Suchergebnisse

Plates numbered A-G, I-XXIV. ; At head of title: Egyptian Government. Anti-malaria Commission. ; References interspersed. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Malaria is making a comeback in the United States. Mosquitos might be part of the solution.

This edited volume focuses on contemporary developments in mosquito control policies. It is premised on the idea that, in view of the social and ecological changes of recent decades, effective management of vector mosquitoes calls for a break with the old North/South, environment/health dualisms. Increasing urbanization and climate change encourage the proliferation of vector mosquitoes and expand their range of distribution. Globalization and the accelerated flow of human beings, insect vectors and viruses are increasing epidemic risks. In the North, populations are now exposed to emerging or re-emerging epidemic risks (dengue fever, chikungunya, zika, malaria, etc.). However, comfort-based mosquito control techniques designed predominantly to reduce a nuisance have proven ineffective against vector mosquitoes. In the South, social acceptance of large-scale insecticide spraying is waning. Ecological concerns are voiced with growing insistence, denouncing a cure that can be worse than the disease. Reliance on chemical control appears even less desirable as its effectiveness declines due to increasing insecticide resistance among mosquitoes. Meanwhile, genetic engineering is still in the trial and error phase and raises new ethical questions. The changes studied here are socio-environmental. To understand them, this volume proposes a dialogue between sociology, geography, entomology, epidemiology and ecology based on several study areas in Africa, the Indian Ocean, America and Europe. These analyses show that the relationships between human societies and mosquitoes are more deeply enmeshed than ever, as if caught in a duel that is still all too often fatal.

AbstractFloodwater mosquitoes cause serious problems especially the spread of mosquito‐borne diseases. The main challenge is to implement acceptable general mitigation methods. In recent years, encouraging steps have been taken in favour of developing more sustainable measures such as modern biological methods. The novelty of the present study is in suggesting an alternative green method that can eliminate the use of any secondary biological or chemical agents. The method is based on establishing an alternative river regulation scheme that limits flooding of high‐risk lowland areas. A combined hydrodynamic modelling and optimization method gave effective river regulation schemes. The main idea is to maintain the total power production for a modified inflow hydrograph. The approach was applied to a 30‐km reach of the Österdalälven River located in central Sweden. It was found that with the specific constraints of the site a reduction of about 8% of lowland flood areas is possible if the inflow hydrograph is moderately modified by 20%. Higher reductions are possible by further modification of the hydrograph. The proposed method has a general character controlled by the specific site requirements of a critical flow or a water surface elevation. Based on the foregoing information, the method can be applied to similar sites.

The chikungunya fever epidemic in northern Italy in 2007 and the recent demonstration of the introduction of various exotic mosquito species alerted the European nations to a growing risk of invasion by vector mosquitoes and outbreaks of mosquito-borne infectious diseases. The importation of both mosquitoes and pathogens they are able to transmit is facilitated by increasing international trade and travel. Environmental and climatic changes do not only set the ground for the establishment of invasive mosquitoes away from their natural distribution areas but often also have beneficial effects on indigenous potential vector species, such as support of spread, growth in population density and extension of seasonal activity, thus increasing the probability of these biting a person or a reservoir animal infected with a mosquito-borne pathogen and transmitting it. While there is a considerable body of literature on invasive mosquito species and imported pathogens due to their relevance in their natural distribution areas, data on endemic mosquito species and mosquito-borne pathogens circulating in Europe are relatively scarce. With a few exceptions, these have in fact for several decades been of minor importance with respect to public health impact. Both the role of mosquitoes as vectors of disease agents and the scientific and political attention to mosquito-borne diseases, however, appear to be growing in Europe with ongoing globalization. We here discuss indigenous mosquito species that have historically been involved in pathogen transmission in Europe or have been demonstrated to be vectors elsewhere and that may contribute to future disease outbreaks in Europe. Likewise, we present mosquito-borne pathogens that have been circulating in Europe or are considered probable to be introduced and established in the future.

With climate change impacting mosquito populations in the UK and Europe attention is turning to the increased risk of new diseases becoming established in our mosquito populations. APHA's Vector-Borne Diseases Workgroup Head, Nick Johnson, and Dr Karen Mansfield, Dr Estela Gonzalez-Fernandez, Sanam Sewgobind and Insiyah Parekh from the Arbovirus Research Team reveal more.

Context Conservation of insectivorous bat populations requires appropriate management of foraging habitats and the prey resources they sustain. Endangered coastal saltmarsh communities support a diverse range of aquatic and terrestrial arthropods, including the saltmarsh mosquito (Aedes vigilax Skuse), an important vector of mosquito-borne viruses and a potentially important prey resource for insectivorous bats. Prey detectability by bats is considered to be limited with low-frequency echolocation, particularly in cluttered habitats, that may render abundant Ae. vigilax populations unavailable to some bat species. Aims To investigate relationships between availability of Ae. vigilax and non-mosquito prey, and the activity of foraging insectivorous bats in a range of coastal habitats. Methods We measured nightly bat activity and the abundance of prey (mosquito and non-mosquito) concurrently during neap and spring tides in saltmarsh, urban and forest habitats. Comparisons were made between tidal cycle and habitats, and relationships between bat activity and the abundance of prey were examined. Key results Whereas prey abundances were generally greatest in saltmarsh and forest habitats, bat activity was greatest in the forest habitat. However, proportional feeding activity was greatest in saltmarsh. Prey abundance was positively correlated with total bat activity only in the open saltmarsh, where an absence of clutter would maximise prey detectability and thus availability. Positive correlations between Ae. vigilax abundance and bat activity, across all habitats, were restricted to bats of the Vespadelus genus, which are small-sized bats that employ high-frequency echolocation suitable for detection of small prey along edges. Conclusions These findings suggest that Ae. vigilax may be an important prey resource for small, high-frequency echolocating bats capable of discerning small prey within cluttered forest as well as exploiting abundant prey in the open saltmarsh. Implications Small, high-frequency echolocating bats should be the focus of future studies investigating the importance of small prey, such as Ae. vigilax, to the diets of foraging bats.

Este texto analiza los mosquitos de la ciudad de Santo Domingo, donde existente 59 especies, de las cuales 13 han sido descritas por primera vez para la Ciencia y para nuestro territorio.

"Reprinted from the scientific reports from the Government Institute for Infectious Diseases, volume III, 1924;" and . "volume IV, 1925." ; Cover-title. ; Mode of access: Internet.