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Food packaging is a rapidly evolving field. Packaging keep food safe and retains its nutritional properties and sensory characteristics; furthermore, it provides additional features that are important for consumers. Packaging system, as well as other food contact materials (FCM) such as adhesives and printing inks, are the main sources of chemicals in food products and beverages. Human exposure to chemicals from food contact materials may occur as a result of migration, a mass transfer phenomenon resulting from a tendency to balance all chemical potential within a system from the packaging into foodstuff. There are several parameters affecting migration, which are related to food, to packaging and to chemicals that are involved. The food packaging legislation establishes an overall migration limit (OML), which measures the inertness of the materials and that regards all chemicals in a packaging, and a specific migration limit (SML) for specific substances that may be dangerous for human health. An important tool to evaluate the compliance of FCM with the limits are the migration tests. Food simulants as well as temperature, time and contact conditions for migration testing are regulated for plastic materials, but not for paperboard material, so that contact condition are derived at least partially from plastic legislation. A very important class of contaminants involved in migration from packaging into food are hydrocarbons, in particular mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOHs) consisting of MOSH (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) and MOAH (mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The MOSH fraction may include polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH), oligomers of polyolefin, which can migrate from plastic bags, heat-sealable layers and other laminates as well as adhesives and plasticizers. Different studies have demonstrated that MOHs, POSH and PAHs migrate from packaging into food and contaminate it with negative effects for human health. In the first part of this PhD work a rapid migration test, using simple and cheap commercially glass weighing bottles was developed to assess the migration of mineral oil from cardboard. At the end of the test, mineral oil was extracted from cardboard and from Tenax® and the entity of migration was calculated both in terms of direct migration (amount of MOHs found in simulant) and in terms of indirect migration (contamination lost by cardboard). The two measures were in good agreement demonstrating the mass balance in the cell. The migration test performed was subsequently used to evaluate the efficiency of a new sequential polymer treatment of paperboard to develop a barrier against the migration of mineral oil. The material consisted of two layer deposited on the cardboard. The first, poly (methyl methacrylate) protective layer, gave hydrophobicity to cardboard, while the second, cyclic olefin copolymer, filled the open pores of the material surface and reduced the mineral oil hydrocarbon migration. Subsequently, the developed migration tests was also used to study the migration of MOHs from recycled cardboard into dry semolina and egg pasta under accelerated condition (40°C 10days) to determine the influence of some parameters on migration process. Amount of pasta, type of contact pasta/cardboard, food size and head space volume, were studied parameter that showed a great effect on MOHs migration from cardboard. They influenced the entity of the migration, but also the molecular weight range of hydrocarbons that can migrate into the pasta. The study of these parameters pointed out that the migration tests suggested to evaluate the compliance of the packaging material, do not always reflect the real mechanisms involved in migration in real food. Semolina and egg pasta behaved very differently: egg pasta tends to have a higher absorbing effect than semolina pasta, especially when low amount of pasta are in contact with the cardboard. This is not only attributable to the fat content but also at structure and porosity of the matrix. A correlation with data obtained from migration test with Tenax® was finally carried out. Tenax® tended to overestimate the migration in semolina pasta and, at the opposite, to underestimate the migration in egg pasta. Another part of this work regarded the investigation on the presence of selected hydrocarbon contaminants (mineral oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in pizza boxes collected in different areas of Italy. From the analysis of cardboards, three sources of contamination were clearly identified: illegal presence of recycled paper, printing ink containing alkylbenzenes, and refined paraffin (food-grade mineral oil used in the waterproofing of paper). All of the cardboard boxes showed low level of PAHs. The potential of these