Suchergebnisse

The principal threat most autocratic leaders face stems from within the regime. To control militaries and mitigate the risk of coups d'état, many autocratic leaders repeatedly purge strong officers from the military. What are the causes and consequences of such purges? Despite its importance, scholars rarely have studied the question, as they have lacked a systematic and comprehensive dataset. The Military Purges in Dictatorships (MPD) dataset contains information on the dates and characteristics of 1,007 military purges, and covers 566 political leaders in 116 authoritarian countries over the period 1965 to 2005. In this article, I describe MPD, compare it with other datasets, present descriptive statistics on the data, and suggest its applications. By coding the timing and various characteristics of military purges, MPD facilitates empirical study of the relationships between autocratic leaders and their militaries, and thus is useful for researchers studying political violence, repression, civil-military relations, coup-proofing, leader survival, and regime transition.

The principal threat most autocratic leaders face stems from within the regime. To control militaries and mitigate the risk of coups d'état, many autocratic leaders repeatedly purge strong officers from the military. What are the causes and consequences of such purges? Despite its importance, scholars rarely have studied the question, as they have lacked a systematic and comprehensive dataset. The Military Purges in Dictatorships (MPD) dataset contains information on the dates and characteristics of 1,007 military purges, and covers 566 political leaders in 116 authoritarian countries over the period 1965 to 2005. In this article, I describe MPD, compare it with other datasets, present descriptive statistics on the data, and suggest its applications. By coding the timing and various characteristics of military purges, MPD facilitates empirical study of the relationships between autocratic leaders and their militaries, and thus is useful for researchers studying political violence, repression, civil-military relations, coup-proofing, leader survival, and regime transition.

A lack of creativity and political will is placing the country's Metropolitan Police Departments (MPDs) at risk of losing legitimacy, as management and councils pay lip service to evidence of dwindling organisational integrity. The introduction of targeted and random integrity tests within the departments is urgently needed to turn the tide on abuses of power, and can be implemented easily enough.

Abstract: This research uses qualitative naturalistic approach with field research type (field research).From some of the materials contained in this research, can be drawn some conclusions, among others: Ingeneral, the administrative education services of the secretariat and the response about all the educationalproblems of the Commissioners of the Regional Education Council (MPD) of Subulussalam Municipalityhave gone better than before. This is based on the results of observations of researchers, either from theobservation or direct interviews of the informants, and not least the informants from the external institutionitself. However, there are some indicators that have not been run in accordance with the wishes of thecommunity, among others: a) Not yet fulfilled or not perfect some commissions that have been mandatedby Qanun/Local Regulation of Subulussalam Municipality; b) There has not been found the working rulesof the commission in the Regional Education Council (MPD) of Subulussalam City, both conceptually andjuridically. Likewise, the completeness and supporting facilities in the field of administration entrusted tothe secretariat, until now there are still some indicators that have not been met include: a) The structure ofthe secretariat board has not been fully fulfilled; b) The Secretariat has three Subdivisions of which one ofthe publications and documentation looks not maximally empowered; c) The vision of the institutionalmission until now has not been updated; d) The most urgent office of the Regional Education Assembly(MPD) of Subulussalam City until now has not been realized.

AbstractThe management of the former PNPM-MPd funds does not yet have a legal umbrella, both laws, and regulations in other forms. Based on this, the authors see that there are legal problems, namely a legal vacuum (vacuum of Recht) regarding the management of former PNPM-MPd funds so that they have the potential to cause state financial losses (corruption). This paper includes normative juridical research with a statue approach and a conceptual approach. The results showed that the management of former PNPM-MPd funds was not explicitly regulated in statutory regulations. The potential for the occurrence of criminal acts of corruption to be exposed, as evidenced by the existence of criminal acts of corruption regarding the abuse of authority, resulting in losses to state finances. So that it takes legal politics to formulate the management of former PNPM-MPd funds so as not to harm state finances (the occurrence of criminal acts of corruption).Keywords: Political Law; Former Fund of the National Program for Rural Community Empowerment; Criminal Acts of Corruption.AbstrakPengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd belum memiliki payung hukum baik undang-undang maupun peraturan dalam bentuk yang lainnya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis melihat terdapat permasalahan hukum yaitu kekosongan hukum (vacuum of recht) mengenai pengaturan pengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd sehingga berpotensi untuk menimbulkan kerugian keuangan negara (tindak pidana korupsi). Makalah ini termasuk penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statue approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd tidak diatur secara eksplisit di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Potensi terjadinya tindak pidana korupsi menjadi terbuka, terbukti dengan adanya tindak pidana korupsi mengenai penyalahgunaan kewenangan sehingga menimbulkan kerugian keuangan negara. Sehingga diperlukan politik hukum untuk melakukan formulasi pengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd agar tidak ...

