Soft power, religion, and anti-americanism in the Middle East
In: Foreign policy analysis: a journal of the International Studies Association, Band 12, Heft 3, S. 374-394
ISSN: 1743-8586
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In: Foreign policy analysis: a journal of the International Studies Association, Band 12, Heft 3, S. 374-394
ISSN: 1743-8586
World Affairs Online
In: The Middle East journal, Band 70, Heft 1, S. 9-29
ISSN: 1940-3461
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In: Middle East review of international affairs / Journal, Band 20, Heft 3, S. 57-69
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In: Comparative politics, Band 46, Heft 4, S. 379-397
ISSN: 0010-4159
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In: Studies in conflict & terrorism, Band 37, Heft 8, S. 619-637
ISSN: 1057-610X
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In: Orbis: FPRI's journal of world affairs, Band 57, Heft 1, S. 120-134
ISSN: 0030-4387
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In: CTC sentinel, Band 6, Heft 5, S. 18-21
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In: The RUSI journal: independent thinking on defence and security, Band 157, Heft 5, S. 56-61
ISSN: 0307-1847
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In: The world today, Band 57, Heft 8-9, S. 14-16
ISSN: 0043-9134
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In: Orient: deutsche Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur des Orients = German journal for politics, economics and culture of the Middle East, Band 35, Heft 2, S. 195-215
ISSN: 0030-5227
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In: Balkan Forum: an international journal of politics, economics and culture, Band 1, Heft 2, S. 121-137
ISSN: 0354-3013
World Affairs Online
In: Strategic survey for Israel, S. 1-272
Emily Landau, Ephraim Asculai, and Shimon Stein: One year to implementation of the JCPOA : assessing the nuclear deal in context. - S. 19
World Affairs Online
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Blog: Responsible Statecraft
Views of the Israel-Palestine conflict are polarized worldwide between those who have experienced the past few centuries as an East-West conflict and those who have experienced it as a North-South conflict.For the first group, the storyline of the past few centuries begins with the American and French revolutions: The former established the first constitutional democracy. The latter overthrew an absolute monarchy in the name of the people, emancipated the Jews, and spread its doctrine of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité throughout Europe. The progress of freedom culminated in the victorious struggles of democracies against first Nazism and fascism and then communism in the twentieth century. President Biden's foreign-policy theme of a global struggle of democracy against autocracy is the product of that narrative. Atrocities of fascism and communism included both the Holocaust, in which six million Jews and an almost equal number of non-Jews were murdered, and Soviet repression, in which up to 20 million perished in the gulag, the purges, and man-made famines. From this East-West perspective the establishment of the state of Israel from the ashes of the Holocaust and the struggle of the Arab and Muslim worlds against it are extensions of the victory of the Allies and Hitler's genocidal program. For many of this narrative's believers, the October 7 massacre perpetrated by Hamas reinforced this view of the Israel-Palestine conflict. For the second group, the main story of the last five centuries has been the subjugation of Asia, Africa, and Latin America by European colonialism, and the consequent anti-colonial struggles. The trans-Atlantic slave trade took two to four million lives. The genocide of the native American peoples led to the deaths of 90 percent of the population. Between 1885 and 1908, the atrocities in the Belgian-ruled Congo Free State produced death tolls estimated at from three to ten million. British policies in India set off the 1943 Bengal famine that killed three million people in eight months. For those who see history through this North-South lens, the 1922 League of Nations mandate to establish "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine without the consent of that land's inhabitants; the 1948 violent expulsion of 700,000 Palestinians in what Israelis call the War of Independence and Palestinians call the Nakba or catastrophe; the annexation and occupation by Israel of lands conquered in 1967; and Israel's evolution into an undeclared nuclear power armed and supported by the U.S. amount to the extension of colonialism into the 20th and 21st centuries. Israel's current war against Gaza and the uncritical support it receives from the U.S. confirm this view.In 1905 Negib Azoury, a Lebanese Christian former deputy governor of Ottoman Jerusalem, alerted the world to "two important phenomena, of a common nature, but opposed to each other, the awakening of the Arab nation and the effort of the Jews to reconstitute the ancient Kingdom of Israel on a large scale. The fate of the whole world," he wrote, "will depend on the result of the struggle between these two peoples representing two opposing principles." Azoury argued that regardless — or because — of their similarities, the only possible outcome would be for one side to defeat the other. Azoury was right about the common origin of the two movements — the resistance to different forms of oppression that have driven some to become Zionists and others to become Arab nationalists or Islamists differ less in their nature than in the positions into which their proponents are born.The degradation of the outlook of some on both sides into dehumanizing hatred is an inevitable result of the consequent century or more of violence. But must one ultimately defeat the other? Both narratives derive from genuine experience and pain. Is it beyond our power to acknowledge that no single narrative recounts the whole of history's polymorphous cruelty? The "fate of the whole world" may now depend on our ability to recognize that tragedy and prove Azoury wrong.