contaminants to migrate from cardboard into the pizza was demonstrated carring out migration tests using Tenax® as simulant. The per capita daily intake from "take away" pizza was calculated both for MOHs and for PAH8, showing a negligible (0.005%) global diet intake contribution for PAHs, but not for mineral oils, for which, the average contribution ranged between 7.3% and 12.8%. Regarding plastic materials, a study on the presence of POHs in ready-to-eat vegetable soup, packaged in polypropylene container, was conduct. The analysis of food before and after microwave heating demonstrated that a part of POHs contamination was from the production of the soup and another part migrated from PP container. The migration depends on fat content of the soup, on original amount of POHs in the container and on heating conditions. Different simulant were tested to assess the migration of the POH from containers and their performance was compared with those in real food. Vegetable olive oil as simulant tends to overestimate the contamination, also when fat reduction factor was applied. Instead, the ethanol 95% seems to be the best choice for the migration test. Finally, the last part of the work a simple method based on a liquid–liquid partition step to eliminate the bulk of the saturated hydrocarbons, followed by DI-SPME using a Carbopack Z/PDMS fiber, was employed for selective uptake and concentration of BaP (Benzo(a)pyrene) in the analysis of microcrystalline waxes. A preliminary step using liquid-liquid partition was necessary to remove the bulk of saturated hydrocarbons. Wax sample was dissolved in cyclohexane, and BaP was extracted with dimethyl formammide (DMF)/water 9/1 (v/v). A mixture of water and hexane were added to the residual DMF/water in order to change the coefficient partition of BaP and extract it in hexane. The latter was the most suitable solvent to carry out the final enrichment step by direct-immersion solid phase microextraction (SPME). The method showed good performances of repeatability and recovery. Characterization of gas chromatographic profile of waxes was also evaluated. They show different profiles of distribution ranging from n-C20 to n-C60. All of the samples presented less than 5% of hydrocarbons below n-C25 In addition, artificial saliva from chewing tests was collected and analyzed in order to evaluate possible release of hydrocarbon particularly BaP from waxes, gum bases and chewing gums during their contact with human saliva in the mouth. No detectable amount of contaminants were found in samples.

Dubois, Gilbert: The EU and the Mediterranean: where are we today? - S. 11-32. Jonge, Hans de: The Council of Europe's role in the Mediterranean. - S. 33-41. Parshin, Lev A.: Russia: to turn the Mediterranean into a zone of stability and cooperation. - S. 42-45. Busygina, Irina M.: Regional policy of the EU in the Mediterranean region: current situation and new challenges. - S. 46-48. Rachmaninov, Juri N.: On the model of global and comprehensive security for the Mediterranean in the 21 century. - S. 49-53. Perrakis, Stelios: The Euromediterranean partnership, evolution and perspectives. A Hellenic point of view. - S. 54-60. Kouzmin, Valery I.: To implement the concept of "Greater Mediterranean". - S. 61-64. Gaiduk, Victor P.: Civilization in the Mediterranean realm: Russia midway from mare nostrum to orbis terrarum. - S. 65-68. Barsegov, Yuri G.: The international law issues of the Mediterranean. (1. Issues of use of the sea; 2. ethno-political conflicts; 3. problems of ecology and water resources). - S. 69-77. Kefi, Mohamed Mouldi: The Mediterranean policy of Tunisia. (1. Tunisia and the Maghreb; 2. Tunisia and Europe). - S. 78-81. Astal, Kamal al-: What is the common interest the Palestinian state shares with EC and Russia in the Mediterranean and Black Sea region? - S. 82-87. Landa, Robert G.: The Mediterranean region: common history and culture. - S. 88-96. Yaskova, Alla A.: The Balkan aspect of the EU Mediterranean policy. - S. 97-100. Mashlykin, Vladimir G.: Problems of European Information Space. - S. 101-106. Gautron, Jean-Claude: La politique mediterraneenne de l'Union Europeenne: le processus de Barcelone. - S. 109-125. Shemiatenkov, Vladimir G.: Holistic nature of the Barcelona process. - S. 126-128. Yturriaga, Jose A. de: Origins and development of the Barcelona Convention on marine pollution in the Mediterranean. - S. 129-139. Bystrova, Anna K.: Ecological security of the Black Sea region: correlation with Barcelona process. - S. 140-143. Butorina, Olga V.: Mediterranean countries and the European Monetary Union. - S. 144-150. Landabaso, Andres: The Mediterranean region: 40 years after. - S. 151-153. Kargalova, Marina V.: Social problems in the context of the Barcelona process. - S. 154-158. Peskova, Ludmila V.: Culture in Euro-Mediterranean cooperation. - S. 159-164. Potemkina, Olga Yu.: From the