Suchergebnisse

Much has been written about the human losses of Croatia in the World War Two and in the period following it, but a lot of these writings offers unfounded and contradictory information. The author refers to the previous manipulations with the number of the war victims and presents his own calculation of the losses in the World War Two (demographic losses, emigration, war losses). He deals especially with the problem of the victims in Jasenovac, of those massacred by the partisans near Bleiburg and of those who died on the "way of the cross" and later in the postwar period, but also generally with the problem of the Croatian, Serbian and Muslim victims during the period of the Independent State of Croatia. (SOI : CSP: S. 560)

Object of the thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. The main focus of the thesis is placed on the analysis of this aspect. However, in order to obtain an all-round analysis account is also taken of the processes taking place in European Muslim communities. Aim of the thesis – to consider the process of formation of the EU counter-terrorism policy in 2001–2006, to assess the validity of the measures used in the fight against terrorism and their success. Hypothesis of the thesis – the EU counter-terrorism policy is facing difficulties in implementing the application of measures and is not preventive, the application of improper measures contributes to radicalisation of Muslim communities and their involvement in terrorist activities. Seeking an all-round treatment of the problem, the master's thesis analyses transformation of terrorism over the recent years, looks into the factors influencing the radicalisation tendencies of the European Muslim community, and considers evolution of terrorism. Moreover, the master's thesis analyses the practical implementation of the main instruments in the fight against terrorism (the EU's fight against recruitment, solution of the problem of financing of terrorists, consolidation of co-operation of judicial institutions as well as exchange of intelligence by the EU member states). The essential problem preventing the formation of a common EU counter-terrorism policy is the responsibility borne by the member states for ensuring of national security. It is this aspect, which hinders the efficient activities of common counter-terrorism instruments. The efficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is reduced by the absence of the institutional framework for the fight against terrorism. In spite of efforts of the EU towards creation of a mechanism to ensure the proper functioning of counter-terrorism activities, this goal has not been achieved yet. A rather contrary effect can be noticed. Although many working groups and committees have been set up, in the absence of their focused activities, functions of the fight against terrorism are duplicated, and co-operation itself is being developed at different levels, which enhances the complexity of the counter-terrorism mechanism. Another important reason reducing the efficiency of the fight against terrorism is the multifaceted nature of the fight against terrorism. The current counter-terrorism policy may be described as reactive rather than preventive. The lack of political will can be noted, and co-operation is accompanied by distrust. The analysis of specific counter-terrorism measures shows that even after a political agreement on their application is achieved, their implementation in practice is slow and is characterised by essential shortcomings. Another important aspect underlining the inefficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is criminalisation of the phenomenon of terrorism. Such a stance is formed by the focusing of the EU's fight against terrorism exclusively on legal issues. The absolute majority of implemented measures are legal measures. Moreover, the essential question of the fight against terrorism – why does a part of the European Muslim community become involved in terrorist activities – is omitted. The lack of a socio-cultural component within the framework of the counter-terrorism policy reflects the fact that the EU is fighting against the terrorist organisations of the past. Faced with Jihad terrorism, the EU is applying inert methods, which today cannot provide a valid response. This is another aspect revealing that the EU is fighting against the consequences rather than causes of the phenomenon. Legal measures are necessary to stop terrorist attacks today, however this could be just an adjacent level. Of the greatest importance is solution of socio-cultural problems, whose existence secures recruitment of potential terrorists.

Object of the thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. The main focus of the thesis is placed on the analysis of this aspect. However, in order to obtain an all-round analysis account is also taken of the processes taking place in European Muslim communities. Aim of the thesis – to consider the process of formation of the EU counter-terrorism policy in 2001–2006, to assess the validity of the measures used in the fight against terrorism and their success. Hypothesis of the thesis – the EU counter-terrorism policy is facing difficulties in implementing the application of measures and is not preventive, the application of improper measures contributes to radicalisation of Muslim communities and their involvement in terrorist activities. Seeking an all-round treatment of the problem, the master's thesis analyses transformation of terrorism over the recent years, looks into the factors influencing the radicalisation tendencies of the European Muslim community, and considers evolution of terrorism. Moreover, the master's thesis analyses the practical implementation of the main instruments in the fight against terrorism (the EU's fight against recruitment, solution of the problem of financing of terrorists, consolidation of co-operation of judicial institutions as well as exchange of intelligence by the EU member states). The essential problem preventing the formation of a common EU counter-terrorism policy is the responsibility borne by the member states for ensuring of national security. It is this aspect, which hinders the efficient activities of common counter-terrorism instruments. The efficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is reduced by the absence of the institutional framework for the fight against terrorism. In spite of efforts of the EU towards creation of a mechanism to ensure the proper functioning of counter-terrorism activities, this goal has not been achieved yet. A rather contrary effect can be noticed. Although many working groups and committees have been set up, in the absence of their focused activities, functions of the fight against terrorism are duplicated, and co-operation itself is being developed at different levels, which enhances the complexity of the counter-terrorism mechanism. Another important reason reducing the efficiency of the fight against terrorism is the multifaceted nature of the fight against terrorism. The current counter-terrorism policy may be described as reactive rather than preventive. The lack of political will can be noted, and co-operation is accompanied by distrust. The analysis of specific counter-terrorism measures shows that even after a political agreement on their application is achieved, their implementation in practice is slow and is characterised by essential shortcomings. Another important aspect underlining the inefficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is criminalisation of the phenomenon of terrorism. Such a stance is formed by the focusing of the EU's fight against terrorism exclusively on legal issues. The absolute majority of implemented measures are legal measures. Moreover, the essential question of the fight against terrorism – why does a part of the European Muslim community become involved in terrorist activities – is omitted. The lack of a socio-cultural component within the framework of the counter-terrorism policy reflects the fact that the EU is fighting against the terrorist organisations of the past. Faced with Jihad terrorism, the EU is applying inert methods, which today cannot provide a valid response. This is another aspect revealing that the EU is fighting against the consequences rather than causes of the phenomenon. Legal measures are necessary to stop terrorist attacks today, however this could be just an adjacent level. Of the greatest importance is solution of socio-cultural problems, whose existence secures recruitment of potential terrorists.

