The process of implementing sustainable development started at the end of the 20th century with the aim to balance economic, social and environmental development and minimize damage to humans and the environment. Nowadays, when new economic problems emerge social interest groups lobby, environmental standards are raised, sustainable development becomes an integral part of democratic society and is a particularly relevant object of scientific investigations. Taking into consideration the aspect of sustainable development complex assessment, the research problem can be formulated as follows: how to assess sustainable development comprehensively? This research, according to statistical data analysis (Lithuania's case), identifies multi-criteria method (SAW) as the best method of analyzing sustainable development from the approach of different dimensions (economic, social and environmental). According to the results of SAW method, it can be noted that when a country is improving economic indicators, environmental indicators usually decrease, which in turn determines the characteristics of the social dimension slight decrease.
The process of implementing sustainable development started at the end of the 20th century with the aim to balance economic, social and environmental development and minimize damage to humans and the environment. Nowadays, when new economic problems emerge social interest groups lobby, environmental standards are raised, sustainable development becomes an integral part of democratic society and is a particularly relevant object of scientific investigations. Taking into consideration the aspect of sustainable development complex assessment, the research problem can be formulated as follows: how to assess sustainable development comprehensively? This research, according to statistical data analysis (Lithuania's case), identifies multi-criteria method (SAW) as the best method of analyzing sustainable development from the approach of different dimensions (economic, social and environmental). According to the results of SAW method, it can be noted that when a country is improving economic indicators, environmental indicators usually decrease, which in turn determines the characteristics of the social dimension slight decrease.
Analysis, planning and management of urban development is a complicated, complex, multi-aspect objective, which could be solved using modern scientific knowledge, technology and experience only. Meeting today challenges, adequate decisions must be taken, appropriate politics undertaken, various programs implemented. For this reason, comprehensive, objective information is required, prognoses must be structured, various decision variants must be analysed and discussed. All interested groups, seeking compromise among business, population and nature interests, must participate in decision-making process, important for the city. The aim of the dissertation is evaluation of urban sustainability and urban development in the future with the help of multi-attribute decision making methods.
Analysis, planning and management of urban development is a complicated, complex, multi-aspect objective, which could be solved using modern scientific knowledge, technology and experience only. Meeting today challenges, adequate decisions must be taken, appropriate politics undertaken, various programs implemented. For this reason, comprehensive, objective information is required, prognoses must be structured, various decision variants must be analysed and discussed. All interested groups, seeking compromise among business, population and nature interests, must participate in decision-making process, important for the city. The aim of the dissertation is evaluation of urban sustainability and urban development in the future with the help of multi-attribute decision making methods.
The present article considers the problems of implementation of public programs, there is presented the place of public programs in the structure of public government. Successful implementation of public programs is one of the essential elements of the efficient government of the public sector. Implementing of such programs is aimed towards a particular economical-social effect on entire society, its welfare. The effect of public programs on the society is felt not immediately, but after 10–15 years, therefore the lack of polar volition to consistent succession is rather frequent. In case the implementation of the program fails or it is implemented only partially, unrealised social-economical expectations of the participants, organisers of such program, and the whole society remain. The aim of the present article is to establish the position of public programs in the structure of public government as well as to perform the research into the opinions of the potential participants of a professional rehabilitation program. When implementing programs, such problems as insufficient motivation of the group of society to which the program is applied, pressure of concerned groups as well as financial, organisational problems are encountered. The opinions of potential participants of the particular public program (professional rehabilitation program) are analysed in the presented empirical research. During the research, the main reasons determining refusal of potential participants to participate in the program were revealed. [.]