Barcelona Declaration to the Amsterdam Treaty: changing of the EU immigration policy. - S. 165-174. Alibony, Roberto: The European Union and Mediterranean security. - S. 177-186. Nordam, Jette: NATO's Mediterranean dialogue. - S. 187-192. Alexandrova-Arbatova, Nadia K.: Russia and NATO in South Eastern Europe. - S. 193-200. Parkhalina, Tatijana G.: The Mediterranean: new dimensions of security. - S. 201-205. Benediktov, Kirill S.: Russia and security in the Balkans. - S. 206-209. Kovalsky, Nicolai A.: Certain Russia's contemporary concerns. - S. 213-218. Hovakimian, Ashot: Armenia in the context of regional cooperation of South-Eastern Europe and Mediterranean. - S. 219-224. Moshes, Arkady L.: Russia and the Black Sea states of the CIS in the new military-political situation. - S. 225-229. Malaha, Vasily N.: The EU programmes in the Black Sea area. (1. PHARE Programme; 2. Tacis Programme). - S. 230-236. Kutovoy, Evgeny G.: Russia and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation: current activities, problems and prospects. - S. 237-244. Babesko, Vladimir A.; Grizai, Valery V.: The Krasnodar Territory: problems of steady development. - S. 245-250

This collection is the first to offer a genuinely interdisciplinary approach to Krzysztof Kie?lowski's Decalogue, a ten-film cycle of modern tales that touch on the ethical dilemmas of the Ten Commandments. The cycle's deft handling of moral ambiguity and inventive technique established Kie?lowski as a major international director. Kie?lowski once said, "Both the deep believer and the habitual skeptic experience toothaches in exactly the same way." Of Elephants and Toothaches takes seriously the range of thought, from theological to skeptical, condensed in the cycle's quite human tales. Bringing together scholars of film, philosophy, literature, and several religions, the volume ranges from individual responsibility, to religion in modernity, to familial bonds, to human desire and material greed. It explores Kie?lowski's cycle as it relentlessly solicits an ethical response that stimulates both inner disquiet and interpersonal dialogue. ; A multi- and interdisciplinary collection of essays addressing ethical, political and aesthetic questions raised in the ten-film cycle Decalogue (1989) by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. This title was made Open Access by libraries from around the world through Knowledge Unlatched. ; Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ; Introduction: within unrest, there is always a question / Eva Badowska and Francesca Parmeggiani -- Rules and virtues: the moral insight of the Decalogue / William Jaworski -- Tablets of stone, tablets of flesh: synesthetic appeal in the Decalogue / Joseph G. Kickasola -- Decalogue one: witnessing a responsible ethics of response from a Jewish perspective / Moshe Gold -- Visual reverberations: Decalogue two and Decalogue eight / Eva M. Stadler -- Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy: Decalogue three / Joseph W. Koterski, S.J. -- Decalogue four: "you are completely free and I pretend it doesn't affect me at all" / Anne-Katrin Titze -- Decalogue five: a short film about killing, sin, and community / Michael Baur -- States of exception: politics and poetics in Decalogue six / Eva Badowska -- Decalogue seven: a tale of love, failing words, and moving images / Francesca Parmeggiani -- Decalogue eight: childhood, emotion, and the shoah / Emma Wilson -- Divine possession: metaphysical covetousness in Decalogue nine / Philip Sicker -- Laughter makes good neighbors: sociability and the comic in Decalogue ten / Regina Small. ; This collection is the first to offer a genuinely interdisciplinary approach to Krzysztof Kie?lowski's Decalogue, a ten-film cycle of modern tales that touch on the ethical dilemmas of the Ten Commandments. The cycle's deft handling of moral ambiguity and inventive technique established Kie?lowski as a major international director. Kie?lowski once said, "Both the deep believer and the habitual skeptic experience toothaches in exactly the same way." Of Elephants and Toothaches takes seriously the range of thought, from theological to skeptical, condensed in the cycle's quite human tales. Bringing together scholars of film, philosophy, literature, and several religions, the volume ranges from individual responsibility, to religion in modernity, to familial bonds, to human desire and material greed. It explores Kie?lowski's cycle as it relentlessly solicits an ethical response that stimulates both inner disquiet and interpersonal dialogue. ; A multi- and interdisciplinary collection of essays addressing ethical, political and aesthetic questions raised in the ten-film cycle Decalogue (1989) by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. This title was made Open Access by libraries from around the world through Knowledge Unlatched. ; Mode of access: Internet.

