Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables and Boxes -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 History of Economic and Monetary Union -- From the Snake to the EMS -- Launching Monetary Union, 1999-2008 -- Crisis and Aftermath: Reconstructing EMU, 2008-present -- Conclusion -- 2 Monetary Integration -- Evolution EMU 1.0 -- Institutions -- Conclusion -- 3 The European Central Bank -- Institutional Configuration and Legal Mandates -- The ECB's Record -- Conclusion -- 4 Financial Integration and Banking Union -- Evolution -- Institutions -- External Dimension -- Conclusion -- 5 Fiscal Policy Coordination -- Evolution -- Instruments -- Conclusion -- 6 Economic Policy Coordination -- Evolution -- Institutions and Instruments -- Conclusion -- 7 The Euro Outs: A View from the Outside -- Becoming a Euro Insider -- Evolution -- The Euro Outsiders with Opt-outs -- Pre-euro Accession Countries -- Remaining in as an Out -- Conclusion -- 8 EMU and the World -- The Euro as an International Currency -- China and the Euro -- External Representation -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

"This book, unlike other books, provides readers with a practical yet sophisticated grasp of the macroeconomic principles necessary to understand a monetary union. By definition, a monetary union is a group of countries that share a common currency. The most important case in point is the Euro area. Policy makers are the central bank, national governments, and national labour unions. Policy targets are price stability and full employment. Policy makers follow cold-turkey or gradualist strategies. Policy decisions are taken sequentially or simultaneously. The countries can differ in size or behaviour. Policy expectations are adaptive or rational. To illustrate all of this there are numerical simulations of monetary policy, fiscal policy, and wage policy."--Jacket

This is what we've all been waiting for - a book that demystifies the European community's monetary union. Unlike other books, this one provides readers with a practical yet sophisticated grasp of the macroeconomic principles necessary to understand a monetary union. The most important case in point is the Euro area, where policy targets are price stability and full employment. To illustrate all of this there are numerical simulations of monetary policy, fiscal policy, and wage policy.

Europe's financial crisis cannot be blamed on the Euro, Harold James contends in this probing exploration of the whys, whens, whos, and what-ifs of European monetary union. The current crisis goes deeper, to a series of problems that were debated but not resolved at the time of the Euro's invention. Since the 1960s, Europeans had been looking for a way to address two conundrums simultaneously: the dollar's privileged position in the international monetary system, and Germany's persistent current account surpluses in Europe. The Euro was created under a politically independent central bank to meet the primary goal of price stability. But while the monetary side of union was clearly conceived, other prerequisites of stability were beyond the reach of technocratic central bankers. Issues such as fiscal rules and Europe-wide banking supervision and regulation were thoroughly discussed during planning in the late 1980s and 1990s, but remained in the hands of member states. That omission proved to be a cause of crisis decades later. Here is an account that helps readers understand the European monetary crisis in depth, by tracing behind-the-scenes negotiations using an array of sources unavailable until now, notably from the European Community's Committee of Central Bank Governors and the Delors Committee of 1988-89, which set out the plan for how Europe could reach its goal of monetary union. As this foundational study makes clear, it was the constant friction between politicians and technocrats that shaped the Euro. And, Euro or no Euro, this clash will continue into the future.

The Road to Monetary Union analyses in non-technical language the process leading to adoption of a common currency for the European Union. The monetary union process involved different issues at different times and the contemporary global background mattered. The Element explains why monetary union was attempted and failed in the 1970s, and why the process was restarted in 1979, accelerated after 1992 and completed for a core group of EU members in 1999. It analyzes connections between eurozone membership and Greece's sovereign debt crisis. It concludes with analysis of how the eurozone works today and with discussion of its prospects for the 2020s. The approach is primarily economic, while acknowledging the role of politics (timing) and history (path dependence). A theme is to challenge simplistic ideas (e.g. that the euro has failed) with fuller analysis of competing pressures to shape the nature of monetary union.

Monetary Issues: Monetary Unions: Between International Trade and National Sovereignty -- Why a Monetary Union?- Monetary Policy in a Monetary Union: Lessons from Simple Models -- Institutions and Monetary Policy -- Fiscal Issues: Government Deficits, Transfers and Debt -- Fiscal Policies in a Monetary Union -- The Policy Mix -- Toward an Ever Closer Union: Structural Adjustments and Reforms -- Fiscal Union -- Banking Union -- The Fate of a Monetary Union -- General Conclusion. .

In the decade since its creation in 1999, the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has experienced surprisingly large and persistent inflation differentials across member states causing substantial shifts in relative price levels. At the same time, member countries exhibited distinct non-synchronized output fluctuations, giving rise to a pattern of 'rotating slumps' (a term coined by Olivier Blanchard). This paper presents a stylized theoretical model of a monetary union which demonstrates how inflation differentials and relative output movements interact dynamically. A number of implications are derived from the model. In particular, national fiscal policies are shown to have an important role in containing internal macroeconomic disparities in a monetary union. An optimal fiscal policy rule is derived from the model for that purpose.