The present article considers the problems of implementation of public programs, there is presented the place of public programs in the structure of public government. Successful implementation of public programs is one of the essential elements of the efficient government of the public sector. Implementing of such programs is aimed towards a particular economical-social effect on entire society, its welfare. The effect of public programs on the society is felt not immediately, but after 10–15 years, therefore the lack of polar volition to consistent succession is rather frequent. In case the implementation of the program fails or it is implemented only partially, unrealised social-economical expectations of the participants, organisers of such program, and the whole society remain. The aim of the present article is to establish the position of public programs in the structure of public government as well as to perform the research into the opinions of the potential participants of a professional rehabilitation program. When implementing programs, such problems as insufficient motivation of the group of society to which the program is applied, pressure of concerned groups as well as financial, organisational problems are encountered. The opinions of potential participants of the particular public program (professional rehabilitation program) are analysed in the presented empirical research. During the research, the main reasons determining refusal of potential participants to participate in the program were revealed. [.]
Public transport is a key element of sustainable transport in medium and large cities. Therefore, it is important that city residents want to use it. This paper aims to determine the criteria of the public transport infrastructure which have the most influence on passenger satisfaction with the public transport system. The criteria of public transport infrastructure of stops, vehicles, and route network were analysed. The primary attention was focused on rating these criteria from the most to the least important one. The analysis of scientific papers, specialized literature, Europe Union regulations, Lithuanian legislation, and recommendations was used to explore the necessary criteria that have a significant effect on the popularity of public transport, its functionality and gives a reference on how to raise the willingness of the citizens to use public transport. The experts (14 experts were involved) and social surveys (440 respondents were involved) were used to identify the evaluation criteria of public transport infrastructure and to investigate the state of these criteria. These criteria were grouped into three larger groups according to their nature (public transport infrastructure of stops, vehicles and route network) and were rated and prioritized by the multi-criteria analysis. The results reflect the priorities of criteria parameters of public transport infrastructure. The results show that when investing in public transport infrastructure, the main priority should be attributed to the infrastructure elements, such as public transport priority in the streets, then shelters, lighting, cleanness of bus stops and vehicles, which are physically appreciable. These parameters have the most significant impact on improving the level of service of public transport infrastructure in urban areas.
Public transport is a key element of sustainable transport in medium and large cities. Therefore, it is important that city residents want to use it. This paper aims to determine the criteria of the public transport infrastructure which have the most influence on passenger satisfaction with the public transport system. The criteria of public transport infrastructure of stops, vehicles, and route network were analysed. The primary attention was focused on rating these criteria from the most to the least important one. The analysis of scientific papers, specialized literature, Europe Union regulations, Lithuanian legislation, and recommendations was used to explore the necessary criteria that have a significant effect on the popularity of public transport, its functionality and gives a reference on how to raise the willingness of the citizens to use public transport. The experts (14 experts were involved) and social surveys (440 respondents were involved) were used to identify the evaluation criteria of public transport infrastructure and to investigate the state of these criteria. These criteria were grouped into three larger groups according to their nature (public transport infrastructure of stops, vehicles and route network) and were rated and prioritized by the multi-criteria analysis. The results reflect the priorities of criteria parameters of public transport infrastructure. The results show that when investing in public transport infrastructure, the main priority should be attributed to the infrastructure elements, such as public transport priority in the streets, then shelters, lighting, cleanness of bus stops and vehicles, which are physically appreciable. These parameters have the most significant impact on improving the level of service of public transport infrastructure in urban areas.