de 2002 à novembre 2007 since 2002 to 2007 (november) ; Since 1948, the Middle Eastern conflict is an important issue in international relationships and Law. During that year, the British mandate on Palestine collapsed and the State of Israel was created. But, yet, at the beginning, a war between Sionists, Arabic countries, and Palestinians fixes « borders » between Israel and its Arab neighbours. Moreover, in 1967, a new issue appears, the relationships with the Occupied Territories. Consequently, Israel has two questions about its borders to manage : the classical question of borders between States and an internal question with the Palestinians about a new State. This research tries to demonstrate the ways used by local and international partners to find a solution to this legal question, cause of the local instability and widely. This work is founded on Law, History, Political Science (particularly, the study of Arabist and Sionist ideologies during the XXth century) and international relationships. All these elements will permit us to find a coherence about failures and successes since 1948 in the story of the Middle East and the fact that the State of Israel has only two borders internationally recognized with Jordan and Egypt, more than 50 years after its birth. ; La question moyenne-orientale est dans l'actualité depuis 1948. C'est en cette année que se crée l'Etat d'Israël sur les décombres du mandat britannique en Palestine. Dès le commencement, la guerre va commencer à fixer les frontières entre Israël et ses voisins arabes. Cependant, après 1967, une nouvelle question va apparaître, celle des relations avec les Territoires occupés. En conséquence, l'Etat d'Israël aura deux questions frontalières à gérer : la question interétatique classique et la question interne avec les Palestiniens. Cette recherche tente de démontrer les voies employées par les différents acteurs régionaux et internationaux pour trouver une solution à cette question juridique qui cause l'instabilité régionale. On s'appuiera sur le ...

Ḥam Ribi Avram Finci's Ladino Translation of Selected Texts from the Zohar as a Rare Glimpse into the Methodology of Traditional Bosnian Sephardic Yeshivot (Adult Learning Clubs) and Its Relation to the Local Sufi Islamic Tradition of DersIn traditional Sephardic culture, theoretical Kabbalah was an exclusive patrimony of the rabbinic elite. From the 17th century onward, many Sephardic laymen found even the Hebrew liturgical, and especially speculative, texts to be impenetrable and incomprehensible. Consequently, the rabbinic elite began to translate liturgical texts and halakhic works into popular Judeo-Spanish. However, the Zohar was usually not included in these projects of cultural intermediation. Consequently, a Judeo-Spanish translation of the integral text of the Zohar, or even of one of its volumes, does not exist to this day. At the same time, different Sephardic rabbis translated selected excerpts from the Zohar into the vernacular. This paper analyses one such anthology, Avram ben Moshe Finci's Leket a-Zoar, published in 5619 (1858/9) in Belgrade. The anthology contains 246 excerpts from the Zohar, 121 of which conclude with Finci's own reflections and a resumé of the moral of the story. Many of Finci's discourses are masterpieces of the traditional Judeo-Spanish oral genre of darush. Finci was not interested in explaining theoretical kabbalistic terms and concepts. Rather, he reads the Zohar as if it were a work of Mussar. The traditional learning of Bosnian Sephardim seems to resemble, in both methodology and content, the learning traditions of their Muslim neighbours, showing once again that settled communities such as the Ottoman Sephardim cannot be researched only in the context of their affinity to the Jewish world. It is impossible to understand the way the Ottoman Sephardim developed Jewish concepts, practices and institutes without acknowledging the common Ottoman culture they shared with their Muslim and Christian neighbours. Przekład Ḥam Ribi Avrama Finciego wybranych tekstów Zoharu na ladino jako rzadkie spojrzenie w metodologię pracy tradycyjnych bośniacko-sefardyjskich jeszybot (klubów edukacyjnych dla dorosłych) oraz jej związek z lokalną, islamsko-suficką tradycją homiletyczną W tradycyjnej kulturze sefardyjskiej kabała teoretyczna była dziedzictwem wyłącznie uczonej elity rabinów. Od wieku XVII dla wiernych należących do niewykształconych mas bardziej skomplikowane teksty liturgiczne (nie wspominając o spekulatywnych) były niezrozumiałe, dlatego też elita rabiniczna podjęła się zadania tłumaczenia podstawowych pism liturgicznych i halahicznych na język żydowsko-hiszpański. Ponieważ dzieła Zohar zwykle nie włączano do tego kulturalno-mediacyjnego projektu, do chwili obecnej nie powstał integralny, żydowsko-hiszpański przekład ani jednej z jego ksiąg. Różni rabini sefardyjscy przekładali na żydowsko-hiszpański jedynie własny wybór najbardziej pouczających tekstów pochodzących z tego ogromnego korpusu. