Suchergebnisse

We submit that with advancing age and the age-inherent shrinking of life-time reserves, intrinsic-valuerational, that is, ego-transcending goals tend to gain priority over extrinsic-instrumental goals that aim at future personal benefits. This proposition is investigated in four studies that combine questionnaire assessments and experimental analyses. In Study 1, age differences in extrinsic-instrumental and intrinsic-valuerational orientations are analyzed in a cross-sectional study involving 359 participants in the age range from 35 to 84 years. In Study 2, we ask whether the postulated shift in goal orientations could be simulated by inducing a cognitive focus on themes of death and dying (N = 371). Studies 3 and 4 (Ns = 50 and 86) serve to replicate and expand the findings with an experimental setup, paying particular attention to the moderating role of accommodative flexibility and to implicit preferences. Taken together, the results of this research substantiate the assumption that the experience of narrowing life-time reserves activates accommodative processes that enhance the disengagement from egocentric-individualistic concerns.

In this paper, we quantify the effects of an increase in the public provision of health services in a set of 12 emerging economies (i.e., Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Russia, South Africa and Tunisia), representing 45% of world population in 2018. We use a computable general equilibrium model and simulate an increase in the real government expenditure devoted to public health services up to a 20% of total government expenditure, which is also assumed to raise labour productivity. This increase leads to expansionary effects in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment for all the economies under analysis and an increase in the ratio of government deficit to GDP, ranging between 3.66 points for Russia and 0.24 points for Colombia. If, in addition, direct tax rates on labour are increased to offset this result, the effects on GDP and employment become contractionary in most cases; whereas if indirect tax rates are those to be increased, small expansionary effects are again the norm with the only exception of Russia. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, through the projects ECO2016-78422-R and ECO2017-86054-C3-2-R, as well as from the University of Castilla-La Mancha through the project 2020-GRIN-29041, co-financed by the European Union via the European Regional Development Fund.

Paektu volcano (Changbaishan) is a rhyolitic caldera that straddles the border between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China. Its most recent large eruption was the Millennium Eruption (ME; 23 km$^{3}$ dense rock equivalent) circa 946 CE, which resulted in the release of copious magmatic volatiles (H$_{2}$O, CO$_{2}$, sulfur, and halogens). Accurate quantification of volatile yield and composition is critical in assessing volcanogenic climate impacts but is challenging, particularly for events before the satellite era. We use a geochemical technique to quantify volatile composition and upper bounds to yields for the ME by examining trends in incompatible trace and volatile element concentrations in crystal-hosted melt inclusions. We estimate that the ME could have emitted as much as 45 Tg of S to the atmosphere. This is greater than the quantity of S released by the 1815 eruption of Tambora, which contributed to the "year without a summer." Our maximum gas yield estimates place the ME among the strongest emitters of climate-forcing gases in the Common Era. However, ice cores from Greenland record only a relatively weak sulfate signal attributed to the ME. We suggest that other factors came into play in minimizing the glaciochemical signature. This paradoxical case in which high S emissions do not result in a strong glacial sulfate signal may present a way forward in building more https://symplectic.admin.cam.ac.uk/objectedit.html?cid=1&oid=876954generalized models for interpreting which volcanic eruptions have produced large climate impacts. ; K.I. was supported by the NSF under award no. 1349486 and by AAAS. Fieldwork was supported by the Richard Lounsbery Foundation.

Funding Information: There is growing support for supply-side measures in general. Over 500 environmental ngo s from 76 countries signed the 2017 Lofoten Declaration calling for 'the wealthy fossil fuel producers to lead in putting an end to fossil fuel development and to manage the decline of existing production.' This position is supported by some politicians and industry representatives. In the last two years of the Obama Administration, for example, much attention was focused on climate change. In discussing the controversial Keystone XL Pipeline project, the US president said: 'if we're going to prevent large parts of this Earth from becoming not only inhospitable but uninhabitable in our lifetimes, we're going to have to keep some fossil fuels in the ground rather than burn them and release more dangerous pollution into the sky.' A 2016 report by the French energy company Total stressed that 'the 2°C scenario highlights that a part of the world's fossil fuel resources cannot be developed.' The World Bank is no longer financing oil-and-gas projects, on climate change grounds. For the Arctic context specifically, Sjåfjell and Halvorssen examined the climatic implications of new oil development in Norway, arguing that investing in oil-and-gas operations and carbon-intensive infrastructure over the next thirty years in the Arctic 'is clearly against the object and purpose of the unfccc and the Paris Agreement, when the international community should be phasing out fossil fuel use and moving toward renewable energy across the globe.' Publisher Copyright: © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020. Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

In this paper, we propose that only some of the conventional findings pertaining to the enhancing effects of feedback and recognition on performance success as well as the moderating role they play in the goal–performance relationship may apply to project teams, whereas others may not. We focus on the above activities that are well grounded in the general organizational research and reexamine them within the project management context. Data were collected from 88 project managers and their direct supervisors via questionnaires. Results showed that leader goal, feedback, and recognition activities were important only for improved team effectiveness, but not for team efficiency. Furthermore, feedback and recognition moderated the goal–performance relationship, regardless of the performance measures used. The implications of these findings for future research on project teams are discussed.

