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The Polish Episcopate critically assessed the social and economic situation in Poland in the period of the transition from communism to democracy and a freemarket economy. Privatisation led to production being stopped and to an increase in unemployment. Profit and not human dignity became the measure of labour. The economic and social reality was dominated by the treatment of economics and financial success as of the highest values and the dissemination of the opinion that in politics and economics there are no values. The political elites showed an inability to develop long-term strategies for getting out of the crisis. The disappearance of the morality of many representatives of public life, which was manifested in universal corruption and the aspiration to improve social status as soon as possible, contributed to this state of affairs. As a result, there was a crisis of the idea of the common wealth and an increase in crime. The social crisis was particularly visible in moral attitudes, social behaviour, and in the economic sphere, public finance, on the labour market, and in the quickly progressing social stratification.

The Polish Episcopate critically assessed the social and economic situation in Poland in the period of the transition from communism to democracy and a freemarket economy. Privatisation led to production being stopped and to an increase in unemployment. Profit and not human dignity became the measure of labour. The economic and social reality was dominated by the treatment of economics and financial success as of the highest values and the dissemination of the opinion that in politics and economics there are no values. The political elites showed an inability to develop long-term strategies for getting out of the crisis. The disappearance of the morality of many representatives of public life, which was manifested in universal corruption and the aspiration to improve social status as soon as possible, contributed to this state of affairs. As a result, there was a crisis of the idea of the common wealth and an increase in crime. The social crisis was particularly visible in moral attitudes, social behaviour, and in the economic sphere, public finance, on the labour market, and in the quickly progressing social stratification. ; Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The article considers the issues of modern German political philosophy in accordance with its formation, institutionalization and development. Germany's political philosophy is analyzed in terms of its interaction with social and practical philosophy. The text states that political philoso- phy belongs to both social philosophy and political science. As a political theory, it is a compo- nent of social theories institutionalized in the modern era. As a political philosophy, it appears as a metatheory of political theory. Political philosophy is also part of practical philosophy, exploring the problems of interaction between ethics and politics and the moral reclamation of the political system of modern society. These issues are themed in the context of the institution- alization of this discipline in the early twentieth century, its transformation into a political reli- gion during National Socialism, the revival after World War II, as well as actualization in such areas of socio-humanitarian sciences as discourse philosophy, functional-system theory of so- ciety, etc. according to the political situation of modern Germany. ; У статті розглядаються питання сучасної німецької політичної філософії відповідно до її становлення, інституціалізації та розвитку. Політична філософія Німеччини аналізується з огляду на її взаємодію із соціальною та практичною філософією. У тексті зазначається, що політична філософія належить і до соціальної філософії, і до політичних наук. Як полі- тична теорія вона є складником соціальних теорій, інституціалізованих модерної доби. Як політична філософія вона постає метатеорією щодо політичної теорії. Політична філосо- фія належить також до складу практичної філософії, досліджуючи проблеми взаємодії етики і політики та морального оновлення політичної системи сучасного суспільства. Ці питання тематизовано у контесті інституціалізації цієї дисципліни на початку ХХ століття, пере- творення її на політичну релігію за часів націонал-соціалізму, відродження після Другої сві- тової війни, а також актуалізації в таких напрямах соціогуманітарних наук, як філософія дискурсу, функціонально-системна теорія суспільства тощо та відповідно до політичної си- туації сучасної Німеччини.

