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Rezension von: Poulton, Hough ; Farouki, Suha Taji: Muslim identity and the Balkan State. - London : Hurst, 1997. - 250 S
In: Politička misao, Band 36, Heft 3, S. 220-223
World Affairs Online
Politinės liberalizacijos įtaka islamistinėms organizacijoms: Musulmonų Brolijos atvejis ; The impact of political liberalization on islamist organizations: the case of the muslim brotherhood
The research paper examines whether electoral participation by Islamist political parties engender moderation in their politics. The case of the Muslim Brotherhood is analyzed since it is the biggest and most influential among islamist organizations in the Muslim world. The analysis is based on the islamists' approach towards the participation in general elections in Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian territories. The focus of this analysis is on the possible moderation on sensitive political issues, such as the implementation of the islamic law, the status of religious minorities, attitude towards the use of violence, political and personal rights and liberties.
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Politinės liberalizacijos įtaka islamistinėms organizacijoms: Musulmonų Brolijos atvejis ; The impact of political liberalization on islamist organizations: the case of the muslim brotherhood
The research paper examines whether electoral participation by Islamist political parties engender moderation in their politics. The case of the Muslim Brotherhood is analyzed since it is the biggest and most influential among islamist organizations in the Muslim world. The analysis is based on the islamists' approach towards the participation in general elections in Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian territories. The focus of this analysis is on the possible moderation on sensitive political issues, such as the implementation of the islamic law, the status of religious minorities, attitude towards the use of violence, political and personal rights and liberties.
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Rezension von: Goluza, Bozo : Katolicka Crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini 1918.-1941. Bosna i Hercegovina - zemlja katolika, pravoslavaca i muslimana (Übers.: Die Katholische Kirche in Bosnien und Hercegovina 1918-1941. Bosnien und Hercegovina - ein Land der Katholiken, Serbisch-Othodoxen und Muslime.) - ...
In: Časopis za suvremenu povijest: Journal of contemporary history, Band 28, Heft 1-2, S. 249-250
ISSN: 0590-9597
World Affairs Online
Ar pažeidžiamas lygybės principas, jei visuomenėje moters padėtis šeimoje nustatoma remiantis musulmoniškų kraštų tradicijomis ir religija? ; Whether the principle of gender equality is violated if the family status rights of woman is determined in society in accordance with the traditions of a Musl...
Equality before the law, protection of the rights and non-discrimination are considered as core set of human rights norms and must form the whole legal system. Equality means that all people are born free and equal, have same rights and are equally respected and valued both in family and society. In accordance with the principle of equality of all people are equal in their natural rights and dignity, so no one should be denied human rights on grounds of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, age, language, sexual orientation, disability, political or other opinion which are based on other discriminatory basis. The principle of equality is inherent in the principle of non-discrimination which it complements and includes general and basic human rights. Non-discrimination principle in fact implies that there must be equality of rights between men and women in all spheres of life. Although the protection of human rights receive growing attention in the international community, however, there is still a concern for women's rights, as not always protecting international human rights and not always welcomed by Muslim countries, especially in areas that are closely associated with the Muslim religion and culture. This master's thesis will be analyzing a comprehensive gender equality in the legal family relations at the international level which is based on Sharia law. It will be focusing on the situation of women in the legal assessment of family relationships through marriage and divorce institutions that affect the realization of women's equality and non-status. The aim of this work is to compare the Sharia law compatibility with international human rights standards. It will also attempt to discern the potential to improve human rights protection system functioning Shari'a judges. Master thesis topic selection due to the fact that a woman's place in society is a question commonly mentioned society. On the other hand these days with increasing emigration growing number of mixed marriages, resulting in more frequent cultures, traditions and legal environments, which leads to the need to know and is traditionally perceived foreign legal systems. The main goal - to determine whether there is a breach of the principle of gender equality, if a woman of a family relationship status assessed on the basis of Muslim countries traditions and religion. In order to achieve this goal this work will analyze gender equality and the limits of the application. It will also analyze the situation of women in the family at the international level. The second part of the Master focuses on the situation of women in family law, the analysis of Shariah law, and declarations on human rights in Muslim countries. The third part deals with Sharia law and international compatibility of the provisions regulating the status of women in the family and the different conceptions of equality in those jurisdictions. The study shows that the hypothesis about the principle of gender equality of women in the family is proven to be assessed on the basis of Muslim countries traditions and religion, has proved on the condition that the principle of gender equality is perceived as it is interpreted by international human rights, especially the Convention on the all Forms of Discrimination against Women.
