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Sehr gefährlich! Auf keinen Fall machen! – Gemeinfrei-ähnlich freigegeben durch unsplash.com Odd FellowImmer mehr Geld für sogenannte Künstliche Intelligenz, ohne Rücksicht auf die Konsequenzen. Dazu absurdes Marketing mit Warnungen vor Gefahren. Das ist kein Spiel, das betrifft uns am Ende alle.

Plus: Separating child poverty facts from fiction, EU will ban payments for sperm and blood, and more...

Episode 2 of 3 in podcast series What Do You Meme? An investigation of the significance of memes in generational - as well as inter-generational - reactions to what ails us, particularly when it comes to coping with social, political, and most recently public health crises.

__Abstract__ The question of damages for failure to pay sums due came before the House of Lords in 2007 in the Sempra case. Although not the main ground of the decision, the House stated that a claimant would succeed, if the claimant satisfied the usual tests of 'remoteness' of loss. The article shows how difficult and thus expensive it is to reach what to most is an obvious result, underlining the importance of particular judges, and that counsel need to 'know' the judges before whom they argue a case. People might well conclude that the Sempra ruling covers failure by insurers to pay insurance money on time. The article explains why it does not, with reference to leading cases, including those supporting a bizarre rule of English insurance contract law concerning the nature of insurance cover. The article then considers the likely response to the issue in other countries of common law, and how it might be seen in Europe. The article concludes that English law needs reform - not new precedent, but new legislation, and the chance that through current work at the Law Commission, this will occur.

Governments worldwide are accumulating reserves to guard against financial turmoil. Could they be contributing to it?

This text appears substantially as it was delivered on January 23, 2009.

This paper explores the intellectual history of the state, or chartalist, approach to money, from the early developers (Georg Friedrich Knapp and A. Mitchell Innes) through Joseph Schumpeter, John Maynard Keynes, and Abba Lerner, and on to modern exponents Hyman Minsky, Charles Goodhart, and Geoffrey Ingham. This literature became the foundation for Modern Money Theory (MMT). In the MMT approach, the state (or any other authority able to impose an obligation) imposes a liability in the form of a generalized, social, legal unit of account - a money - used for measuring the obligation. This approach does not require the preexistence of markets; indeed, it almost certainly predates them. Once the authorities can levy such obligations, they can name what fulfills any obligation by denominating those things that can be delivered; in other words, by pricing them. MMT thus links obligatory payments like taxes to the money of account as well as the currency. This leads to a revised view of money and sovereign finance. The paper concludes with an analysis of the policy options available to a modern government that issues its own currency.

The advent of nationally-representative time-use surveys has generated a wave of new empirical research on time devoted to unpaid work and challenged traditional resistance to considering its impact on household living standards. Measurement and valuation of such work can generate estimates of "extended income" on the household level, with significant implications for assessment of income inequality. While few such estimates have been generated to date, this essay argues that they are conceptually desirable, empirically feasible, and politically important. A critical assessment of objections to the valuation of unpaid work provides support for this argument, which is further strengthened by a historical account of the social forces driving the expansion of modern time use surveys.

The fact that money, banking, and financial markets interact in important ways seems self-evident. The theoretical nature of this interaction, however, has not been fully explored. To this end, we integrate the Diamond (1997) model of banking and financial markets with the Lagos and Wright (2005) dynamic model of monetary exchange - a union that bears a framework in which fractional reserve banks emerge in equilibrium, where bank assets are funded with liabilities made demandable for government money, where the terms of bank deposit contracts are constrained by the liquidity insurance available in financial markets, where banks are subject to runs, and where a central bank has a meaningful role to play, both in terms of inflation policy and as a lender of last resort. The model provides a rationale for nominal deposit contracts combined with a central bank lender-of-last-resort facility to promote efficient liquidity insurance and a panic-free banking system.

Prepared jointly by Geological Survey and government of Fairfax County, Va. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This chapter uses candidates' reports to the Brazilian electoral court to examine the evolution of campaign spending during four elections between 2002 to 2014. Focusing on campaigns for federal representative, we show that campaign spending rose significantly in this period, albeit with significant variation across and within states. Our results suggest that both district magnitude and regional characteristics have limited influence on spending. Similarly, the aggregation of candidates by parties also reveals a complex picture that cannot be explained by the traditional dichotomy of government and opposition. Most importantly, campaign spending has remained concentrated on a few candidates, suggesting that electoral competition in Brazil is less intense than would be expected by observing the raw number of candidates per seat.

Published also as Johns Hopkins university studies in historical and political science, series XLI, no. 1. ; Vita. ; Thesis (PH. D.)--Johns Hopkins university, 1921. ; Bibliography: p. 95-96. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper examines a specific, generally south to north migratory flow—that of economic migrants from poor nations to advanced market economy countries. Most economic analyses agree that economic migration—as distinct from refugee flows—generates economic benefits. However, the level of benefits generated by these flows vary depending upon the types of migrants accepted (McCarthy and Vernez 1997). Moreover, these economic benefits are unevenly distributed among the host population in the short-term (National Research Council 1997). This uneven distribution creates a public backlash and political demands for restricting migration. To maintain openness toward migration, policies should tailor the level of migration to conditions in the local communities where migrants settle and redistribute the short-term costs associated with these migratory flows.

In this paper, the author deals with: (1) Definition of government; incentive structure under government: taxation, war and territorial expansion. (2) Origin of money; government and money; the devolution of money from commodity to fiat money. (3) International politics and monetary regimes; monetary imperialism and the drive toward a one-world central bank and fiat currency.

Money is seen not only as a legal tender (legal tender) but also seen as a commodity, money has two possibilities, namely the possibility leads to the good thing and the possibility leads to the bad thing. Both depend on the person using it. Money continues to innovate and evolve from cash to non-cash or electronic money. The emergence of crypto currencies raises pros and cons in various circles. This study aims to explain the concept of money from an Islamic perspective by analyzing crypto currencies as virtual currency. The writing method used is qualitative research using a literature review. The data taken are secondary data and data collection techniques using documentation and library studies. The results of this study explain that in Islamic economics currency must have underlying assets recognized by the government to avoid "money to money" transactions, while crypto currencies do not have underlying assets and no one is responsible.