Mengentaskan penduduk dari lingkaran kemiskinan diperlukan kebijaksanaan, organisasi, komitmen dan program, serta pendekatan yang tepat, maka diluncurkan program khusus penanggulangan kemiskinan dengan mendorong semangat keswadayaan dan kemandirian penduduk miskin yang produktif untuk bersama melepaskan diri dari kemiskinan. Dalam program khusus ini dibentuk kelompok-kelompok swadaya dengan semangata kooperatif yang dikembangkan di kalangan masyarakat desa. Kebijaksanaan tersebut dituangkan dalam program PNPM-MPd. Pertanyaan penelitiannya adalah bagaimana perencanaan PNPM-MPd di kabupaten Cirebon? Bagaimana pelaksanaan PNPM-MPd di kabupaten cirebon ? dan apakah manfaat, kendala pelaksanaan PNPM-MPd di kabupaten Cirebon? Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pemberdayaan ekonomi melalui pelaksanaan PNPM-MPd di kabupaten Cirebon, untuk mengetahui kondisi ekonomi masyarakat desa di kabupaten Cirebon. Pendekatan yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis kualitatif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan studi kepustakaan, dengan lokasi penelitian dalam pembahasan ini adalah masyarakat desa di kabupaten Cirebon. Hasil penelitian ini adalah kondisi ekonomi masyarakat di beberapa desa di kabupaten Cirebon dalam keadaan perlu ditingkatkan dengan pemberdayaan ekonomi melalui PNPM-MPd yang meliputi tahap perencanaan yaitu MAD-soaialisasi, Musdes-sosialisasi, Pelantikan KPMD, Penggalian gagasan, Musdes khusus perempuan, Musdes perencanaan, Penulisan usulan, verifikasi usulan, MAD Prioritas usulan, Mad penetapan usulan, Musdes informasi hasil MAD, SKPD (satuan kerja perangkat desa), pelasanaan PNPM-MPd dilasanakan oleh Tim pelaksana teknis desa dan oleh Unit pelaksana kegiatan pada tingkat kecamatan yang masing-masing unit pelaksana Kegiatan mendampingi Sembilan desa. Manfaat PNPM-MPd bagi masyarakat desa di kabupaten Cirebon sebagai sarana pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat meningkat dari yang konervatif menjadi inovatif, meningkatnya kesejahteraan masyarakat miskin, terbukanya kesempatan kerja, sumberdaya manusia meningkat dari yang tidak mengerti manajemen keuangan menjadi mengerti dan diterapkan pada pekerjaan selanjutnya. Adapun yang menjadi kendala pelaksanaan PNPM-MPd adalah paradigma perempuan (istri) harus manut laki2(suami), usaha yang modalnya diperoleh dari pinjaman PNPM-MPd bangkrut, uang pinjaman dari PNPM-MPd dipakai ketua kelompok, pengaruh politik desa (akibat pemilihan kuwu) wacana dana hibah.Kata kunci: Pemberdayaan, Ekonomi, MasyarakatABSTRACTAwakening the citizen from the circle of the poverty needs the wisdom, organization, commitment, program, and the accurate approach. Therefore, the special program to abolish the poverty is needed. This program will encourage the passion of productive self-sufficiency and independence of the poor citizen to simultaneously release them from the poverty. In this special program, the groups of the self-help are established with the cooperative passion which is developed in the circle of the village citizen. That wisdom is put into the program of PNPM-MPd. The research questions are that how is the planning of the PNPM-MPd in the district of Cirebon? How is the implementation of the PNPM-MPd in the district of Cirebon? And what are the benefits, obstacles of the implementation of PNPM-MPd in the district of Cirebon? The aims of this research are to know the economic empowering through the implementation of PNPM-MPd in the district of Cirebon, to know the economic condition of the village citizen in the district of Cirebon. The approach used in this research is the judicial qualitative approach, the data collection is conducted through the observation, interview, documentation study, and the location of the research in this explanation is the village citizen of the Cirebon district. The result of this research is that the economic condition of the citizen in several villages in the district of Cirebon needs to be increased with the economic empowering through the program of PNPM-MPd which consists of the planning step, namely socialization of MAD (musyawarah antar desa), socialization of Musdes, KPMD inauguration, search of the suggestion priority, women special Musdes, Musdes of planning, suggestion writing, suggestion verification, MAD of the suggestion priority, Mad of suggestion decision, Musdes of result information of MAD, SKPD (satuan kerja perangkat desa), the implementation of the PNPM-MPd is conducted by the organizer technical team of the village and by the unit of event organizer in the level of sub-district that each of the organizer unit accompanies the nine villages. The benefit of the PNPM-MPd for the village citizen in the district of Cirebon is as the method of citizen economic empowering that increases from conerfative to be inovative, increases the prosperity of the poor people, opens the job vacancy, increases the human resources from those who do not understand the financial management to be those who understand and apply it in the next job. The obstacles of the PNPM-MPd implementation are that the paradigm that the women (wife) must obey the husband, the fund got from the debt of bankrupt PNPM-MPd, the fund got from the debt of bankrupt PNPM-MPd is used by the chief of the group, the influence of the village politic (the election of the village head), the discourse of the donation fund.Key words: empowering, economic, citizen

