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The article deals with the issues of information in the negotiation processes for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. The information consists of international documents used in dealing with conflicts, as well as information about the actual situation on the ground. In addition, the powers of the negotiating party should be taken into account. These powers restrict the use of information to some extent. It is also necessary to point out the influence of the parties to the conflict and their information base on the mediators in the negotiation process. The observance of neutrality in the negotiations contributes to the achievement of positive results. At the same time, the activities of the parties to the negotiations directly depend on the position of a particular party in the region and its influence on the situation. Each side has the support of certain international forces. In the meantime, the situation is affected by the balance of these forces and the interests of superpowers that have their own interests in the region. The task of the Azerbaijani side is to form an objective view of the situation using the necessary historical data. The data should be complex and comprehensive.

English version on pp. 90-94 available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/humanitarian-mission-of-the-negotiations-on-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/61582.html

The First Opium War was one of the most important events of the 19th century, during which the European nations used military force to change the balance of power in the Far East. In spite of this, there is evidence that Sino-Russian relations were amicable when the war started, and it is not clear how the subsequent development of the conflict affected this relationship. This article explores the development of these bilateral relations during the war. In 1840, when British naval forces approached Tianjin, the members of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing were invited to the Qing court to translate the famous letter of the British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston (1784–1865). We present the abridged Russian translation of this letter, reported by N.I. Lyubimov (1808–1875), a pristav (official in the Russian Empire with duties of escorting and executing the state orders) of the mission, which differs significantly from the original text presented to the court. Based on this, we argue that the Russian translators did not transmit the intended meaning of the letter, which was based on Western interests, and, as a result, friendly relationship with Russia was a possible course of action for the Chinese government to take.

The article discusses a vital problem of preparing a highly qualified personnel for the economy, which becomes mandatory for overcoming stagnation in Russia. A number of approaches to higher school economic education need to be improved or revised. The paper discusses the role of students' motivation to obtain economic education, the importance of systematic study of economy, efficiency of situational analysis as a methodological technique, the importance to include new topical issues in the curriculums.

Academic3 space in its different manifestations has been taking an honorable position in social structure from the earliest stages of the history of human civilization by systematizing multitude experiences of both external and internal world of humankind. At the same time, educational landscape was formulating the different ways of how to theorize about and interact with the world. Simultaneously, there was always combating with the alternative systems and, what is more, this struggle wasn't necessarily intellectual or polemical. Little has changed in how society perceives academy and its functions in the era of accomplished digital revolution, including its role as an instrument of surveillance and social sorting – these two important elements of power. In this article, an attempt is taken to comprehend University – and speaking broadly academic space as such – as a special kind of social and political field used to perform surveillance and social control. On the example of colonial colleges in the USA, this article examines how University may serve as a surveillance mechanism on the one hand and as a mean of cultural transformation on the other hand, and what conclusions can be made regarding the present and the future of University in the digital era. ; Академическое пространство в различных своих манифестациях с ранней истории человечества занимает почётное место в структуре социума, систематизируя многообразие опыта о внешнем и внутреннем мирах человека. В то же время образовательная среда формулировала разнообразные способы осмысления и взаимодействия человека с миром, вступая в борьбу с альтернативными системами, причём борьба эта не обязательно носила интеллектуальный и полемический характер. Мало что изменилось в статусе академии и в эпоху свершившейся цифровой революции, в том числе в отношении дисциплинарных практик академии как инструмента надзора и социального сортирования – двух важных элементов власти. В статье предпринимается попытка осмысления университета в роли особого культурно-политического ...