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje jeden z takich zbiorów wybranych fragmentów, słynny Leket a-Zoar autorstwa Ḥam Ribi Avrama (syna Mojżesza) Finciego, wydany w Belgradzie w 5619 (1858/9) roku. Antologia Finciego zawiera przekład 246 fragmentów ksiąg Zoharu, z których 121 kończy się własnymi refleksjami i komentarzami Finciego. Wiele z tych wykładów Finciego to arcydzieła tradycyjnego sefardyjskiego gatunku ustnego darush ('kazanie'). Finci, jako komentator, nie był zainteresowany wyjaśnianiem zagmatwanych kabalistycznych terminów i konceptów. Chętniej czytał i tłumaczył Zohar jak dzieło musar – dzieło żydowskiej etyki. Jak się wydaje, w tym podejściu połączyły się tradycyjny bośniacko-sefardyjski sposób czytania, uczenia i tłumaczenia ksiąg Zoharu oraz lokalna bośniacko-muzułmańska tradycja czytania, uczenia i tłumaczenia klasycznych tekstów sufickich. Dowodzi to faktu, że wspólnoty żydowskie, zakorzenione w określonym kontekście cywilizacyjnym, nie mogą być studiowane jedynie przez pryzmat ich wyjątkowości wobec reszty świata żydowskiego ani przez pryzmat kongruencji z nim. Niemożliwe jest zrozumienie rozwoju sefardyjskich idei, praktyk i instytucji bez brania pod uwagę wspólnej osmańskiej cywilizacji, w tworzeniu i rozwoju której Sefardyjczycy przez prawie 500 lat brali udział razem ze swoimi muzułmańskimi chrześcijańsko-prawosławnymi sąsiadami.

[only abstract in English; full article, abstract in Lithuanian] The purpose of this article is to suggest an innovative theoretical approach to modern democracy and its implicit contradiction between the idea of public sovereignty and the model of political representation. The apparent practical problem arising from this contradiction is the lack of legitimacy in democratically elected officials and parliament in general. The article argues that the issue with democratic representation cannot be explained sociologically, but must include a theoretical analysis of the normative contradiction between the egalitarian principle of sovereignty of the people and the hierarchical model of political representation. The article develops its argument from the conceptual framework laid down in the political theory of Montesquieu. Montesquieu's thoughts on political regimes offer important insights about modern representative democracy, highlighting the structural relationship between what he called the "nature of democracy" (the rule of the people) and the "generating principle of democracy" (love for equality). Three contemporary interpretations of Montesquieu's theory (by Fred Dallmayr, Michael Mosher and Sharon Krause) are introduced and critically evaluated. The article concludes that: Representative democracy suffers from a structural tension between the democratic idea of the rule of the people and its practical implementation through the model of representation, which was inherited from predemocratic monarchic regimes. The problem is not sociological but structural. Montesquieu's theory offers a conceptual framework for analyzing the inner tension of representative democracy between the ideas of egalitarianism and political hierarchy. Contemporary authors suggest different interpretations of Montesquieu's thought and offer several strategies for the possible improvement of democratic rule, such as (1) redrawing the notion of representation, (2) creating a more empowered civic society and (3) introducing a meritocratic educational system for individuals. Yet, they all miss the original idea posed by the Enlightenment philosopher regarding the balance between the democratic principle (passion for equality) and its natural claim to represent the people with "intermediary institutions" that mitigate the adverse tendencies of the democratic form of government. Philosophical discussions about democratic legitimacy should consider one Montesquieu's statement that is rarely theoretically acknowledged: that democratic political representation needs non-egalitarian social ideas. This means that democracy must tolerate certain non-democratic social ideas (such as honor) for its own benefit, because they provide the necessary balancing institutions. Such an idea would benefit the ongoing debates about democracy by providing a more structural outlook on the fundamental source of the problem (which is a structural collision of contradictory ideas: "equality" vs. "hierarchy") than those offered by the sociological strategies of democratization or civic empowerment. ; [straipsnis, santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Straipsnio tikslas yra konceptualiai apžvelgti ir išryškinti moderniai atstovaujamajai demokratijai būdingą vidinį prieštaravimą tarp lygybės idėja grįsto liaudies suverenumo principo ir hierarchiją įtvirtinančio politinės reprezentacijos mechanizmo. Siekiant šio tikslo palyginama filosofo Montesquieu politinių santvarkų teorijoje pristatoma demokratijos samprata ir trys šiuolaikinės jos interpretacijos. Straipsnyje ginama retai dabartinių politikos filosofų akcentuojama mintis, kad politinės valdžios atstovaujamojoje demokratijoje legitimumo stoka yra ne socialinės, bet politinės kilmės problema. Chroninis nepasitikėjimas demokratiškai išrinktais atstovais nėra tik visuomenės brandos ar pilietiškumo trūkumo požymis. Tai – struktūrinės įtampos tarp modernaus liaudies valdžios principo ir jo pritaikymo iš monarchijos laikų paveldėtam parlamentiniam reprezentacijos mechanizmui padarinys. Šio atstovaujamajame valdyme užkoduoto politinių idėjų prieštaravimo negali išspręsti socialinė inžinerija ar piliečių demokratizavimo strategijos. Straipsnyje mėginama aktualizuoti Apšvietos epochos filosofų mintį, kad demokratinei politinei reprezentacijai efektyviai veikti reikalinga nedemokratinė hierarchinė socialinio etoso idėja.