Conducted in Mlati District-Sleman, Yogyakrta, this study aims to investigate the implementation of women's credit program (SPP) PNPM MPD in the area to determine the level of contribution of such program in community empowerment program, and to review the implementation from the perspective of Islamic economic. This study is categorized as a qualitative research, with primary and secondary data sources. The informant chosen was chairman of the UPK (Activity Management Unit) of SPP PNPM MPD in Mlati districts and 6 people from each SPP group leaders. The data collection techniques used were observation, interview, documentation, and literature. Meanwhile, the data analysis methods used were data reduction, data display, and conclusion or verification.From here, then Islamic economic offers qardhulhasanthat is combined with sodaqoh by considering the prohibition of riba(usury) and uncombined two contract within a contract, and an unspecified charity nominal amount. Based on the findings, this study suggests 1) the administrator of PNPM MPd to restore the original purpose of the program (holding the funds for the poor communities) and providing economic values of Islam that is acceptable to all religion. Next, 2) the verification team should verify the existing team as a team that prioritize the poor. 3) for government, they should position themselves equally as leader and servant for the community. The last, 4) for scholars and preachers, they should realize that they have a responsibility to provide Islamic Economic education for the community.

Novel emerging drugs of abuse, also referred as new psychoactive substances (NPS), constitute an ever-changing mixture of chemical compounds designed to circumvent legislative controls by means of chemical modifications of previously banned recreational drugs. One of such class, synthetic cathinones, namely β-keto derivatives of amphetamines, has been largely abused over the past decade. A number of new synthetic cathinones are detected each year, either in bulk powders/crystals or in biological matrices. It is therefore important to continuously monitor the supply of new synthetic derivatives and promptly report them. By using complementary analytical techniques (i.e. 1D and 2D NMR, FT-IR, GC-MS, HRMS and HPLC-UV), this study investigates the detection, identification and full characterization of 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(methylamino)-pentanone (4-methyl-pentedrone, 4-MPD), 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-hexanone (4 F-PHP) and 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)-1-pentanone (bk-EPDP), three emerging cathinone derivatives.