The confrontation between two telecommunications technologies – packet switching and circuit switching – has a long history and, it seems, will not stop in the foreseeable future. This problem is discussed using examples from two socially significant areas of the United States: emergency services and defense information systems, as well as from the field of microelectronics (network-on-a-chip). The history of unsuccessful attempts to switch to packet switching in the field of emergency services is outlined. Similar failures with the transition to packet switching in the field of defense information systems have already happened, namely: the ISDN technology was retained in government Defense Red Switch Network and hybrid ATM technology in intelligence information network JWICS and satellite control network AFSCN; the failure of the JRSS security stack program on the NIPRNet and SIPRNet email networks; The Joint Strike Fighter program was suspended due to cyber vulnerabilities in the software of the F-35 Lightning II aircraft.As a result, we can assume that in terms of creating complex systems based on IP protocols and, moreover, cyber-invulnerable, humanity has reached the limits of what is possible. That the time has come to reflect on the feasibility of the very slogan "Everything over Internet Protocol" and look for solutions for the joint work of two technologies – packet switching and circuit switching. ; Противостояние двух технологий – коммутации пакетов и коммутации каналов – имеет давнюю историю и, кажется, в обозримом будущем не прекратится. Эта проблема обсуждается на примерах из двух социально значимых сфер США: экстренной службы и оборонных информационных систем, а также из области микроэлектроники (network-on-a-chip). Изложена история неудачных попыток перехода на пакетную коммутацию в области экстренных служб. Подобные провалы с переходом на пакетную коммутацию в области оборонных информационных систем уже случались, а именно: была сохранена технология ISDN в правительственной сети Defense Red ...

как отмечает автор ; в конце XIX в. в условиях обострения борьбы капиталистических держав за влияние в Корее и нестабильности внутриполитической обстановки ван Коджон вместе с наследником престола укрылся на территории российской дипломатической миссии в Сеуле ; откуда стал осуществлять управление государством. В статье приводится анализ событий ; предшествовавших переходу корейского правителя в российское дипломатическое представительство ; а также предпринимается попытка оценки этого происшествия и выявления его влияния на российско-корейские отношения. ; the author points out that in the late XIX century in a sharpening of capitalist powers struggle for influence in Korea and unstable political situation van Gojong along with the heir to the throne had taken refuge in the territory of Russian diplomatic mission in Seoul ; where he managed to fulfill the state administration. The article provides an analysis of the events that preceded the transition of Korean ruler to Russian diplomatic mission ; as well as an attempts to assess the incident and to identify its impact on Russian-Korean relations.