The method of budget expenditures distribution directly influences on results of state government resources. Recently the program budget is used more often, all other modified distribution models of budget expenditures as well. Analysing the scientific literature, the different analytic publications and current Lithuania's situation after budget reform, it could be pointed, that the program budget in many cases is appraised as perspective and useful process. Budget programs are the main components of programming method. The solutions of state expenditures distribution are made according to programs results. It's important to evaluate the programs properly and select the most useful for the state, which could give the social, economic and financial outputs in the future. Defining current Lithuania's situation and problems of the program evaluation process, it's obvious that there is the necessity of increasment of program evaluation foundation and objectivity. The work object: the distribution process of state budget by programs. The work purpose is according to the theory to make an analysis of the state budget expenditures distribution process by programs, summarize and create the synthetical evaluation model of budget programs. The work tasks: • to analyze the theoretical aspects of the state budget expenditures distribution according to principles of programming; • to analyze the effectiveness of state budget programs; • to produce the Lithuania's practice of state program budgeting; • to present the methods of program budgeting evaluation; • to create the synthetical evaluation model of budget programs. Research methods are: the analysis of scientific literature, the analytical evaluation, and the comparative methods of analysis. The work structure and the main results: the work is divided into three main parts. The first part discloses an analysis of the scientific literature. In the second part it is presented the methods of the budget programs evaluation and in the last one – the synthetical evaluation model. Created synthetical evaluation model of budget programs covers all stages of the evaluation process. The principles of programs formation are used as additional control and removal of the possibility of programs duplicates. The quantative criterions allow evaluating the programs more clearly; the programs are compared more easily for choosing the more optimal one. The control system in every stage of the program existence period secures the processes of continuity, which are focused to the result, that is, to the state objectives, as stimulating the economical development
The method of budget expenditures distribution directly influences on results of state government resources. Recently the program budget is used more often, all other modified distribution models of budget expenditures as well. Analysing the scientific literature, the different analytic publications and current Lithuania's situation after budget reform, it could be pointed, that the program budget in many cases is appraised as perspective and useful process. Budget programs are the main components of programming method. The solutions of state expenditures distribution are made according to programs results. It's important to evaluate the programs properly and select the most useful for the state, which could give the social, economic and financial outputs in the future. Defining current Lithuania's situation and problems of the program evaluation process, it's obvious that there is the necessity of increasment of program evaluation foundation and objectivity. The work object: the distribution process of state budget by programs. The work purpose is according to the theory to make an analysis of the state budget expenditures distribution process by programs, summarize and create the synthetical evaluation model of budget programs. The work tasks: • to analyze the theoretical aspects of the state budget expenditures distribution according to principles of programming; • to analyze the effectiveness of state budget programs; • to produce the Lithuania's practice of state program budgeting; • to present the methods of program budgeting evaluation; • to create the synthetical evaluation model of budget programs. Research methods are: the analysis of scientific literature, the analytical evaluation, and the comparative methods of analysis. The work structure and the main results: the work is divided into three main parts. The first part discloses an analysis of the scientific literature. In the second part it is presented the methods of the budget programs evaluation and in the last one – the synthetical evaluation model. Created synthetical evaluation model of budget programs covers all stages of the evaluation process. The principles of programs formation are used as additional control and removal of the possibility of programs duplicates. The quantative criterions allow evaluating the programs more clearly; the programs are compared more easily for choosing the more optimal one. The control system in every stage of the program existence period secures the processes of continuity, which are focused to the result, that is, to the state objectives, as stimulating the economical development
Candidate programs are a publication of political parties during the agitation campaign, which presents the political attitudes of a political actor and influence voters' motivation to vote in elections. The electoral candidate program illustrates a politician's relationship with voters. It is an element of political communication, part of the image of a political figure. The article deals with the rhetoric of electoral candidate programs announced before the elections to the Seimas, the European Parliament, and Municipal Councils (2014–2019). The aim is to identify and expand the characteristic rhetorical elements that allow qualifying political electoral programs as a specific genre of political rhetoric: at the inventive level, the study of rhetorical strategies includes the analysis of rhetorical reasoning, the relationship between a political actor and a voter; at the dispositional level, the composition of programs is analyzed; and finally, at the elocutionary level, the specifics of the linguistic expression of discourse are investigated. A rhetorical study of discourse revealed that, in many cases, the electoral candidate program functions as a tool for building the image of a political actor, a tool for discrediting opponents and spreading populist promises.
Candidate programs are a publication of political parties during the agitation campaign, which presents the political attitudes of a political actor and influence voters' motivation to vote in elections. The electoral candidate program illustrates a politician's relationship with voters. It is an element of political communication, part of the image of a political figure. The article deals with the rhetoric of electoral candidate programs announced before the elections to the Seimas, the European Parliament, and Municipal Councils (2014–2019). The aim is to identify and expand the characteristic rhetorical elements that allow qualifying political electoral programs as a specific genre of political rhetoric: at the inventive level, the study of rhetorical strategies includes the analysis of rhetorical reasoning, the relationship between a political actor and a voter; at the dispositional level, the composition of programs is analyzed; and finally, at the elocutionary level, the specifics of the linguistic expression of discourse are investigated. A rhetorical study of discourse revealed that, in many cases, the electoral candidate program functions as a tool for building the image of a political actor, a tool for discrediting opponents and spreading populist promises.