This edition of the U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy continues to reflect the structure and approach of the core national security strategy and policy curriculum at the War College. The fourth edition is published in two volumes that correspond roughly to the Department of National Security and Strategy's core courses: "Theory of War and Strategy" and "National Security Policy and Strategy." Like previous editions, this one is largely an expansion of its predecessor rather than a major rewriting. About a quarter of the chapters are new, and several others have undergone significant rewrites or updates. However, approximately half of the book remains unchanged. Although this is not primarily a textbook, it does reflect both the method and manner we use to teach strategy formulation to America's future senior leaders. The book is not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either strategic theory or the policymaking process. Both volumes are organized to proceed from the general to the specific. Thus the first volume opens with general thoughts on the nature and theory of war and strategy, proceeds to look at the complex aspect of power, and concludes with specific theoretical issues. Similarly, the second volume begins by examining the policy/strategy process, moves to a look at the strategic environment, and concludes with some specific issues. This edition adds several short case studies that can be used to illustrate the primary material in the volume. ; "July 2010." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; V. II. National security policy and strategy -- The national system and environment. Crafting national interests in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- The national security community, revisited / Walter H. Leach -- Making national security policy in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- National security and the interagency process / Gabriel Marcella -- PDD-56 : a glass half-full / John F. Troxell -- National security powers : are the checks in balance? / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- National military strategies : 1990-2009 / Richard M. Meinhart -- Present at the counterrevolution : an essay on the 2005 national defense strategy and its impact on policy / Nathan P. Freier -- Securing America from attack : the Defense Department's evolving role after 9/11 / Frank L. Jones -- The appropriate role of intelligence in the making of national security policy / Anthony R. Williams -- The international system and environment. The international system in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- International relations theory and American grand strategy / Janeen M. Klinger -- Multilateralism and unilateralism / James A. Helis -- Regional studies in a global age / R. Craig Nation -- "Lawyers, guns, and money" : transnational threats and U.S. national security / Paul Rexton Kan -- Ethical issues in war : an overview / Martin L. Cook -- Strategic issues and considerations. Ethics and war in comparative religious perspective / David L. Perry -- International law and the new world order : redefining sovereignty / Thomas W. McShane -- A nationalist's view of lawfare / David G. Bolgiano -- The United States and the International Criminal Court / Thomas W. McShane -- Retooling U.S. public diplomacy as a strategic instrument of foreign policy / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- A primer on civil-military relations for senior leaders / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- New requirements for a new challenge : the military's role in border security / Bert B. Tussing -- Creating strategy in an era of change : the Plains Indian wars / Clayton K.S. Chun -- U.S. relations with North Korea, 1991-2000 / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Painting yourself into a corner : conflict termination, unconditional surrender, and the case of Japan / Clayton K.S. Chun -- The guerrilla warfare problem : revolutionary war and the Kennedy administration response, 1961-1964 / Frank L. Jones. ; V. I. Theory of war and strategy -- Introduction / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Strategic theory. Why is strategy difficult? / David Jablonsky -- A survey of the theory of strategy / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Toward a theory of strategy : Art Lykke and the U.S. Army War College strategy model / H. Richard Yarger -- The strategic appraisal : the key to effective strategy / H. Richard Yarger -- Managing strategic risk / James F. Holcomb -- A theory of victory / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Toward a strategic theory of terrorism : defining boundaries in the ongoing search for security / Frank L. Jones -- Thucydides and contemporary strategy / R. Craig Nation -- The elements of power. National power / David Jablonsky -- National power / R. Craig Nation -- Strategic communication : wielding