This article is devoted to the study of the question of the purpose of the government,its role in modern society. Using the concept of cratology in terms of synergeticapproach the authors believe that the power is an integrated dynamic nonlinear systemof state-policy relations in terms of structural strategy development. The efficiency ofthe study of evolutionary trends of these relations can be achieved by the use of specialtheoretical models of bifurcation crisis in a social will in the context of historical time.The course of historical processes is cyclic: the periods of stable development (attractors)are replaced with bifurcations (crises), after which one can inevitably observea range of virtual alternative evolutionary scenarios. A fundamental property of thesystem for the attractor is the influence of future on present. In this state, the systemactively resists to the changes and seeks to consistently reproduce its own functions andstructure. Violation of the stability of the historical process qualitatively changes thestate of the state system form. Losing the stability and being in a state of bifurcation,evolving system has the following fundamental properties: its subsequent developmentceases to be unique, there is virtual splitting of a number of alternative evolutionaryscenarios; the chances play a fundamental role; alternative scenarios differ from eachother, but their number is not very large in the case of social systems, as attractors, remainingvirtual, retain potential stability; in the virtual space of evolution, existingbeyond the threshold of bifurcation, the pace of historical time increases dramatically,the course of historical processes is probabilistic in nature. ; Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию вопроса о предна-значении государственной власти, ее роли в жизни современного об-щества. Используя понятие кратологии, с позиции социосинергети-ческого подхода, авторы полагают, что власть представляется усло-вием выработки стратегии организационного развития сложной ди-намической нелинейной системы государственно-политических от-ношений. Эффективность исследования эволюционных тенденцийданных отношений может быть достигнута путем применения специ-альных теоретических моделей развития бифуркационных кризисовсоциальной воли в условиях исторического времени.Ход нелинейных исторических процессов цикличен: периодыстабильного развития – аттракторы – сменяются бифуркациями(кризисами), после которых неизбежно возникает целый спектр вир-туальных альтернативных эволюционных сценариев. Фундамен-тальным свойством системы в режиме аттрактора является влияниебудущего на настоящее. В этом состоянии система активно сопротив-ляется переменам и стремится устойчиво воспроизводить собствен-ные функции и структуру. Нарушение устойчивости историческогопроцесса качественно меняет состояние системной формы государст-ва. Утратив устойчивость и оказавшись в состоянии бифуркации,эволюционирующая система проявляет следующие фундаменталь-ные свойства: ее последующее развитие перестает быть однозначным– происходит виртуальное расщепление на ряд альтернативных эво-люционных сценариев; случайности играют фундаментальную роль;альтернативные сценарии существенно различаются между собой, ноих число в случае социальных систем не очень велико, так как ат-тракторы, оставаясь виртуальными, сохраняют потенциальную ус-тойчивость; в виртуальном эволюционном пространстве, сущест-вующем за порогом бифуркации, темп исторического времени резковозрастает, ход исторического процесса носит вероятностный харак-тер.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; Процесс создания Постоянного представительства БССР при ООН не исследован историографией. Вместе с тем, он является яркой страницей истории внешнеполитической деятельности республики. В основу данной статьи положены неопубликованные архивные материалы. Автор раскрывает причины создания представительства, прослеживает формирование кадрового состава, показывает успехи и проблемы первого опыта работы, очерчивает позицию отдельных представителей молодой белорусской дипломатии. Представительство внесло весомый вклад в ознакомление мировой общественности с историей и культурой, особенностями менталитета белорусского народа. Однако оно было создано лишь на четырнадцатом году членства Беларуси в ООН, а с момента принятия Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН резолюции о постоянных миссиях прошло почти десять лет. Кремль не утвердил принятый Коллегией МИД БССР и одобренный ЦК КПБ штатный состав представительства. На должность руководителя Центр «рекомендовал» имеющего высокие профессиональные качества белоруса, но из союзного ведомства. С самого начала в работе представительства немалое место занимала пропаганда марксизма-ленинизма, «преимуществ советского образа жизни и миролюбивой внешней политики», оно действовало с оглядкой на союзное представительство, копируя взаимоотношения республиканского и союзного внешнеполитических ведомств. Вместе с тем шло постепенное накопление собственного опыта дипломатической работы, что принесло несомненную пользу спустя треть столетия. = The process of the BSSR opening the permanent mission at the United Nations has not been studied by historians. But it is a bright page in the history of the republic's foreign relations. The article is based on unpublished materials. The author explores the reasons for the mission's establishment, traces the selection of the staff, demonstrates the achievements and problems of the first experience and outlines the position of several figures of young Belarusian diplomacy. The mission made a significant contribution to the world community's learning about history, culture and national mentality of the Belarusian people. However, the mission was established only in the 14th year of the Belarusian membership in the United Nations. By that time 10 years had passed since the UN General Assembly's resolution on permanent missions. The Kremlin did not confirm the personnel of the mission which had been nominated by the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs Collegium and approved by the Central Committee of the Communist party of the BSSR. The Center recommended a Belarusian with the appropriate qualities but from the Soviet Union Ministry to be Head of mission. From the beginning a prominent place in the work of the mission was taken by propagating of Marxism-Leninism, «the advantages of the Soviet way of life and peaceful foreign policy». The mission was following instructions the instructions of the Soviet Union ministry, copying the relationship between the Union and Republic bodies. At the same time practical diplomatic work experience was gained, which was to bear fruit some three decades later.

The article is devoted to various aspects of the emergence of the Orthodox mission in East Asia. The author explores religious and political processes in East Asia on the eve of the Orthodox mission. For the first time, the processes of formation of the Russian Orthodox mission are summarized, where attention is paid to the mission factors in a historically and geographically interconnected region. ; Статья посвящена различным аспектам возникновения православной миссии в Восточной Азии. Автор устанавливает географические рамки исследования, рассматривает религиозные и политические процессы в Восточной Азии накануне православной миссии. Впервые обобщены процессы становления российской православной миссии, где внимание уделяется факторам миссии в исторически и географически взаимосвязанном регионе.

The article examines the main trends in the revival of Orthodoxy in East Asia after 1988, related to political reforms in Russia. The author notes certain perspectives and problems for the Russian Orthodox Church, which are associated with changes in the international situation at the end of the 20th century. ; В статье исследуются основные тенденции возрождения Православия в Восточной Азии после 1988 года, связанные с политических реформами в России. Автор отмечает определённые перспективы и проблемы для Русской Православной Церкви, которые связаны с изменениями международной обстановки в конце XX века.