Candidate programs are a publication of political parties during the agitation campaign, which presents the political attitudes of a political actor and influence voters' motivation to vote in elections. The electoral candidate program illustrates a politician's relationship with voters. It is an element of political communication, part of the image of a political figure. The article deals with the rhetoric of electoral candidate programs announced before the elections to the Seimas, the European Parliament, and Municipal Councils (2014–2019). The aim is to identify and expand the characteristic rhetorical elements that allow qualifying political electoral programs as a specific genre of political rhetoric: at the inventive level, the study of rhetorical strategies includes the analysis of rhetorical reasoning, the relationship between a political actor and a voter; at the dispositional level, the composition of programs is analyzed; and finally, at the elocutionary level, the specifics of the linguistic expression of discourse are investigated. A rhetorical study of discourse revealed that, in many cases, the electoral candidate program functions as a tool for building the image of a political actor, a tool for discrediting opponents and spreading populist promises.
Candidate programs are a publication of political parties during the agitation campaign, which presents the political attitudes of a political actor and influence voters' motivation to vote in elections. The electoral candidate program illustrates a politician's relationship with voters. It is an element of political communication, part of the image of a political figure. The article deals with the rhetoric of electoral candidate programs announced before the elections to the Seimas, the European Parliament, and Municipal Councils (2014–2019). The aim is to identify and expand the characteristic rhetorical elements that allow qualifying political electoral programs as a specific genre of political rhetoric: at the inventive level, the study of rhetorical strategies includes the analysis of rhetorical reasoning, the relationship between a political actor and a voter; at the dispositional level, the composition of programs is analyzed; and finally, at the elocutionary level, the specifics of the linguistic expression of discourse are investigated. A rhetorical study of discourse revealed that, in many cases, the electoral candidate program functions as a tool for building the image of a political actor, a tool for discrediting opponents and spreading populist promises.
Allocation of State financial resources is one of the most important tasks of public administration. Rational allocation of these resources for the effective use of available resources essential to achieve national objectives and priorities to implement the areas of activity. Program budgeting system is one of the new public management elements to promote the modernization of the country budget financial management system. Program budgeting is more than budgeting method by the programming principle, it can be identified as performance management tool, in conjunction with strategic planning, budgeting by the results and the performance mesurament and evaluation. Program budgeting system is the budgeting system, which identifies the institutions mission, goals and objectives, integrates strategic planning, performance information and results in the budget process, it uses performance management information, accrual budgeting and acounting, allocates resourses in decentalized way and evaluates activities and performance. Denmark and Australia have introduced the program budgeting system for more than 15 years ago. While the countries are no longer calculate the first decade of operational efficiency in the system, but they are still faced with some, country-specific challenges and problems. The main problems and challenges faced by countries are mostly technical in nature, because there is a different management culture problems. South Korea obtaining assistance of the United States, began introducing the program budgeting system only in this decade, but its progress is quite rapid. South Korea is seeking to adapt all U.S. Government proposals, but taking into account their national circumstances and modifying some of its elements. The Lithuanian Government implements the program budgeting system as a result of budget reform. The program budgeting system establishes the strategic planning and budget principles, etc. The budget planned for three, shall be approved for one year, budget planning based on priorities and conclusion of the program, ensure budget transparency of the process and form a program evaluation system. After completion of theoretical analysis it is possible to conclude that generally there are obvious improvements in program budgeting system implementation over the last years in Lithuania. Attempts to improve the legal basis and to introduce the good practice of government finance management are evident. Besides, the experience of Lithuania in the process of introduction program budgeting system was certified as the one of the most successesful examples. Nevertheless the room for improvements is still quite large. Problems of program budget are related to the insufficient experience in preparing programs and the lack of control instruments.