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Politikos ir islamiskosios davos susiliejimas
In: Politologija, Heft 2, S. 91-122
ISSN: 1392-1681
Muslims have known & used the term 'da'wa' throughout the history of Islam. The concept, or rather concepts, of da'wa has been elaborated upon since the early centuries of Islam. Muslims have applied the term to various specific activities of theirs. The broadly known explanation in Europe & North America for da'wa is that it constitutes activities, which in the Christian context fall under the term 'missions' or 'missionary activities.' Recently, however, there has been much discussion whether da'wa at all can be rendered as 'missionary activity,' for it is argued by some Muslims as well as non-Muslim scholars that da'wa distinctly differs from what in the Christian tradition 'missions' have encompassed. From the available historical evidence, it appears that after Muhammad's death Muslims did not immediately embark upon da'wa activities -- during & after the rapid conquests of the Byzantinian & Persian lands, they little if at all ventured to preach to local non-Muslims about the virtues of Islam. Da'wa in the sense of inviting non-Muslims to embrace Islam was not yet on conquering Muslims' agenda. The first waves of conversions to Islam from among the indigenous populations of the conquered lands took place with virtually no Muslim missionary activities in the background. But the concept of da'wa was not lost even on the early Muslims. They were very much aware of it & indeed capitalized on its exploitation. Yet, this first was done on the intra-community level, among the Muslims themselves. The term da'wa came into wider usage almost a hundred years after Muhammad's death, in the wake of the 'Abbasid propaganda against the then ruling Ummayad clan in the 720's. However, the 'Abbasid da'wa ceased as soon as the 'Abbasids were in power -- the fact that attests to its political nature. Da'wa as a truly missionary activity, albeit still within the Muslim Umma, appeared in the form of the Isma'ili da'wa of the 9th through 13th centuries. Isma'ilis, in many ways, can be seen as the pioneers of the organized Muslim missionary activities: their highly institutionalized & sophisticated da'wa structure has hardly been repeated until today. Moreover, for the Isma'ilis, da'wa was a state priority. The Isma'ili da'wa encompassed extra- & intra-ummaic forms & blended both theology & politics. The focal point of this article is the inter-relatedness of da'wa & politics on both theoretical & practical levels. On the one hand, the Quran nowhere directly implies da'wa to be a political activity. On the other hand, Muslims made it a part of their political theory (through relating da'wa to jihad) & life (using the concept of da'wa in their political agendas). Taken in general, the intertwining of da'wa & politics, then, has been a feature throughout the Muslim history, though practical implications of this have been different in different ages. [Abstract shortened by ProQuest.]. Adapted from the source document.
Implementation, validity and effectiveness of European Union counter-terrorism policies in the context of contemporary transformations of terrorism ; Europos Sąjungos kovos su terorizmu politikos įgyvendinimas, pagrįstumas ir veiksmingumas atsižvelgiant į šiuolaikinius terorizmo pokyčius
Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.
BASE
Implementation, validity and effectiveness of European Union counter-terrorism policies in the context of contemporary transformations of terrorism ; Europos Sąjungos kovos su terorizmu politikos įgyvendinimas, pagrįstumas ir veiksmingumas atsižvelgiant į šiuolaikinius terorizmo pokyčius
Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.
BASE
Implementation, validity and effectiveness of European Union counter-terrorism policies in the context of contemporary transformations of terrorism ; Europos Sąjungos kovos su terorizmu politikos įgyvendinimas, pagrįstumas ir veiksmingumas atsižvelgiant į šiuolaikinius terorizmo pokyčius
Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.
BASE
Implementation, validity and effectiveness of European Union counter-terrorism policies in the context of contemporary transformations of terrorism ; Europos Sąjungos kovos su terorizmu politikos įgyvendinimas, pagrįstumas ir veiksmingumas atsižvelgiant į šiuolaikinius terorizmo pokyčius
Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.
BASE
Politikos ir islamiškosios Davos susiliejimas ; Blending of politics and the Islamic Da'wa
Muslims have known and used the term 'da'wa' throughout the history of Islam. The concept, or rather concepts, of da'wa has been elaborated upon since the early centuries of Islam. Muslims have applied the term to various specific activities of theirs. The broadly known explanation in Europe and North America for da'wa is that it constitutes activities, which in the Christian context fall under the term 'missions' or 'missionary activities'. Recently, however, there has been much discussion whether da'wa at all can be rendered as 'missionary activity', for it is argued by some Muslims as well as non-Muslim scholars that da'wa distinctly differs from what in the Christian tradition 'missions' have encompassed. From the available historical evidence, it appears that after Muhammad's death Muslims did not immediately embark upon da'wa activities – during and after the rapid conquests of the Byzantinian and Persian lands, they little if at all ventured to preach to local non-Muslims about the virtues of Islam. Da'wa in the sense of inviting non-Muslims to embrace Islam was not yet on conquering Muslims' agenda. The first waves of conversions to Islam from among the indigenous populations of the conquered lands took place with virtually no Muslim missionary activities in the background. But the concept of da'wa was not lost even on the early Muslims. They were very much aware of it and indeed capitalized on its exploitation. Yet, this first was done on the intra-community level, among the Muslims themselves. The term da'wa came into wider usage almost a hundred years after Muhammad's death, in the wake of the 'Abbasid propaganda against the then ruling Ummayad clan in the 720's. However, the 'Abbasid da'wa ceased as soon as the 'Abbasids were in power – the fact that attests to its political nature.
BASE