Suchergebnisse

Devletlerin mekansal olarak iç ve dış ayrımının bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan dış politika olgusu hayatta kalma, güvenlik, prestij ve nüfuz artırımı, ideolojik yayılma ve jeopolitik menfaatler gibi çeşitli hedeflere sahiptir. Bu hedeflere ulaşma noktasında devletlet uluslararası örgütleri ve dış yardımları bir araç olarak kullanabilmektedirler. Buradan hareketler bu çalışmada uluslararası arenanın önde gelen devletleri olan ABD, Çin ve Rusya'nın uluslararası örgütleri ve dış yardımları kendi stratejik çıkarları çerçvesinde kullanıp kullanmadıkları irdelenmiştir. Karşılaştırmalı analiz, bağıntısal yönteme ve tarihsel inceleme yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmanın Uluslararası örgütler kısmında ABD Uluslararası Para Fonu, Çin-Asya Altyapı Yatırımı Bankası ve Rusya-Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği ikilileri incelenmiş iken, dış yardımlar bölümünde bu üç ülkenin 2010-2015 yılları arasındaki gerçekleştirdikleri dış yardımlardan bölgesel ayrımlar çerçevesinde en çok yararlanan ülkeler ile 2015 yılı itibariyle gayri safi yurt içi hasıla bakımından dünyanın en yoksul on ülkesinin bu yardımlardaki yeri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeler sonucunda ABD'nin karma saikler ile uluslararası örgütleri ve dış yardımları kullandığı, Çin'in ekonomik gerekçeleri ve doğal kaynak rezervleri göz dikkate alarak hareket ettiği ve Rusya'nın politik ve ideolojik olarak uygulamalarını gerçekleştirdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. --- Foreing policy phenomennon, which is a result of spatial dichotomy of inside and outside, has various intentions such as survival, security, increase in prestige and influence, ideologic expansion and jeopolitical interests. In order to fullfil these objectives, states are able to use international organizations and foreign aids as a their policy tool. Starting from this point of view, in this thesis, whether USA, China and Russsia, who are leading countries of international arena, use international organizations and foreign aids in the direction of their strategical interest had been scrutinized. Comparative analysis, relational modelity and historical analysis had been determined as research methods of this paper. While in the part of international organizations USA-International Monetary Fund, China Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank and Russia-Eurasian Economic Union binaries had been examined; in the foreign aid section, actualized foreign aids of these three countries between years of 2010 2015 toward countries, who were mots benefiting regionally and were the poorest ten according to gross domestic product in the year of 2015, were investigated. As consequences of these evaluations, these were obtained as data that US had been used them for its complex motivations and interest; China had been used in line with economic and natural resources reasons and Russia had used them within the context of political and ideolojical motives.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE INTEREST RATE IN TURKEY AND MEASURES THAT ARE TO BE MET IN ORDER TO DECREASE THE INTEREST RATESNotwithstanding the fact that the Turkish economy has realized certain steps, it can be told that it has not yet gained a sound and healthy structure and that it will be highly dependent on the outer world in the 21st century. Foreign capital is of great importance in terms of the added value it creates, especially for countries making efforts to develop economically. As stated above, due to the high acceleration of data flow speed, the whole world can always obtain the same information at the same time, thus the rational investors can monitor the investment possibilities in all economies. At this point, the interest rates are determinant for investment decisions. Therefore, estimation of changes in interest rates in the most appropriate manner in the future has become one of main targets of economic researches. After presentation of Turkey's economic overview in the introductory section, we can discuss the working method of our thesis. In Part One of our study, after definition of the interest concept and the brief history of its development, relevant theoretical approaches, the principal economic theories, namely the Classical, Neo-Classical, Keynesian Portfolio, and the monetarist economic theories have been dealt with in the subsections in chronological order, and the determination of interest has been discussed under light of such theories. After relevant theoretical approach in Section Two, factors determining the structure of interest rates have been considered in detail.Principally, we have tried to reveal in our thesis, to what extend the freed and raised interest rates as an instrument of an anti-inflationary policy prevent inflation; further, to what extend the credit and stability policies are secured. In doing so, the issue has been dealt with by a theoretical approach and in Section Three of our thesis, we have dealt with The Factors Determining Interest Rates, The Monetary Transfer Mechanisms Required by Monetary Policy Transfer Process with Different Approaches, and the Turkish Practice.After the general assessment of the Interest Policy in developing countries and Turkey in the Turkish Practice relating to our thesis, we have reviewed the development of interest policies implemented since 1980 and 1989 up to today.In Section Five, the interest rate concept is explained in detail and the development of the regulatory and institutional structure for interest rates in Turkey are considered and changes in interest rates in Turkey are revealed. After review of our interest regime, as guided and free interest regime in Section Six, we have tried to analyze the Domestic Savings Rate and Interest Rate, Nominal and Real Interest Rates and the relations between Inflation and Treasury Interest Rates.In Section Eight, the structure, development and determinants of deposits and credits in interest regime periods distinguished as the guided and free interest regimes have been considered. Data for the period discussed in this section relates to the years after 1980 as much as possible. However, data relating to distribution of bank credits by economic sectors, which has been discussed in connection with credits in our thesis, begins from 1870.In the Section of Conclusions, under the light of all theoretical and empirical knowledge, we have tried also to present various proposals after a general arrangement of the Turkish Practice, we have stated our thoughts and prospects, the reason of this is our wish that Turkey has its position in the global world fully, appears as a country that has solved its economic issued in the eve of the European Union and as a universal country holding the capacity of a producing country, not a consumer one. In a globalizing world, as a person passionately fond of Great Turkey, I am in favour of development of strategic policies, not policies despite everything. Because certain processes have been wrongly interpreted by practitioners in Turkey, concession in nature of capitulations have been granted continuously and the present change process has been reached. I would like to quote a sentence of Machiavelli: "Don't think that the light at the end of the tunnel is brightness, it might be the headlamp of the train coming onto you." Up to date, we have followed this logic, like firefly flying to light, we have gone to artificial model lights that have almost prepared our fate and lost time continuously. In spite of everything, we are powerful, dynamic, because we are too young so that we can overcome the difficulties. Now it is the right time to change, for a sparkling Turkey in the new millennium: quality in every respect, justice and honesty in every matter, to bring practitioners on power who monitor the technology, treat in justice, develop policies making all individuals constructive and productive, catch with the information era, specialize and work in departments, target to position Turkey at the top of a new world order, and do not target only to save the day.Change is necessary to bring all such positive sentiments into practice. In depends on total democracy, change of major part of political parties code and constitution, realization of economic and social reforms, challenge to bring our education to the level of really developed countries. The noble blood flowing in our vessels will absolutely bring us to our target.In fact, this introductory part was to be included in the section of Conclusions; however, I wanted to point in advance at the economical difficulties in Turkish economy, so that sound evaluations can be made until reaching the Section of Conclusions. I believe you better understand the concept that, the person who has not thought of the fate in advance, returns to the beginning, at the end of the thesis. I think that we do not have time to return to the starting point.

Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Batı ile Doğu bloku ülkeleri arasındaki mücadele sadece siyasi, askeri ve teknoloji alanlarında olmamıştır. Bu dönemde rekabetin bir başka boyutu ekonomik sistemler arasında da ortaya çıkmıştır. Batı Bloku Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin öncülüğünde serbest piyasa ekonomisini özgürlüklerle birleştirerek tüm dünyaya sunmaya çalışmıştır. Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) ise Doğu Bloku ülkelerine devletin tekelleştiği, merkezi planlamaya dayanan bir ekonomiyi dayatmıştır. Mücadeleyi kazanan kapitalist ekonomik sistem, 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren çözülen Doğu Bloku ülkelerinde hakim hale getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Doğu bloku ülkeleri bu süreçte ekonomik değişimin yanında siyasi değişimi de aynı anda yaşamak zorunda kalmışlardır. Geçiş ekonomisi olarak adlandırılan bu ülkelere başta Washington Uzlaşısı adı altında bir reçete sunulmuştur. Bu reçete kapsamında bazı ülkeler hızlı reform sürecine girişmiş bazıları ise kademeli bir şekilde reformlar gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Türkmenistan da SSCB'nin dağılışından sonra geçiş ekonomileri içinde yer almıştır. Türkmenistan zengin yeraltı kaynaklarına sahip olması ve geçiş sürecinin ilk yıllarında üretim kaybı yaşamaması nedeniyle serbest piyasaya geçiş için gerekli reformları sürekli ötelemiştir. Uluslararası kuruluşların birçok temel geçiş göstergesi verilerinde Türkmenistan geçiş ekonomileri içinde son sıralarda bulunmaktadır. Türkmenistan başarısız bir geçiş ekonomisi örneğidir. Serbest piyasa düzenine tam anlamıyla geçiş sağlayamamıştır. Geçiş ekonomileri içinde %1,08 ortalama ile reformları gerçekleştirme açısından son sırada kalmıştır. Başarılı bir özelleştirme süreci yaşayamadığı için devlet ekonomide hala çok etkindir. Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasılada (GSYİH) özel sektörün payı 'tir. Türkmenistan Devleti ekonomik gelişmenin temeli olarak gördüğü fosil yakıt üretimine devam etmektedir. Yıllık Türkmenistan'da kişi başına düşen karbondioksit emisyonu 12,517 tondur. Bu çalışma ile amaçlanan geçiş ekonomisi kavramının tam olarak anlaşılmasını sağlamak ve Türkmenistan'ı bu bağlamda analiz edebilmektir. Analiz için Dünya Bankası (WB), Uluslararası Para Fonu (IMF), Avrupa İmar ve Kalkınma Bankası (EBRD), Türk İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Ajansı (TİKA) verileri kullanılmıştır. ; The struggle between Eastern Bloc and Western Bloc countries in the Cold War era did not come into play solely in political, military and technological areas. Besides, another aspect of competition took place between economic systems in this period. The Western Bloc under the leadership of the United States of America endeavored to present free market economy to the entire world by combining it with liberties whilst an economy which was based on central planning and in which the state was monopolized was imposed on Eastern Bloc countries by the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Attempts were made to make the capitalist economic system, which became victorious in this struggle, dominant in Eastern Bloc countries as of the 1990s. As well as economic transformation in this process, Eastern Bloc countries were forced to have political change at the same time. A prescription initially under the name of the Washington Consensus was offered to these countries which were called as transition economies. In the context of this prescription, some countries entered into a rapid reform process whereas some other countries made reforms in a gradual manner. Following the breakup of the USSR, Turkmenistan was also categorized under transition economies. By virtue of having rich natural resources and not experiencing production losses in the early years of transition, Turkmenistan constantly postponed reforms which were necessary for ensuring the transition to free market. Of transition economies, Turkmenistan ranks at the bottom as per data of several basic transition indicators released by international institutions. Turkmenistan is an example of an unsuccessful transition economy. The country could not get success for the transition to the free market economy system. Thus country is the last one with its 1.08% average in transition economies applying the reforms. The government has still very effective power in the economic system as a result of that unsuccessful customization process. The share of the private sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is . Turkmenistan state continues to fossil fuel production, which is seen as basis of economic development. Annual carbon dioxide emissions per person in Turkmenistan is 12,517 tons. The aim of this study is to assure that the concept of transition economy is fully understood and to analyze Turkmenistan in this context. World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Europen Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA) data have been used for the analysis about Turkmenistan