We already entered the era of Unmanned Vehicles, drones, boats and more recently cars are going to be "driven" by software, sensors, cameras, radars and more are the senses of our vehicles. If the risk that a flying or floating drone can be hacked is concerning us as well as the temporary lack of specific legislation, what about the concerns related to ethical and moral aspects, not neglecting the legal ones, concerning autonomous road vehicles such as cars and buses ? Safety and security standards for such devices are not set actually, how will behave two cars, both from the same builder or not, in case of imminent collision? Of course, the cyber-driver is supposed to be perfect but the environment may introduce some bias, hence on the moral and ethical side how will the cyber-driver take decisions? As an additional concern, today even cars may be subject to cyber-attacks as it already happened to Jeep vehicles in the United States, if on one side the regular car service or re-call for update can be performed through the permanent car connection to the Internet, no more need to physically take the car back to the service (this might lead to unwanted outcomes), on the other side in case of cyber-attacks our car might behave in a unpredictable way. As a consequence, possibly before a mass diffusion of such vehicles, we must be aware about some aspects: the risk of cyber-attacks that may turn everyday commodities like cars into "weapons" and the "programmed" behaviour of cars in case of "risky" scenarios. Security standards and harmonised "behaviours" together with an appropriate legal framework will probably help.

Cord blood can be an altemative to bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of patients with blood and immune disorders. It is currently being used for the treatment of leukaemia, lymphomas, aplastic anaemia and blood hereditary disorders. It is also a source for stem cell research. It is useful to point out that the current use of cord blood stem cells has thus far been of an allogenic type - that is, the cells are obtained from donation. There is less likelihood of rejection of stem cells than there is in bone marrow transplant. ; peer-reviewed

Rafael Capurro . (ed.) ; Inhaltsverzeichnis ; Inhaltstext ; Inhaltsverzeichnis ; Klappentext ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- PVA 2007.1706

Defence date: 5 April 2017 ; Examining Board: Professor Chris Reus-Smit, The University of Queensland, formerly EUI, (Supervisor); Professor Jennifer Welsh, EUI; Professor James Pattison, The University of Manchester; Professor Peter Sutch, Cardiff University ; This develops a defence of the principle of the moral equality of combatants against recent revisionist critiques. It does this by developing an interpretive and hermeneutical approach to the study of war and the just war tradition. This approach allows the meanings of war and of actions within war to be explored and it is on the basis of this understanding of meaning that the moral equality of combatants is defended. It shows that these meanings and distinctions cannot be recognized by the revisionists and that this is a moral and interpretive loss. The thesis develops the argument of Michael Walzer's Spheres of Justice and applies it to war; it demonstrates that war has a distinct meaning and that the principles for distributing identities, rights, and responsibilities in war are relative to this meaning. The thesis begins by exploring the history of the just war tradition and the evolution of the concept of combatancy and the distinction between combatants and non-combatants in order to demonstrate how the just war tradition constitutes war as an institution. It then explores the contemporary debate and argues that whilst the traditional defences of the principle of the moral equality of combatants have been found wanting, the conclusions of the revisionists need not be accepted. To demonstrate this, the following chapters study a number of examples that highlight important and meaningful contrasts associated with both the jus in bello and the jus ad bellum. The final chapter introduces the concept of the normative structure of war and argues that the right to participate and to kill in war depends upon a public relationship of duty between soldiers and the state. The reciprocal relationships of duty are the source of the moral equality of combatants.

Ethics can be defined as a reflection on nature and a definition of "the good". Individuals value qualities and things dissimilarly, most visibly, but they also value their goods in different ways, in different relations to each other, for different reasons, and to different ends. These differences are very applicable to sustainability. In other words, sustainability cannot be achieved without attention to its ethical dimensions. The aim of this research is to examine the ethical aspects of sustainability. Consequently, the main tasks of the research are: to define a reason for developing the ethics of sustainability and to describe the ethical context of sustainability. The following primary research methods are used: the monographic method, analysis, scientific induction and deduction. The key results are: a survey on the responsibility to the next generations and categorized values of the ethics of sustainability. All forms of sustainability in society depend on the human conduct. Therefore, the ethical aspects of reality are of larger significance in ensuring sustainability. Ethical sustainability needs to be realized in order to have sustainable political and social systems and processes.