The authors highlight that foundation of basic universities are founded in Russia due to modernization and reforming of national education. The aim of the basic universities is contribution to regional development. The interaction between higher education and the regions is associated with strengthening of the «third mission» of universities. Implementation of the «third mission» makes the university key player of regional economic and social development and introduces significant changes in the university»s relations with its partners considered to be industry, business, government and civil society institutions. Implementation of the «third mission» requires modernization in teaching and research system of the university, development of entrepreneurship, implementation of business projects, while maintaining its institutional identity. On analyzing the practices of German universities, the author makes conclusion that creation of inter-institutional partnership and cooperation between the government, regional and local authorities, universities and business contribute to the regional growth. ; На современном этапе модернизации отечественного образования происходит формирование опорных университетов, целью которых является развитие регионов. Взаимодействие высшей школы с регионами сопряжено с усилением «третьей миссии» университетов, реализация которой делает его ключевым «игроком» экономического и социального развития региона и вносит существенные изменения в отношения университета со своими партнерами: промышленностью, бизнесом, органами государственного управления, институтами гражданского общества. Выполнение «третьей миссии» требует модернизации обучающей и исследовательской системы университета, развития предпринимательства, реализации бизнес-проектов при сохранении институциональной идентичности. Анализируя опыт германских университетов, автор приходит к выводу, что для регионального развития важно создание межинституциональных партнерских связей государства, местных органов управления, университетов и бизнеса.

The Bolsheviks' programme of creating "Renovationist Church" during the first years of Soviet Union was clearly aimed at destroying the Eurasian ideology of the former Russian Empire, according to which Orthodoxy was the main religious and political unifying force that guaranteed the unity of all nationalities living on its vast territory under the rule of an Orthodox sovereign. This programme also implied building "Heaven Kingdom" here, on the Earth. Imperial Eurasian ideology implied that the territory of Russian Empire was only a reflection of Heavenly Kingdom. Therefore, it had to be conquered by the Bolsheviks. The schism in the Russian Orthodox Church instigated by Soviet authorities was supposed to undermine the idea of spiritual unity in the vast Eurasian territories, which until 1921 had been claimed by the White movement, e.g., Admiral Kolchak, to create a new Russian state, an alternative to the Soviet revolutionary state. This alleged state was meant to become a legal successor of the Russian Empire. The Soviet government did not need such a revival of Eurasian sentiments, while the Orthodox Church primarily supported it. It may be one of the reasons of severe persecutions of the Church by Soviet authorities in 1920s–1930s, along with the well-known other reasons. On this background, I study life, social activities and Christian feat of Fr priest Grigory Dolya (1880–1931) who was cruelly persecuted and killed by the Bolshevik officials and NKVD in Ukraine. Currently the Commission of Canonisation of Kharkov and Bogodukhov Diocese is considering Fr priest Grigory Dolya as a new saint martyr. I argue that he complies with all the requirements for canonisation of a person as a novel martyrs and confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church. He did not collaborate with NKVD investigators, not libelled his peers, priests and bishops Archbishop Dimitri (Lyubimov), Archbishop Theodore (Pozdeevsky), Archbishop Andrey (Ukhtomsky), Archbishop Procopius (Titov), Archbishop John (Popov), Archbishop Pachomius ...

The article studies the establishment of Russian diplomatic missions in the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) in late 18th - 19th century. Studying the outset of the Russian-Arab relations is a significant task for both science and diplomacy. Although there are several works dating from the Soviet era, the issue remains little-studied. The article draws on the documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, some already published, others introduced into scientific use for the first time. Analysis of archival sources allows to consider the problem of first contacts of the Russian Empire and the Maghreb states in its entirety, to identify Russian interests in each of three countries, to define important internal and external factors that prompted the countries to establish relations. The author has revealed that at the first stage of the Russian-Maghreb relations its economic component had a priority: foreign representatives in the Maghreb were enlisted as non-staff Russian consuls in order to protect the interests of seamen-merchants trading in the Mediterranean under the Russian flag. At the second stage priority was given to the political component in the Russian-Maghreb relations. The great power directly involved in the settlement of the Eastern Question, the Russian Empire had to consider Algerian, Tunisian and Moroccan factors in setting its European agenda. The Russian government saw the Barbary states of Algeria and Tunisia as formally belonging to the Ottoman Empire. Russian political interest in these countries strengthened as the European powers, primarily, France and Great Britain, were fighting to establish their influence, and Turkey strived to preserve its sovereignty. Although it remained independent throughout the 19th century, Morocco also was an object of the European powers' rivalry. Russian diplomatic missions in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco were established with an eye toward keeping track of all twists and turns of the European powers fighting over the North African colonies and in order use this factor in setting its own agenda.