the information element of power / Dennis M. Murphy -- Diplomacy as an instrument of national power / Reed J. Fendrick -- Theory and practice of modern diplomacy : origins and development to 1914 / Louis J. Nigro, Jr. -- Economic diplomacy : views of a practitioner / Constance Phlipot -- Economics : a key element of national power / Clayton K.S. Chun -- Political economy and national security : a primer / Janeen M. Klinger -- Military power and the use of force / John F. Troxell -- Strategic issues and considerations. Systems thinking in campaign design / Charles D. Allen and Glenn K. Cunningham -- Intelligence as a tool of strategy / John Aclin -- Air power theory : an analytical narrative from the First World War to the present / Tami Davis Biddle -- John Warden's five ring model and the indirect approach to war / Clayton K. S. Chun -- Naval theory for soldiers / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- The network-centric warfare journey : realizing the power of information / Jeffrey L. Groh -- Space power : a strategic assessment and a way forward / Jeffrey A. Farnsworth. ; This edition of the U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy continues to reflect the structure and approach of the core national security strategy and policy curriculum at the War College. The fourth edition is published in two volumes that correspond roughly to the Department of National Security and Strategy's core courses: "Theory of War and Strategy" and "National Security Policy and Strategy." Like previous editions, this one is largely an expansion of its predecessor rather than a major rewriting. About a quarter of the chapters are new, and several others have undergone significant rewrites or updates. However, approximately half of the book remains unchanged. Although this is not primarily a textbook, it does reflect both the method and manner we use to teach strategy formulation to America's future senior leaders. The book is not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either strategic theory or the policymaking process. Both volumes are organized to proceed from the general to the specific. Thus the first volume opens with general thoughts on the nature and theory of war and strategy, proceeds to look at the complex aspect of power, and concludes with specific theoretical issues. Similarly, the second volume begins by examining the policy/strategy process, moves to a look at the strategic environment, and concludes with some specific issues. This edition adds several short case studies that can be used to illustrate the primary material in the volume. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Previously titled: U.S. Army War College guide to national security policy and strategy.

The purpose of the article is to discuss punishments of kürek, i.e., penal servitude on the galleys, and forced labor at the Imperial Arsenal (Tersâne-i Amire), imposed on Jewish men by kadis and Ottoman governors during the 16th-19th centuries in the Ottoman Empire. The kürek (lit. "oar") punishment was inflicted for serious crimes, e.g., adultery, heresy, prostitution, and coin-clipping, as well as other grave offenses for which the Shari'ah/Kanon prescribed the death penalty. At times it was also administered for lesser crimes. We learn that this punishment was administered particularly when the Ottoman navy needed more working hands, mainly after the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571 and during the campaign for the conquest of Crete in the 1660s. This punishment was meted out mainly to Jewish offenders from Istanbul and Izmir. The article discusses the execution of these punishments in light of many sources and draws conclusions in the light of extensive research literature. 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Nos. 1-56, July 26, 1913-Aug. 15, 1914, were issued weekly in the form of leaflets; no. 57-92, Jan. 1915-Dec. 1917, monthly, in the form of pamphlets, containing studies in government; no. 93-95, irregularly issued. ; Description based on: no. 57 (Jan. 1915) ; Title from cover. ; no. 83. Japanese administration and finance. Mar. 1917. no. 84. Problems of highway administration. Apr. 1917. Bibliography: p. 255-269. no. 85. Widows' pension legislation. May 1917. no. 86. The New York state legislative budget for 1917. June 1917. no. 87. Canadian provincial budget systems and financial history. July 1917. no. 88. The New York city budget. Aug. 1917. no. 89. Instruction in civics in New York city high schools; a statistical survey. Sept. 1917. Appendix: Regents' questions in American history with civics for the last ten years. (p. 33-39). no. 90. The state movement for efficiency and economy. Oct. 1917. Appendix: Bibliography of efficiency and scientific management in government. (p. 152-163). no. 91. The recent movement for state budget reform: 1911-1917. Nov. 1917. Bibliography: p. 147-155. no. 92. The governor's budget in Maine, 1917. Dec. 1917. no. 93. The New York state legislative budget and financial measures for 1918. 