Nanotechnology is a field that we often hear of its name nowadays. Altough what we know about it is soo poor, we admire this field of technlogy, moreover some societies even argues that nanotechnology will cause second endustrial revolution. In addition, nanotechnology makes our basic scientific knowledge upside down and is soo powerfull that it is potent in nearly every scientific field. Thereby, it is imposible to say that nanotechnology; which is soo effective on human and human life; will not cause social and ethical outcomes. In general, the definition of nanotechnology is the reconfiguration of nanomaterials by human; there also are different definitions according to the history of nanotechnology and different point of views. First of all, in comparison to the other tehnology fields, what is the cause of excellence of nanotechnology, what human can do is to foresee the advantages and disadvantages of it, what are the roles of developed and developping countries for the progression of nanotechnology, what is the attitude of nanoethics and what is view of global politics to nanotechological research according to international regulations are all the focus of interests of this study. Last but not least, our apprehension capacity of nanotechnology, our style of adoption and evaluation of it and the way that how we locate nanotechnology in our lifes and ethical values are the other focus of interests.

West, Matthew Ellis. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 250-260). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract (in English and Chinese) --- p.ii ; Acknowledgments --- p.iv ; Table of Contents --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction ´ؤ China and Intellectual Property --- p.1 ; Introduction ; What is Intellectual Property? ; Chenggong Music and Movies ; Lost in Translation ; Piracy ; Copying ; An Historical Perspective ; "The Past, Sharing, and Censorship" ; Methodology and Xi'an's Disc Market ; Chapter Breakdown ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review 一 An Anthropological Approach to IP --- p.37 ; The Anthropology of Property ; Human Rights Discourses ; Economic Pragmatism? ; The Return of Power ; Toward a Theory of IP ; Metaphorical Framing ; Stages of IP Advocacy ; Local Contextualization ; China: Global Pressure and Local Response ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- Daoban as a Moral Business --- p.60 ; The Commoditization of IP ; Price is all that Matters! ; Pricing Practices within Stores ; Pricing Determinants ; Moving Beyond Price and Quality ; Consumer Fraud and Fakes: The Breakdown of Price and Quality ; Competition and the Disc Business ; Is it Zhengban or Daoban? ; Doubting the Difference ; Relative Morality: Guilt and Stealing ; The Ambivalent Position of Chinese Retail Business ; Conclusion: Passive Contestation and the Moral Sphere ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- Daoban as an Illegal Commodity --- p.104 ; Petty Economic Crime ; "Cheating, Plagiarism, and Painting" ; Petty Economic Illegality ; Illegality in China's Context: The Government Connection ; Backing (beijing) ; Corruption ; Structural Issues: Officials and Enforcement ; Policing Norms ; Norms of Copyright Enforcement ; Social Consequences of Enforcement ; Action Against Vendors ; Action Against Pornography ; Justifications and Responses ; Conclusion: Daoban and Illegality ; Chapter Chapter 5: --- Daoban and Intangible Property --- p.155 ; What is Daoban? ; Dowloading and the ...

The interdisciplinary field of neurorobotics looks to neuroscience to overcome the limitations of modern robotics technology, to robotics to advance our understanding of the neural system's inner workings, and to information technology to develop tools that support those complementary endeavours. The development of these technologies is still at an early stage, which makes them an ideal candidate for proactive and anticipatory ethical reflection. This article explains the current state of neurorobotics development within the Human Brain Project, originating from a close collaboration between the scientific and technical experts who drive neurorobotics innovation, and the humanities and social sciences scholars who provide contextualising and reflective capabilities. This article discusses some of the ethical issues which can reasonably be expected. On this basis, the article explores possible gaps identified within this collaborative, ethical reflection that calls for attention to ensure that the development of neurorobotics is ethically sound and socially acceptable and desirable. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme 720270 785907 945539