In the Constitution of the State in 1945 expressly stated that the Republic of Indonesia is legal state, is thus one of the most important tasks for the government is provide and ensure a sense of legal certainty for the citizens of the community members. In certain fields this task by the government through the Law given and entrusted to the Notary and vice versa community must also believe that the Agreement made that provides legal certainty for citizens, in accordance with the wording of Article 15 paragraph 1 of Act No. 30 of 2004 jo Act No. 2 of 2014 concerning Notary. The legal certainty in addition to the authenticity of a certificate that has the strength of evidence, ie outwardly, formal and material as well as the ethics of a Public Notary in the running position. In carrying out the duties of office of the Notary not only carry out the work mandated by legislation alone as well as running a social function that is very important is to be responsible for carrying out the trust placed in the general population it serves, Notary authorized to make the authentic act on all agreements, agreements and statutes required by the rules and regulations and / or desired by the stakeholders to be stated in an authentic agreement, agreement of guarantee certainty of the date of manufacture, save agreement, giving grosse, copy, and official copies.Keywords: Public Notary, Regional Assembly, Legal Reasoning

Handling the problem of poverty is one of the issues of concern to the government in any country. Various strategies have been implemented by the government to improve the lives of people still do not show satisfactory results shown with still many poor people. Similarly, the problem of poverty in the district Abiansemal one of the efforts taken in poverty reduction is based on community empowerment through PNPM . The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness and impact of PNPM program to Welfare and Employment Opportunities Target Households in the district Abiansemal. The analytical tool used in the study is to determine the level of statistical deskiptif program effectiveness, and two different test average pairwise observations to determine the impact of the program on Welfare and Employment Opportunities Target Households. Results of the analysis showed that the effectiveness of PNPM in the district Abiansemal as very effective at 84.52 persen. Based on two different test average pairwise observations income and employment opportunities Target Households showed significant results in alpha 5 percent. The average income of the month before the program Rp.2.066.000, after the program Rp.2.961.000 , - and the number of working hours on average, one day before the program 5.86 hours, increased to 8.29 hours after the program. It is recommended that the PNPM continuously improved and developed with the open jobs or employment opportunities available to work so as

ABSTRAK: Pasal 1 Ayat (6) Qanun No. 3 Tahun 2006 tentang Susunan Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Majelis Pendidikan Daerah (MPD) menentukan bahwa MPD sebagai salah satu lembaga penyelenggara pemerintah daerah khususnya di bidang pendidikan yang memberikan pertimbangan dan dukungan kepada pemerintah daerah menyangkut kebijakan pemerintah di bidang pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat sejauhmana peranan Majelis Pendidikan Daerah dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan Aceh dan konsekuensi hukum terhadap saran, masukan dan pertimbangan dari MPD yang tidak dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah Aceh. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peranan MPD belum berjalan dengan maksimal dikarenakan Pemerintah Aceh masih hanya sebatas menunggu saran, masukan dan pertimbangan di bidang pendidikan dari MPD dan tidak berkewajiban melaksanakan saran tersebut. Konsekuensi hukum terhadap peran MPD yang tidak dijalankan pemerintah Aceh yaitu tidak ada sanksi yang tegas untuk eksekutif dan legislatif jika tidak menjalankan saran dari MPD. The Implementation of Duty and Function of The Province Education Board in the Aceh Governance ABSTRACT: Article 1 (6) of Qanun Number 3, 2006 on the Organization Arrangement and the Organization Structure and Working Structure of the MPD states that the as one of the governmental organization delaing with the education matters in Aceh providing the policy and consideration for government in regard with the education policy. This research aims to explore the extent of the role of theProvince Education Board in developing the education and the legal consequence of not using the advise, consideration, and suggestions of the body by the Government of Aceh. This is descriptive analytical research by analyzing the data qualitativelyThe research shows that the MPD role has not been well conducted as the Government of Aceh is only wait the advise, consideration, and suggestion of the MPD and the Government of Aceh has no obligation to conduct them. The legal consequences of the Government of Aceh dose not impose them in the policy made, is there is no sanction for both executive and legislative parties due to disobeying the advice, consideration and suggestion of the MPD.