The article is devoted to the viewpoints of the leaders of the French military mission (especially generals Niessel and Lavergne) on the key events of Russian history during March-August 1918, such as the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk treaty, the possibility of cooperation with Soviet Russia, the revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion, and the necessity for an Allied intervention. The author comes to the conclusion that the officers' perception of key issues differed considerably: one part of the French military mission (represented by Nissel) felt hostility to the Bolsheviks, and the other part (represented by Lavergne) sympathised with Soviet power. Nevertheless, the leaders of the French military mission judged the Soviet regime by its military capacity and the ability to sustain military activity against the Central Powers. Referring to the reports of Generals Nissel and Lavergne, the author confirms the opinion that the members of the French military mission were not involved in the organisation of the Czechoslovak revolt in May 1918. This paper is based on documents from G. Clemenceau's collection, as well as from the Russian section of the General Staff's Second Bureau and of the French Military Mission in Russia, and the French Ministry of Defense Archive. ; В статье рассматривается взгляд руководителей французской военной миссии (преимущественно генералов Нисселя и Лаверня) на ключевые события российской истории марта-августа 1918 г.: заключение Брестского мира, возможности и перспективы сотрудничества с властью Советов, выступление чехословацкого корпуса, необходимость проведения союзнической интервенции. Автор приходит к выводу, что позицию сотрудников миссии отличало отсутствие единства мнений по вышеописанным ключевым вопросам: часть французского военного представительства (в лице Нисселя) была непримиримо настроена по отношению к большевикам, другая его часть (в лице Лаверня, а также французских социалистов) выражала сочувствие власти Советов. Тем не менее, руководство военной миссии оценивало советскую власть по критерию ее боеспособности и возможности продолжать военные действия против Центральных держав, что и обусловило единодушие миссии в необходимости интервенции. На основе рапортов Нисселя и Лаверня подтверждается точка зрения о том, что члены французской военной миссии были непричастны к организации чехословацкого выступления в мае 1918 г. Данное исследование основано на документах фондов Ж. Клемансо, русской секции Второго бюро и французской военной миссии в России Архива Министерства обороны Франции.

The article describes the process, system, situational and reflective types of control in the professional activity of internal troops officers of Russia in terms of solving professional tactical tasks. The authors noted that general and specific features of each type of control and necessity to focus on them in the process of solving tactical problems. The research is based on the methodology that deals with the problem of training prospective officers to solve tactical mission; the methods used are system approach, activity approach and personal approach. The authors reveal the nature and the content of specific types of management. The process of formation of theoretical knowledge and practical skills of professional management of prospective internal officers assumes ownership of the fundamental concepts of training systems. The article gives the interpretation of the concept of "tactical training" referred to its basic components and provides the examples of tactical objectives for each type of control. The authors pay special attention to the reflexive management that is not sufficiently developed in the modern military school. The authors present their views on these types of management and they take into consideration mandatory component of the theoretical competence of cadets of military schools and condition for improving the quality of their training. The authors analyze the types of management related to the problem of formation of professional management activity of the prospective officers of the Interior Ministry of Russia and they ability to solve professional tactical tasks. ; В статье рассмотрены процессный, системный, ситуационный и рефлексивный виды управления в профессиональной деятельности офицера внутренних войск России в аспекте решения профессиональных тактических задач. Отмечены общие и особенные признаки каждого вида управления, необходимость ориентации на них в процессе решения офицером тактических задач. Методологической основой исследования проблемы профессиональной подготовки будущих офицеров в процессе решения тактических задач являются системный, деятельностный, личностный подходы. Опираясь на них, авторы раскрывают сущность и содержание конкретных видов управления. Процесс формирования теоретических знаний и практических навыков профессиональной управленческой деятельности будущих офицеров внутренних войск предполагает владение обучаемыми системой основополагающих понятий. В статье дано толкование понятия «тактическая подготовка», названы ее основные компоненты и приведены примеры тактических задач по каждому виду управления. Особое внимание в статье уделено рефлексивному управлению, наименее разработанному в современной военной школе. Авторы излагают свой взгляд на соотношение указанных видов управления, а их знание считают обязательным компонентом теоретической компетентности курсантов военных вузов, условием повышения качества их подготовки. Обращение авторов статьи к анализу видов управления связано с проблемой формирования профессиональной управленческой деятельности будущих офицеров внутренних войск МВД России и готовности решать профессиональные тактические задачи.