Suchergebnisse

The topic of this Master's thesis is The Consolidation of Parenthood and Family Guarantees of Social Protection Under The National and European Union Law. The research begins by determining social protection guarantees within the legal system of Lithuania. The definition of social risk is distinguished as well as the need to apply social protection guarantees in case of the occurrence of social risk. The second part of the research deals with specific social protection guarantees which establish family relation security under the national law of Lithuania. The analysis of social protection guarantees that ensure jurisdictional regulations for both motherhood and fatherhood before and after the birth of a child is carried out. Also, an analysis is carried out which covers relevant legislations, their order of implementation as well as the issues faced during the implementation of parenthood social protection guarantees in the national law of Lithuania. The third part addresses the EU law- the main EU directives governing motherhood security and parental leave implementation are studied. Particular attention is paid to the newly adopted EU directive "for the work-life balance of parents and supervisors". Since this directive is still pending entry into force, legal measures which Lithuania has to ensure are being analyzed in order to put this directive into practice in its national law. Conclusions, covering the compliance of the national law of Lithuania to EU law accordingly to the subject are drawn in the end.

The topic of this Master's thesis is The Consolidation of Parenthood and Family Guarantees of Social Protection Under The National and European Union Law. The research begins by determining social protection guarantees within the legal system of Lithuania. The definition of social risk is distinguished as well as the need to apply social protection guarantees in case of the occurrence of social risk. The second part of the research deals with specific social protection guarantees which establish family relation security under the national law of Lithuania. The analysis of social protection guarantees that ensure jurisdictional regulations for both motherhood and fatherhood before and after the birth of a child is carried out. Also, an analysis is carried out which covers relevant legislations, their order of implementation as well as the issues faced during the implementation of parenthood social protection guarantees in the national law of Lithuania. The third part addresses the EU law- the main EU directives governing motherhood security and parental leave implementation are studied. Particular attention is paid to the newly adopted EU directive "for the work-life balance of parents and supervisors". Since this directive is still pending entry into force, legal measures which Lithuania has to ensure are being analyzed in order to put this directive into practice in its national law. Conclusions, covering the compliance of the national law of Lithuania to EU law accordingly to the subject are drawn in the end.

The topic of this Master's thesis is The Consolidation of Parenthood and Family Guarantees of Social Protection Under The National and European Union Law. The research begins by determining social protection guarantees within the legal system of Lithuania. The definition of social risk is distinguished as well as the need to apply social protection guarantees in case of the occurrence of social risk. The second part of the research deals with specific social protection guarantees which establish family relation security under the national law of Lithuania. The analysis of social protection guarantees that ensure jurisdictional regulations for both motherhood and fatherhood before and after the birth of a child is carried out. Also, an analysis is carried out which covers relevant legislations, their order of implementation as well as the issues faced during the implementation of parenthood social protection guarantees in the national law of Lithuania. The third part addresses the EU law- the main EU directives governing motherhood security and parental leave implementation are studied. Particular attention is paid to the newly adopted EU directive "for the work-life balance of parents and supervisors". Since this directive is still pending entry into force, legal measures which Lithuania has to ensure are being analyzed in order to put this directive into practice in its national law. Conclusions, covering the compliance of the national law of Lithuania to EU law accordingly to the subject are drawn in the end.

The topic of this Master's thesis is The Consolidation of Parenthood and Family Guarantees of Social Protection Under The National and European Union Law. The research begins by determining social protection guarantees within the legal system of Lithuania. The definition of social risk is distinguished as well as the need to apply social protection guarantees in case of the occurrence of social risk. The second part of the research deals with specific social protection guarantees which establish family relation security under the national law of Lithuania. The analysis of social protection guarantees that ensure jurisdictional regulations for both motherhood and fatherhood before and after the birth of a child is carried out. Also, an analysis is carried out which covers relevant legislations, their order of implementation as well as the issues faced during the implementation of parenthood social protection guarantees in the national law of Lithuania. The third part addresses the EU law- the main EU directives governing motherhood security and parental leave implementation are studied. Particular attention is paid to the newly adopted EU directive "for the work-life balance of parents and supervisors". Since this directive is still pending entry into force, legal measures which Lithuania has to ensure are being analyzed in order to put this directive into practice in its national law. Conclusions, covering the compliance of the national law of Lithuania to EU law accordingly to the subject are drawn in the end.

The object of work is a legal protection of two main values in human life of a family and work. The family is a cell of a society and the state base. The worker which has family duties - the man or the woman which should care of the children, and also about the near relations who require social protection and leaving. The fulfilled duty to a family does not allow to be realised completely on a labour market. The favorable environment for the worker of the having obligation to a family is created by means of the state and regional services, by means of system of family services and by means of the employer and the family. Principles which help to establish the favorable environment for a family it those principles which are regulated in between the national and national right. Family protection is one of overall objectives of the international organisation of work and the European union and the Lithuanian state. In their legal certificates and recommendations that the worker the fulfilling duty to a family should not be discriminated in questions of employment and in a payment. Also such worker should not be discriminated in a society surrounding it. The motherhood and paternity should be strong protected by means of the understanding employer and the state. The state should guarantee social protection in questions of the social benefit for a family and a legal protection of the family rights.

The object of work is a legal protection of two main values in human life of a family and work. The family is a cell of a society and the state base. The worker which has family duties - the man or the woman which should care of the children, and also about the near relations who require social protection and leaving. The fulfilled duty to a family does not allow to be realised completely on a labour market. The favorable environment for the worker of the having obligation to a family is created by means of the state and regional services, by means of system of family services and by means of the employer and the family. Principles which help to establish the favorable environment for a family it those principles which are regulated in between the national and national right. Family protection is one of overall objectives of the international organisation of work and the European union and the Lithuanian state. In their legal certificates and recommendations that the worker the fulfilling duty to a family should not be discriminated in questions of employment and in a payment. Also such worker should not be discriminated in a society surrounding it. The motherhood and paternity should be strong protected by means of the understanding employer and the state. The state should guarantee social protection in questions of the social benefit for a family and a legal protection of the family rights.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study's findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

Plutarch's works often serve as a starting point for feminist criticism – the writer is called both a feminist who surpassed his times and a spokesperson for the traditional patriarchal society who sees women as passive and inferior to men. Others are certain that Plutarch hates women and atributes all possible character flaws to them. According to some, Plutarch despises educated women, yet others, contrarily, state that he enjoyed the company of educated women no less than that of educated men. Such a vast range of different expert opinions may be due to Plutarch's vast literary legacy as well as the peculiarity of his way of thinking and his "generic sensibility": the tendency to change his approach in consideration of different generic demands. Nevertheless, it is impossible to disagree that Plutarch did write the lives of men, and not of women. However, in the remaining Lives of famous Greeks and Romans, we meet plenty of women whose acts and moral principles may serve as examples not only for women, but also for men. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that Plutarch, despite of sometimes relying on stereotypes, regards women according to the same ethical principles as he applies to men. Plutarch depicts women not as passive and submissive, but as autonomous and mature characters who are active not only in their private world, but in the political world too. They overstep the traditional social boundaries of the stereotype "feminine matrix." He accentuates two of women's social roles that, according to his judgement, are of the greatest importance: motherhood and partnership. In Plutarch's narrative, women are associated with love – the selfless motherly love, or marital love based on the community of thoughts and feelings. Plutarch draws attention not to the physical beauty of women, which is traditionally related to feminine sexuality in masculine psychology, but to the integrity of their characters. Love between a husband and wife, based not only on eros, but on devotion and friendship, is the primary representation of erotic love in his Lives.