The author points up the proverbial complexity of Yugoslavia and the inadequacy of its political structure, officially made up of six republics, five peoples, four languages, three religions, two alphabets, and one party. That is why the subjective orientations of its many peoples went counter to its existence, leading to its disintegration following the first multiparty elections. Serbs and Montenegrins were its partisans and due to a lack of democratic political culture they launched the war for the preservation of Yugoslavia. The properties of the political culture of the peoples living on its territory had acted as trip-wires for that war, defined its form, course and intensity. Due to their national identification with Yugoslavia and insufficient democratic political culture, Serbs and Montenegrins started the war for the territories of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aggressors belong to the Eastern civilisational sphere, speak the Serbian language, write in the Cyrillic alphabet. are culturally tribally oriented, want to live in Yugoslavia and Greater Serbia which would be socialist, and are adherents of repressive types of political culture. The victims belong to the Western civilisational sphere, they are Catholics and Moslems, speak Croatian, write in the Latin alphabet, are culturally communally oriented, and favour the participatory political culture. During the Serbian and Monetenegrian aggression, two civil wars erupted in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (1) between the Muslims and the Croats and (2) between the Muslims. The participants of this war all swear their allegiance to the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but differ in their visions of its political structure. The Moslems wish a unitarian state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Croats want it to be a federal state, while the Serbs are against any separate state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (SOI: PM: S. 242)

Equality before the law, protection of the human rights and non-discrimination are considered as core set of human rights norms and must form the whole legal system. Equality means that all people are born free and equal, have same rights and are equally respected and valued both in family and society. In accordance with the principle of equality of all people are equal in their natural rights and dignity, so no one should be denied human rights on grounds of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, age, language, sexual orientation, disability, political or other opinion which are based on other discriminatory basis. The principle of equality is inherent in the principle of non-discrimination which it complements and includes general and basic human rights. Non-discrimination principle in fact implies that there must be equality of rights between men and women in all spheres of life. Although the protection of human rights receive growing attention in the international community, however, there is still a concern for women's rights, not always welcomed by Muslim countries and not meeting the standard of international human rights, especially in areas that are closely associated with the Muslim religion and culture. In this work the possibility of Sharia law compatibility with international human rights standards is analysed. It will be focusing on the situation of women in family relationships through marriage and divorce institutions that affect the realization of women's rights and especially their equal status with men. Topic of the Master thesis twas selected because the status of woman in society is usually highly debated question. On the other hand increasing emigration and growing number of mixed marriages noticeable in these days, resultin the mix of cultures, traditions and legal environments more frequently and this leads to the need to know foreign legal systems. The main goal - to determine whether there is a breach of the principle of gender equality women's family rights is determined in accordance with Sharia law. In order to achieve this goal this work will analyze the definition of gender equality and the conditions of its application. It will also analyze the situation of women in the family at the international level. The second part of the Master tehsis focuses on the situation of women in family under Shariah law, and declarations on human rights in Muslim countries. The third part deals with the limits of the obligations of state to protect women rights in family and compatibility of the provisions of Sharia law and international law regulating the status of women in the family. The study proves the hypothesis that the principle of gender equality is violated if women's family rights is determined in accordance with existing Sharia law. 6