The history of humankind is full of examples that indicate a constant desire to make human beings more moral. Nowadays, technological breakthroughs might have a significant impact on our moral character and abilities. This is the case of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. The aim of this paper is to consider the ethical aspects of the use of VR in enhancing empathy. First, we will offer an introduction to VR, explaining its fundamental features, devices and concepts. Then, we will approach the characterization of VR as an "empathy machine," showing why this medium has aroused so much interest and why, nevertheless, we do not believe it is the ideal way to enhance empathy. As an alternative, we will consider fostering empathy-related abilities through virtual embodiment in avatars. In the conclusion, however, we will examine some of the serious concerns related to the ethical relevance of empathy and will defend the philosophical case for a reason-guided empathy, also suggesting specific guidelines for possible future developments of empathy enhancement projects through VR embodied experiences. ; Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government FFI2016-79000-P PID2019-104943RB-I00 ; INPhINIT Retaining Fellowship of the La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/DR20/11790005

Discussions on robotics in the social media and literature often take an utilitarian and instrumental approach. Intelligent and learning machines are perceived as a means of making our lives easier and more comfortable, minimising the costs of production and labour, improving healthcare system, transportation and military defence, and substituting humans in child and elderly care. Moreover, robotics designers, engineers and programmers tend to focus on technical challenges and advances without any reflection on the pressing philosophical, ethical and religious questions. The moral quandaries raised by robotics are too important and complex to be left to technical experts! In a democratic society all stakeholders, including faith communities, have the right to enter into an open and transparent debate on these emerging technological breakthroughs that are blurring the lines between the human and machine. Humanity fails to ask pertinent philosophical, ethical and religious questions if Christians and concerned citizens remain bystanders as cognitive machines develop and become commonplace. Public debate on robotics must cross multiple scholarly and professional disciplines, including theology. The initial reaction of many theologians and religious people to the very idea that faith has nothing to contribute in the debate on robotics is no longer tenable. Theologians are able to broaden people's horizon on robotics by asking the right questions that place life, science and technology in a different light. ; peer-reviewed

Man is gregarious by nature and thus has come to live in communities of various descriptions. Social life demands orderliness, and to endure its existence, norms and rules become integral parts of any community or society. It is however common knowledge that some members of most human communities and societies exhibit behaviours that strain the tolerance level of other members of the community. Those who exhibit such acts are labelled deviants or preverts and their actions termed criminal when sanctioned by the laws of the state. It is as a consequence of this that Nigeria, like many countries of the world, has witnessed high level of activities and life-styles considered inimical to the good of society. Efforts have therefore been made by different government regimes to stem the trend. The thrust of this paper in this regard becomes an attempt to expose the specificities of these government programmes to know what extent intended goals of checking those social maladies were archieved. However, without prejudice or bias against whatever the achievements of these government policies and programmes of government were, it is the position of this paper that those measures were inadequate. And this accounts for the reason those misbehaviours have escalated rather than abate. To wrest the challenge of the Nigeria moral question which calls for ethical reorientation, the paper calls for the adoption of the 'Socratic Model' this lifted the Athenian society of Socrates' time out from its worst moral decadence.

January 26, 1966 r. In the Department of Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, a team of doctors in Poland made the first successful kidney transplant. It was the beginning of a difficult path Polish transplantation. The increase in demand for services of transplantation medicine, the dynamic development of this field and the lack of alternative treatments for end-stage organ failure makes transplants are still hotly debated. The author discusses the legal regulations in Poland transplantation, ethical issues and presents the possibility of transplantation medicine and its importance in the light of the teachings of the Church. From the outset, the sine qua non of organ transplantation was a statement the death of a potential donor. This requirement, referred to in the literature dead donor rule (called. Dead donor rule, DDR) is a legal and ethical justification for thousands of transplants. However, according to some authors, this rule has a greater potential to undermine confidence in transplants than to promote them. In their opinion, better solution to protect the transplant the alleged abuse would be to obtain informed consent from patients or their families for organ donation and therefore to stop life-sustaining treatment in situations of irreversible neurological injuries. This position is confirmed by studies that suggest that reliable information related to the degree of neurological damage potential donor consent and respect for his family or for society are more important than concerns about its vital status. The aim of this paper is to discuss the issue of transplants in the dimension of legislative and legal and ethical.