Suchergebnisse

The so-called hotspots—identification and registration centres on the Aegean Islands in Greece and in Italy—are not only sites of remote detention, European intervention or differential inclusion, but also logistical set-ups, where data is generated and spread across state institutions. Such socio-technical assemblages are hard to research not only because of state actors' desire to keep things secret but also because of methodological issues. How does one disentangle their extensive, complex and rhizomatic nature? Which trajectories does one follow and which actors and voices does one assemble? Following recent work in the realm of STS, methods are understood as (b)ordering devices, which performatively enact an ordered world and produce accounts of the social, including some realities while excluding others. This article considers mapping a well-suited method for studying widespread socio-technical assemblages, but only if it is handled with caution. Based on an empirical inquiry into the Moria hotspot and following a praxeographic research approach, different types of small maps are developed that enfold complexity by being attentive to situatedness, symmetry, multi-sitedness and multiplicity. Furthermore, it emphasizes an on-going process of reflexive inversion of the mapping process that makes the crafted accounts contestable and its boundaries and blind spots visible. Finally, the article discusses how mappings can be used not only as research but also as a political device that contributes to the work of other collectives beyond the scientific production of truth.

In contrast with the narrative of voiceless refugees, this working paper shows the political agency of refugees in hotspots. The hotspot approach was introduced by the EU in 2015 to formerly alleviate pressure from Greece and Italy, however, it has rapidly led to the systematic violation of human rights. Hence, refugees are engaging in protests, often deploying extreme methods. The present working paper aims at analysing how refugees try to overcome the situation of limbo and isolation in hotspots. In addition, the paper aims at investigating the strategies deployed by the protestors and on how they use emotions to challenge the stereotyped idea of victims or threats. In particular, the article focuses on the comparison between the hotspots in Lampedusa, Italy and Moria, Greece, where the two factors of spatial isolation and protracted stays are striking the most.

Greece has faced in a first time the consequences of the financial crisis in 2007 which led to several austerity measures, bailout packages from the EU and numerous revolts from its population. Some years later, in 2015, the country was then confronted to the 'refugee crisis', bringing hundreds and thousands of individuals seeking international protection. Migration and asylum policies have been implemented, targeting the decrease of irregular migrants' venue. In this context, the main objective is to identify the influence of migration and asylum policies on the everyday life of asylum seekers and locals. Two periods of fieldwork in Greece have been conducted. The first one occurred in Eleonas, the refugee camp of Athens, between August 2019 and January 2020. The second one took place on the island of Lesvos during the month of February 2020, where the Hotspot Moria is situated. Thus, participant observation and fieldnotes, semi-structured interviews, surveys and literature analyses were the methods used. The results indicate that policies are rather exclusionist and perpetuate the imposed categorization of individuals, be it asylum seekers and Greeks. In particular, asylum procedures are driven by humanitarian governance, governmentality, and bio-power, in other words, holding power over the life of asylum seekers and locals. This thesis calls also for more inclusive policies between asylum seekers and locals. ; A Grécia enfrentou pela primeira vez as consequências da crise financeira em 2007 que levaram a várias medidas de austeridade, pacotes de salvamento da UE e numerosas revoltas da sua população. Alguns anos mais tarde, em 2015, o país foi então confrontado com a "crise dos refugiados", trazendo centenas e milhares de indivíduos em busca de protecção internacional. Políticas de migração e asilo foram implementadas, visando a diminuição do número de migrantes em situação irregular. Neste contexto, o principal objectivo é identificar a influência das políticas de migração e asilo na vida quotidiana dos requerentes de asilo e dos habitantes locais. Foram realizados dois períodos de trabalho de campo na Grécia. O primeiro ocorreu em Eleonas, o campo de refugiados de Atenas, entre Agosto de 2019 e Janeiro de 2020. O segundo teve lugar na ilha de Lesbos durante o mês de Fevereiro de 2020, onde se situa o Hotspot Moria. Assim, a observação participante e as notas de campo, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, inquéritos e análises de literatura foram os métodos utilizados. Os resultados indicam que as políticas são bastante excludentes e perpetuam a categorização imposta de indivíduos, quer se trate de requerentes de asilo ou de gregos. Em particular, os procedimentos de asilo são impulsionados pela governação humanitária, pela governabilidade e pela bio-potência, por outras palavras, pela posse do poder sobre a vida dos requerentes de asilo e dos locais. Esta tese apela também à elaboração de políticas mais inclusivas entre os requerentes de asilo e os habitantes locais.