1918. no. 94. The traction crisis in New York, by C. A. Beard. 1919. no.95. Quantity and cost budgets for clerical workers in New York city, April, 1921, by W. E. Mosher. 1921. ; No. 76. Standardization of public employments. pt. II: The practical side of standardization in American governments. Aug. 1916. no. 77. Citizen agencies for research in government. Pt. I. Sept. 1916. no. 78-79. The engineer in public service, by F.E. Breithut. pt. I-II. Oct.-Nov. 1916. no. 80. The elements of state budget making. Dec. 1916. no. 81. Some results and limitations of central financial control as shown by nine years' experience in New York City. Jan. 1917. no. 82. Highway laws of the United States; a topical discussion, by A.N. Johnson. Feb. 1917. ; no. 70. Budget legislation in two states [New York and New Jersey] Febr. 1916. no. 71. A national program to improve methods of government. Mar. 1916. no. 72. The history of appropriations in the legislative session of 1916, New York State. Apr. 1916. no. 73. Three proposed constitutional amendments for control of the purse. [Maryland and New York] May 1916. no. 74. The accounting and reporting methods of the State of New York. June 1916. no. 75. The purposes of the indebtedness of American cities, 1880-1912. July 1916. ; no. 64. State finances: a report on the financial procedure of the State of New York, with special reference to the direct tax, 1911-1916. August 1915. no. 65. Administration of the Indian Office. Supplement: Public opinion and national economy, by R.A. Cutting. Sept. 1915. no. 66. Legal rights of civil servants in the City of New York. Oct. 1915. no. 67. Standardization of public employments. pt. I. [An interpretation] Nov. 1915. no. 68. Training for municipal service. Dec. 1915. no. 69. Responsible government. Jan. 1916. ; Comparative analysis of annual appropriations, 1903-1915. Mar. 1915. no. 60. The condition of the New York State sinking funds. Apr. 1915. no. 61. The constitution and government of the State of New York. May 1915. no. 62. Budget systems: a discussion before the New York Constitution Convention. June 1915. no. 63. State administration: discussions of proposed amendments for the reorganization of the executive branch before the New York Constitutional Convention. July 1915. ; no. 57. The citizen and the government. Next steps in the development of a budget procedure for the City of Greater New York. Jan. 1915. no. 58. "A state budget." Constructive proposals to be submitted to the State Constitutional Convention. The practical side of "budget procedure". Feb. 1915. no. 59. Financial problems of the City of New York. New York City's needs for a financial program. The one hundred million dollar loan and the "pay-as-you-go" agreement. Possibilities for retrenchment. Responsibility of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Issued July 1913-Jan. 1916 by the Bureau of Municipal Research; Feb. 1916-1921 by the Bureau of Municipal Research and Training School for Public Service.

This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell–driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.

This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell–driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.

This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed following the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is a joint initiative of the Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF; EuroGuiDerm), and the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology with the participation of 64 delegates of 50 national and international societies and from 31 countries. The consensus conference was held on 3 December 2020. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell–driven disease that presents with wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence for acute urticaria is approximately 20%. Chronic spontaneous or inducible urticaria is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.

Anläßlich des 50. Jahrestages der Gründung des israelischen Staates werden wichtige Aspekte der deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen unter zeitgeschichtlichen und aktuellen Gesichtspunkten behandelt. Außerdem werden für die Staatsgründung entscheidende Persönlichkeiten wie Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion und Golda Meir gewürdigt. Die Rolle der jüdischen Religion in Israel zwischen orthodoxem und progressivem Judentum wird diskutiert. Ausführlich wird auf die Entwicklung des Nahostkonflikts vor dem Hintergrund der Oslo-Abkommen eingegangen, auf die Möglichkeiten für die Realisierung des Friedensprozesses und eines Konzeptes regionaler Sicherheit. Eher am Rande werden die Rolle der israelischen Gewerkschaftsbewegung (Histadrut) und die Verbindungen zwischen Israel und den deutschen Sozialdemokraten dargestellt. (FUB-Hng)