THE GOVERNMENT TO SEND ALL PROPOSED EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LEGISLATION TO PARLIAMENT AT THE SAME TIME THAT IT IS SENT TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF MINISTERS.