The so-called hotspots -identification and registration centres on the Aegean Islands in Greece and in Italy- are not only sites of remote detention, European intervention or differential inclusion, but also logistical set-ups, where data is generated and spread across state institutions. Such socio-technical assemblages are hard to research not only because of state actors' desire to keep things secret but also because of methodological issues. How does one disentangle their extensive, complex and rhizomatic nature? Which trajectories does one follow and which actors and voices does one assemble? Following recent work in the realm of STS, methods are understood as (b)ordering devices, which performatively enact an ordered world and produce accounts of the social, including some realities while excluding others. This article considers mapping a well-suited method for studying widespread socio-technical assemblages, but only if it is handled with caution. Based on an empirical inquiry into the Moria hotspot and following a praxeographic research approach, different types of small maps are developed that enfold complexity by being attentive to situatedness, symmetry, multi-sitedness and multiplicity. Furthermore, it emphasizes an on-going process of reflexive inversion of the mapping process that makes the crafted accounts contestable and its boundaries and blind spots visible. Finally, the article discusses how mappings can be used not only as research but also as a political device that contributes to the work of other collectives beyond the scientific production of truth.

List of Figures -- Introduction: Places of Partial Protection: Refugee Shelter since 2015 -- Tom Scott-Smith -- Part I: Shelter, Containment and Mobility -- Chapter 1. Moving, Containing, Displacing: The Shipping Container as Refugee Shelter -- Hanna Baumann -- Chapter 2. At the Edge: Containment and the Construction of Europe -- Cetta Mainwaring -- Chapter 3. Shifting Shelters: Migrants, Mobility and the Making of Open Centres in Malta -- Marthe Achtnich -- Chapter 4. Moria: Anti-shelter and the Spectacle of Deterrence -- Daniel Howden -- Chapter 5. Moria Hotspot: Shelter as a Politically Crafted Materiality of Neglect -- Polly Pallister-Wilkins -- Chapter 6. Architectures of Trauma: Forced Shelter and the Impact of Immigration Detention -- Petra Molnar -- Chapter 7. Settling the Unsettled: Forced Shelter in the Negev Desert -- Renana Ne'eman -- Part II: Shelter, Resistance and Solidarity -- Chapter 8. The Contingent Camp: Struggling for Shelter in Calais, France -- Maria Hagan -- Chapter 9. Sounding the Shelter, Voicing the Squat: The Sonic Politics of Refugee Shelter in Athens -- Tom Western -- Chapter 10. Redignifying Refugees: A Critical Study of Citizen-Run Shelters in Athens -- Ashley Mehra -- Chapter 11. A More Personal Shelter: How Citizens Are Hosting Forced Migrants in and Around Brussels -- Robin Vandevoordt -- Chapter 12. Life in the Aluminium Whale: A Study of Berlin's ICC shelter -- Holly Young -- Chapter 13. Structures to Shelter the Mind: Refugee Housing and Mental Wellbeing in Berlin -- Esther Schroeder Goh -- Part III: Architecture, Design and Displacement -- Chapter 14. Protection or isolation? Humanitarian Evacuees in Australian Quarantine Stations -- Benjamin Thomas White -- Chapter 15. Silos in Trieste: A Historical Shelter for Displaced People -- Roberta Altin -- Chapter 16. Flexible Shelters, Modular Meanings: The Lives and Afterlives of Danish 'Refugee Villages' -- Zachary Whyte and Michael Ulfstjerne -- Chapter 17. Shelter as Cladding: Resourcefulness, Improvisation and Refugee-Led Innovation in Goudoubo Camp -- Craig Martin, Jamie Cross, and Arno Verhoeven -- Chapter 18. Adhocism, Agency and Emergency Shelters: On Architectural Nuclei of Life in Displacement -- Irit Katz -- Chapter 19. Social Media, Shelter and Resilience: Design in Za'atari Refugee Camp -- Diane Fellows -- Chapter 20. Confinement, Power and Permanence in Informal Refugee Spaces: Syrian Refugees in Lebanon -- Faten Kikano -- Chapter 21. From Emergency Shelter to Community Shelter: Berlin's Tempelhof Refugee Camp -- Toby Parsloe -- Conclusion: Towards Better Shelter: Rethinking Humanitarian Sheltering -- Mark E. Breeze -- Index --

Purpose
Using the holistic approach to migrant exclusion, the purpose of this paper is to examine the refugee crisis as a preparation stage for future exclusion in the host countries. In previous migration analyses, the preparation stage involved only the country of origin, where people were becoming acclimatized to casual and low-status work and an ethos of survival. In the refugee crisis, this important stage spans across three spaces: the country of origin, Turkey as an intermediate stage and the hotspots of Greece.


Design/methodology/approach
This is a qualitative research that was based on 22 semi-structured interviews with refugees from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan who live in the hotspot of Moria which is situated in Lesvos, Greece.


Findings
The research shows that in the first two countries of the preparation stage, refugees have become accustomed to casual and low-status jobs, which results in the loss of their labor identity and the development of instrumental work orientations. Similarly, the living conditions at the hotspots are so problematic that refugees are becoming desperate to escape this environment. These can have serious consequences for integration in the host countries, as refugees become pacified and at the same time strongly inclined to enter casual and low-status employment. Both developments can drastically undermine the refugees' relation to the societies of the host countries.


Originality/value
The paper suggests that, given the preparation stage in these three settings, migration policy in the host countries should focus on recognizing long marginalization processes, immediately decongesting the hotspots and pay particular emphasis on the acknowledgment or creation of skills that can distance refugees from casual and low-status work.