Ram Janmbhoomi (birth place of Lord Rama) is the most controversial dispute of the independent India. The dispute was existing in pre-independence era but after independence dispute has changed the direction and condition of Indian political system. There was claim that mosque was built after the demolition of Ram temple. This dispute was so intense that it brought the incident of demolition of mosque in 1992. After demolition suit was filed from both the side: Muslim and Hindu. The decision of apex court on civil suit came after 27 years. The apex court took the cognizance of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) report to decide the claim of parties. This paper aims to give a brief background of Ramjanmbhoomi dispute; explore evidentiary value of expert opinion; whether archaeology is science or art; to evaluate the evidentiary value of archaeological report prepared by ASI through evacuation in the judgement. ; Ram Janmbhoomi (lugar de nacimiento del dios Rama) es el objeto de disputa más controvertido de la India independiente. La discusión sobre su pertenencia es anterior a la independencia del país, pero la independencia ha cambiado la dirección y condición del sistema político indio. Por una parte, se alegaba que la mezquita fue construida tras la demolición del templo de Rama. El conflicto llegó a tal nivel de intensidad que provocó la demolición de la mezquita en 1992. Después de este incidente, ambas partes implicadas —musulmanes e hinduistas—, interpusieron sendas demandas. La decisión del Tribunal Supremo sobre esta causa civil tardó 27 años en llegar. El Tribunal Supremo tuvo en cuenta el informe del Servicio Arqueológico de la India para pronunciar su veredicto. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un breve resumen de los antecedentes del conflicto de Ramjanmbhoomi, explorar el valor probatorio de la opinión de los expertos, determinar si la arqueología es una ciencia o un arte, y analizar la fuerza probatoria del informe arqueológico elaborado por el Servicio Arqueológico de la India para la resolución del proceso. ; Ram Janmbhoomi, à savoir le lieu de naissance de Lord Rama, est à la base du litige le plus controversé de l'Inde indépendante. Ce différend existait avant l'indépendance, mais c'est après celle-ci qu'il a modifié en profondeur le système politique indien. Une revendication existait selon laquelle la mosquée avait été construite après la démolition du temple Ram. Le litige était si intense qu'il a entraîné l'incident de la démolition de la mosquée en 1992. À la suite de cette démolition, des poursuites ont été engagées par les deux parties au conflit, à savoir les musulmans et les hindous. La décision de la Cour suprême sur l'action civile est intervenue 27 ans plus tard. La Cour suprême a pris connaissance du rapport des Services archéologiques indiens (ASI) pour prononcer son verdict. Cet article vise à proposer un bref historique de ce conflit du Ramjanmbhoomi, à évaluer la valeur probante de l'opinion des experts, à savoir si l'archéologie est une science ou un art, et enfin à évaluer la qualité de preuve du rapport archéologique préparé par l'ASI dans le cadre de ce jugement. ; Ram Janmbhoomi, a saber, localidade de nascimento de Lord Rama, está na origem do litígio mais controverso da Índia desde a independência do país. Essa contenda existia desde o período colonial, mas foi após a independência que ela alterou profundamente o sistema político indiano. Havia uma reivindicação segundo a qual a mesquita fora construída após a demolição do Templo Ram. O litígio era tão intenso que, em 1992, engendrou o incidente da demolição da mesquita. Em decorrência desta demolição, ações judiciais foram impetradas pelas duas partes em conflito, a saber, muçulmanos e hinduístas. A decisão da Suprema Corte sobre a ação civil ocorreria 27 anos depois. Para pronunciar o seu veredito, a Suprema Corte tomou conhecimento do relatório da Agência Arqueológica da Índia (ASI). Este artigo propõe-se a apresentar um breve histórico do conflito de Ramjanmbhoomi, a avaliar o valor probatório da opinião dos peritos, a saber se a Arqueologia é uma ciência ou uma arte e, por fim, a avaliar a qualidade probatória do relatório arqueológico elaborado pela ASI no âmbito do referido julgamento.
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