Suchergebnisse

The ancient peoples of the Southwest made use of a wide range of lithic and mineral resources, some of which were available locally to most communities, and others that could only be obtained through long- distance acquisition from limited and specific locations. The materials discussed here— clay, temper, and mineral pigments (including lead) used to make pottery, as well as tool stone, salt, and turquoise— range from those used for routine tasks on a daily basis to those more closely associated with ritual action. Their acquisition often required ritual preparation, prayers, and special trips to named places, many of which are part of the fabric of oral traditions and have shaped enduring cultural landscapes. For each of these materials, we briefly discuss their distribution, archaeological traces, analytical characterization, and means of sourcing. Tracing the movement of these resources across ancient landscapes has formed the basis of regional models of social, political, and economic interaction in Southwest archaeology. Pottery

Intro -- CONFLICT MINERALS INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE AND SEC DISCLOSURE RULE -- CONFLICT MINERALS INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE AND SEC DISCLOSURE RULE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CONFLICT MINERALS IN CENTRAL AFRICA: U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES -- SUMMARY -- OVERVIEW -- BACKGROUND: CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF MINERALS -- Minerals -- Conflict Minerals: Key Approaches to the Problem -- MINERAL SOURCING: CHAIN OF CUSTODY CONTROLS AND DUE DILIGENCE -- OECD Due Diligence System -- SECTION 1502: OVERVIEW -- Section 1502: Responses and Status of Rule-Making -- Eastern DRC Mineral Boycott -- Delays in Rule-Making -- Section 1502: Key Issues under Debate -- U.S. POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TO COUNTER TRADE IN CONFLICT MINERALS -- U.S. Strategy -- U.S. Programs -- Responsible Minerals Trade -- Additional Responsible Minerals Trade Programs -- State Department Efforts -- OUTLOOK -- Potential Prospective Congressional Role -- APPENDIX A. BACKGROUND ON CONFLICT AND ARMED ACTORS IN EASTERN DRC -- APPENDIX B. REGIONAL AND INDUSTRY SUPPLY CERTIFICATION AND DUE DILIGENCE INITIATIVES -- International Conference on the Great Lakes Region Certification -- DRC Mining Legal Reforms and Minerals Certification Efforts -- Industry Pilot Certification Systems -- ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative -- Conflict-Free Smelter (CFS) Program -- Gold Industry due Diligence Initiatives -- Related Initiatives -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 CONFLICT MINERALS DISCLOSURE RULE: SEC'S ACTIONS AND STAKEHOLDER-DEVELOPED INITIATIVES -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- History of the DRC: War and Instability -- U.S. Government Response -- Minerals Covered by the Conflict Minerals Legislation: Origins, Uses, and Supply Chains -- SEC HAS TAKEN SOME STEPS TOWARD DEVELOPING A RULE BUT HAS DELAYED ISSUING A FINAL RULE

This presentation will include an extensive review of literature of Conflict Minerals, particularly situations occurring in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Conflict minerals, as defined by Salem Press Encyclopedia are raw minerals that derive from areas of armed conflict. The presentation will examine the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, conflict minerals and its intersection with militant groups and the recovery process. We seek to portray historical events that led to this conflict and discuss current initiatives to combat this important social issue. Our goal is to raise awareness of the far reaching impact of this conflict on the Congolese people and other nations. We also aim to educate about ways to affect change.

This paper provides a review of current thinking on the economics of international trade in mineral resources. I first define what is meant by trade in mineral resources. I then discuss patterns of trade in mineral resources. The paper then moves on to the five topics requested by the World Trade Organization: theoretical and empirical literature on international trade in minerals; trade impacts of mineral abundance and the resource curse; the political economy of mineral trade in resource-abundant states; non-economic considerations associated with strategic mineral resources; and the impact of domestic market structure and regulation on production and trade in minerals.