The closed economy macro literature has shown that a liquidity trap can result from the self-fulfilling expectation that future inflation and output will be low (Benhabib et al. (2001)). This paper investigates expectations-driven liquidity traps in a two-country New Keynesian model of a monetary union. In the model here, country-specific productivity shocks induce synchronized responses of domestic and foreign output, while country-specific aggregate demand shocks trigger asymmetric domestic and foreign responses. A rise in government purchases in an individual country lowers GDP in the rest of the union. The result here cast doubt on the view that, in the current era of ultra-low interest rates, a rise in fiscal spending by Euro Area (EA) core countries would significantly boost GDP in the EA periphery (e.g. Blanchard et al. (2016)). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, sovereign default risk and the zero lower bound have limited the ability of policy-makers in the European monetary union to achieve their stabilization objective. This paper investigates the interaction between sovereign default risk and the conduct of monetary policy, when borrowers can act strategically and they share with their lenders a single currency in a monetary union. We address this question in an endogenous sovereign default model of heterogeneous countries in a monetary union, where the monetary authority may be constrained by the zero lower bound. We uncover three main results. First, in normal times, debtors have a stronger incentive to default to induce more expansionary monetary policy. Second, the zero lower bound, or constraints on monetary policy may act as a disciplining device to enforce repayment of sovereign debt. Third, sovereign default risk induces countries with a preference for tight monetary policy to accept a laxer policy stance. These results help to shed light on the recent European experience of high default risk, expansionary monetary policy and low nominal interest rates. ; The ADEMU Working Paper Series is being supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 European Union funding for Research & Innovation, grant agreement No 649396.

We study the monetary-fiscal mix in the European Monetary Union. The medium and long-run effects of conventional and unconventional monetary policy are analysed by combining monetary policy shocks identified in a Structural VAR, and the general government budget constraint featuring a single central bank and multiple fiscal authorities. In response to a conventional easing of the policy rate, the cumulated response of the fiscal deficit is positive. Conversely, in response to an unconventional easing affecting the long end of the yield curve, the primary fiscal position barely moves. This is consistent with the long-run effect of unconventional monetary easing on the price index, which is about half that of conventional easing. The aggregate long-run cumulated surplus is mainly driven by Germany's fiscal policy during the period in which unconventional monetary policy was adopted.

We study the monetary-fiscal mix in the European Monetary Union. The medium and long-run effects of conventional and unconventional monetary policy are analysed by combining monetary policy shocks identified in a Structural VAR, and the general government budget constraint featuring a single central bank and multiple fiscal authorities. In response to a conventional easing of the policy rate, the cumulated response of the fiscal deficit is positive. Conversely, in response to an unconventional easing affecting the long end of the yield curve, the primary fiscal position barely moves. This is consistent with the long-run effect of unconventional monetary easing on the price index, which is about half that of conventional easing. The aggregate long-run cumulated surplus is mainly driven by Germany's fiscal policy during the period in which unconventional monetary policy was adopted.

Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit drei Problemen von Staatsschulden, die während der jüngsten Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise in der Eurozone aufgetreten sind. Sie untersucht zunächst die Frage ob die Zinssätze auf Staatsanleihen in einer Währungsunion von ökonomischen Fundamentaldaten oder von Marktstimmungen bestimmt werden. Zu diesem Zweck werden Techniken von Ereignisstudien verwendet um die Reaktion von langfristigen Zinssätzen auf unterschiedliche Kategorien von Neuigkeiten über Änderungen in Fundamentaldaten zu analysieren. Sie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass man zwar eine signifikante Reaktion auf manche solcher Neuigkeiten feststellen kann, dass es aber keine feste Beziehung zwischen Änderungen in den Fundamentaldaten und Zinsen gibt, die über alle Länder hinweg stabil ist. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation behandelt die Frage wie die Nachhaltigkeit von Staatsfinanzen empirisch beurteilt werden kann. Darin wird ein empirisches Modell von Staatsschulden entwickelt und geschätzt, das in der Lage ist die Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung der Schulden-BIP-Quote zu jedem zukünftigen Zeitpunkt darzustellen. Für den Anwendungsfall Österreich deuten Vorhersagen auf Basis dieses Modells darauf hin, dass der Anstieg in der Schulden-BIP-Quote, der während der Eurokrise zu beobachten war, eher als transitorisches Randereignis und nicht als Hinweis auf ein langfristiges Nachhaltigkeitsproblem gesehen werden sollte. Die dritte Frage betrifft die Übertragung des Risikos eines Staatsschuldenausfalls auf den Rest der Volkswirtschaft. Um diese Frage zu untersuchen stellt die Dissertation ein Konjunkturmodell vor, in dem der Finanzsektor Staatsanleihen als Sicherheiten hält. In diesem Modell kann ein Anstieg der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit sowohl zu einer Kreditklemme als auch zu einer fallenden Güterproduktion führen. Wenn man das Modell zu Daten der Eurozone kalibriert, kann es einige wichtige stilisierte Fakten der Eurokrise erklären. ; This dissertation deals with three issues of public debt that emerged during the recent financial and economic crisis in the Eurozone. It first investigates the question whether the interest rates on government bonds in a monetary union are determined by economic fundamentals or market sentiments. For this purpose it uses event study techniques to analyze the reaction of long-term government interest rates to different categories of news about changes in fundamentals. It concludes that there is a significant reaction to some such events, but that there is no tight empirical link between changes in fundamentals and interest rates that is stable across countries. The second part of the dissertation addresses the question how the sustainability of government finances can be assessed empirically. It develops and estimates an empirical model of government debt that is able to characterize the probability distribution of the debt-GDP ratio at any future date. For the case of Austria, debt projections based on this model indicate that the increase in the debtGDP ratio that occurred in the aftermath of the Eurozone crisis should be seen as a transitory tail event rather than a sign of long-run unsustainability. The third issue concerns the transmission of government default risk to the rest of economy. The dissertation studies this issue by building a business cycle model with a financial sector that holds government bonds as collateral. In this model, an increase in the probability of default can lead both to a credit crunch and a decline in output. It shows that, when calibrated to Eurozone data, the model is able to explain some key stylized facts of the Eurozone crisis. ; Maximilian Gödl ; Zusammenfassung in deutscher und in englischer Sprache ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Dissertation, 2017 ; OeBB ; (VLID)2004028