Suchergebnisse

Monetary innovation, the development of new forms of money, has not received much systematic study from economic historians. This essay presents a framework for analyzing the determinants of monetary innovation and illustrates the argument by means of a sketch of monetary innovation in America from colonial times to the present.

This paper presents a critical review of the design of innovation surveys that follow the Oslo Manual standards, based on a series of case studies in Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) companies. The main objective of the paper is to contribute to identify the specificities of innovation in FLOSS firms that traditional innovation surveys usually omit, to improve current innovation measures and metrics in the software sector. We applied a qualitative analysis based on seven case studies in FLOSS firms from Argentina, mainly through semi-structured interviews to key informants. Such analysis was aimed to elucidate the nature and particularities of the innovation processes and outcomes in the firms, the characteristics of the collaboration with the community and its role in the business model and innovation strategy of the organizations.

Drawing on archives and oral history sources, this paper aims to illustrate the political and regulatory context surrounding the EIB's relocation to Luxembourg, exploring how the EIB became an integral part of the Luxembourg financial ecosystem and how its main stakeholders (banks, LuxSE, other institutions, regulatory authorities, people, networks, etc.) worked together to encourage financial and monetary innovation before the introduction of the European single currency (EUA, EURCO, ECU) and to pave the way for the establishment and consolidation of the euro. Particular attention will be paid to the benefits (and potential pitfalls) of this synergy over the long term for the EIB's partners and how it equipped them to deal with the financial crisis.

Since the beginning of the new millennium, a great variety of experiences of monetary innovation has taken place worldwide. Actually, very assorted types of social agents, at very different levels of interaction and with very diverse purposes and results, are creating a plethora of global, macro-regional, local or deterritorialized currencies seriously defying both the hegemonic role of the US dollar, and the traditional agents, methods and criteria related to money's creation and circulation. Given such a picture, the main aim of this essay is to characterize and valuate the principle features of the ongoing process of monetary innovation, in light of its modern and contemporary history. We adopt an interdisciplinary theoretical frame, based on the ground of the political sociology and the world system theory, and a genealogical method focused on the monetary history of the United States. The main result here presented is the centrality of the dialectic between innovation and regulation, and of their social and institutional forces. Actually, it can help the comprehension about where, when and why new forms of money appear, as well as the individuation of the main traits characterizing the current stage of global crisis and of its risky implications.

The Luxembourg international financial centre developed considerably during the 1960s, propelled by several factors including concerted government policy, flexible regulation and a willingness to harness opportunities at international level (such as the 1963 US interest equalisation tax and the Bundesbank provisions introduced in 1968 and 1974). The decision to establish various Community institutions (the ECSC High Authority in 1952) and European funding institutions (the European Investment Bank in 1968) in the country also had a decisive impact. The currency union with Belgium (BLEU, 1921) and the absence of a Luxembourg Central Bank made these developments all the more significant. Drawing on archives and oral history sources, this paper aims to illustrate the complexity and originality that characterised the development of the conceptual, political and regulatory context in Luxembourg in the 1960s-1990s, in what can be seen as a sui generis experiment and preparation for EMU. It will explore the changing financial ecosystem in Luxembourg and the collaborative efforts by its main stakeholders (banks, regulatory authorities, individuals, networks) - with a focus on KBL, LuxSE and EIB - to encourage financial and monetary innovation (via the EUA, ECU, and Eurco) before the introduction of the European single currency and to pave the way for the establishment and consolidation of the euro