AbstractVarious studies have shown that infants in their first year of life are able to interpret human actions as goal‐directed. It is argued that this understanding is a precondition for understanding intentional actions and attributing mental states. Moreover, some authors claim that this early action understanding is a precursor of later Theory of Mind (ToM) development. To test this, we related 6‐month‐olds' performance in an action interpretation task to their performance in ToM tasks at the age of 4 years. Action understanding was assessed using a modified version of the Woodward‐paradigm (Woodward, 1999). At the age of 4 years, the same children were tested with the German version of the ToM scale developed byWellman and Liu (2004). Results revealed a correlation between infants' decrement of attention to goal‐directed action and their ability to solve a false belief task at the age of 4 years with no modulation by language abilities. Our results indicate a link between infant attention to goal‐directed action and later theory of mind abilities.

To investigate how unpredictable threat during goal pursuit impacts fronto-limbic activity and functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared military veterans with PTSD (n = 25) vs. trauma-exposed control (n = 25). Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while engaged in a computerized chase-and-capture game task that involved optimizing monetary rewards obtained from capturing virtual prey while simultaneously avoiding capture by virtual predators. The game was played under two alternating contexts-one involving exposure to unpredictable task-irrelevant threat from randomly occurring electrical shocks, and a nonthreat control condition. Activation in and functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was tested across threat and nonthreat task contexts with generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analyses. PTSD patients reported higher anxiety than controls across contexts. Better task performance represented by successfully avoiding capture by predators under threat compared with nonthreat contexts was associated with stronger left amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity in controls and greater vmPFC activation in PTSD patients. PTSD symptom severity was negatively correlated with vmPFC activation in trauma-exposed controls and with right amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity across all participants in the threat relative to nonthreat contexts. The findings showed that veterans with PTSD have disrupted amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity and greater localized vmPFC processing under threat modulation of goal-directed behavior, specifically related to successfully avoiding loss of monetary rewards. In contrast, trauma survivors without PTSD relied on stronger threat-modulated left amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity during goal-directed behavior, which may represent a resilience-related functional adaptation. ; Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) of the VA Office of Mental Health Services; Office of Research and Development (ORD) [5I01CX000748-01, 5I01CX000120-02]; National Institute for Neurological Disorders and StrokeUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS) [R01NS086885-01A1]; VA Career Development Awards, from the Clinical Science Research and Development (CSRD) Service [IK2CX000525, IK2CX000718]; VA Career Development Award from the Rehabilitation Research and Development (RRD) [5IK2RX001298]; VA Research Career Scientist Award [11S-RCS-009]; Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Office of the Director, National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [S10 OD 021480]; Mid-Atlantic Healthcare Network ; This project was supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) of the VA Office of Mental Health Services, the Mid-Atlantic Healthcare Network, and the Office of Research and Development (ORD; 5I01CX000748-01, 5I01CX000120-02). Additional financial support was provided by the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS086885-01A1; R.A.M.). Work Group Members: Drs Kimbrel and Dedert were supported by VA Career Development Awards #IK2CX000525 and IK2CX000718, respectively, from the Clinical Science Research and Development (CSR&D) Service. Dr Van Voorhees was supported by a VA Career Development Award (#5IK2RX001298) from the Rehabilitation Research and Development (RR&D). Dr Beckham was supported by a VA Research Career Scientist Award (#11S-RCS-009). A.L.G. was supported by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health under Award Number S10 OD 021480.

Ulrich, M. P.: Russia's failed democratic national security state and the wars in Chechnya. - S. 5-22. Tsypkin, M.: The Russian military, politics and security policy in the 1990s. - S. 23-44. Funke, O.: Environmental issues and russian security. - S. 45-76. Karasik, T.: Do Russian Federation health and demography matter in the revolution in military affairs? - S. 77-98. Rosefielde, S.: Economic foundations of Russian military modernization: Putin's dilemma. - S. 99-113. Blank, S. J.: The state of the military: introduction. - S. 115-116. Ball, D. Y.: Seduced and abandoned: Russian civil-military relations under Yeltsin. - S. 117-131. Herspring, D. R.: The continuing disintegration of the Russian military. - S. 133-146. Reppert, J. C.: The politics of Russian military reform. - S. 147-156. Orr, M.: New structures, old thinking. - S. 157-168. Kennaway, A.: What can the military-industrial complex of Greater Russian deliver in the next decade? - S. 169-187. Nation, R. C.: Russia's international situations: introduction. - S. 189-190. Blank, S. J.: Military threats and threat assessment in Russia's new defense doctrine and security concept. - S. 191-220. Nation, R. C.: Russia and Europe: all quiet on the Western front? - S. 221-236. Baev, P. K.: Russia in the Caucasus: sovereignty, intervention, and retreat. - S. 237-257. ... Holcomb, J. F.: Russian military initiatives: introduction. - S. 321-323. Kipp, J.: The Russian armed forces, the draft military doctrine, and the revolution in military affairs. - S. 324-333. Thomas, T. L.: The Russian view of information war. - S. 335-360. Bluth, C.: Nuclear doctrine and strategic force modernization. - S. 361-377. Cimbala, S. J.: Russia, nuclear weapons, and strategic arms control. - S. 379-394