Equality before the law, protection of the human rights and non-discrimination are considered as core set of human rights norms and must form the whole legal system. Equality means that all people are born free and equal, have same rights and are equally respected and valued both in family and society. In accordance with the principle of equality of all people are equal in their natural rights and dignity, so no one should be denied human rights on grounds of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, age, language, sexual orientation, disability, political or other opinion which are based on other discriminatory basis. The principle of equality is inherent in the principle of non-discrimination which it complements and includes general and basic human rights. Non-discrimination principle in fact implies that there must be equality of rights between men and women in all spheres of life. Although the protection of human rights receive growing attention in the international community, however, there is still a concern for women's rights, not always welcomed by Muslim countries and not meeting the standard of international human rights, especially in areas that are closely associated with the Muslim religion and culture. In this work the possibility of Sharia law compatibility with international human rights standards is analysed. It will be focusing on the situation of women in family relationships through marriage and divorce institutions that affect the realization of women's rights and especially their equal status with men. Topic of the Master thesis twas selected because the status of woman in society is usually highly debated question. On the other hand increasing emigration and growing number of mixed marriages noticeable in these days, resultin the mix of cultures, traditions and legal environments more frequently and this leads to the need to know foreign legal systems. The main goal - to determine whether there is a breach of the principle of gender equality women's family rights is determined in accordance with Sharia law. In order to achieve this goal this work will analyze the definition of gender equality and the conditions of its application. It will also analyze the situation of women in the family at the international level. The second part of the Master tehsis focuses on the situation of women in family under Shariah law, and declarations on human rights in Muslim countries. The third part deals with the limits of the obligations of state to protect women rights in family and compatibility of the provisions of Sharia law and international law regulating the status of women in the family. The study proves the hypothesis that the principle of gender equality is violated if women's family rights is determined in accordance with existing Sharia law. 6

Equality before the law, protection of the human rights and non-discrimination are considered as core set of human rights norms and must form the whole legal system. Equality means that all people are born free and equal, have same rights and are equally respected and valued both in family and society. In accordance with the principle of equality of all people are equal in their natural rights and dignity, so no one should be denied human rights on grounds of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, age, language, sexual orientation, disability, political or other opinion which are based on other discriminatory basis. The principle of equality is inherent in the principle of non-discrimination which it complements and includes general and basic human rights. Non-discrimination principle in fact implies that there must be equality of rights between men and women in all spheres of life. Although the protection of human rights receive growing attention in the international community, however, there is still a concern for women's rights, not always welcomed by Muslim countries and not meeting the standard of international human rights, especially in areas that are closely associated with the Muslim religion and culture. In this work the possibility of Sharia law compatibility with international human rights standards is analysed. It will be focusing on the situation of women in family relationships through marriage and divorce institutions that affect the realization of women's rights and especially their equal status with men. Topic of the Master thesis twas selected because the status of woman in society is usually highly debated question. On the other hand increasing emigration and growing number of mixed marriages noticeable in these days, resultin the mix of cultures, traditions and legal environments more frequently and this leads to the need to know foreign legal systems. The main goal - to determine whether there is a breach of the principle of gender equality women's family rights is determined in accordance with Sharia law. In order to achieve this goal this work will analyze the definition of gender equality and the conditions of its application. It will also analyze the situation of women in the family at the international level. The second part of the Master tehsis focuses on the situation of women in family under Shariah law, and declarations on human rights in Muslim countries. The third part deals with the limits of the obligations of state to protect women rights in family and compatibility of the provisions of Sharia law and international law regulating the status of women in the family. The study proves the hypothesis that the principle of gender equality is violated if women's family rights is determined in accordance with existing Sharia law. 6

Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War

Ideology is the driving force of politically motivated violence. The war against al Qaeda is basically a war of ideas. The international community should defeat terrorists' ideological base in order to eliminate al Qaeda's network. Coordination of hard and soft power instruments may determine the success of combating al Qaeda's terrorist network and any other terrorist organization. Defeating al Qaeda's ideology should include operational fight against al Qaeda's ideologues, ideology's spreaders and responsive communication strategy. Increased activity of moderate Muslims in the ideological war against al Qaeda should also be a priority. These means may determine the discredit of al Qaeda's ideology and elimination of recruitment cycle. To sum up, soft power instruments are obligatory elements on purpose to stop al Qaeda's ideology expansion.

Ideology is the driving force of politically motivated violence. The war against al Qaeda is basically a war of ideas. The international community should defeat terrorists' ideological base in order to eliminate al Qaeda's network. Coordination of hard and soft power instruments may determine the success of combating al Qaeda's terrorist network and any other terrorist organization. Defeating al Qaeda's ideology should include operational fight against al Qaeda's ideologues, ideology's spreaders and responsive communication strategy. Increased activity of moderate Muslims in the ideological war against al Qaeda should also be a priority. These means may determine the discredit of al Qaeda's ideology and elimination of recruitment cycle. To sum up, soft power instruments are obligatory elements on purpose to stop al Qaeda's ideology expansion.