Suchergebnisse

The paper is written as a part of project 'The Trojan Catalogue (Hom. Il. 2.816-877) and the Peoples of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A Study of the Homeric Text in the Light of Hittite Sources and Classical Geographical Tradition' (2015/19/P/HS3/04161), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with the National Science Centre, Poland. This paper deals with both, archaeological evidence for cultural links between the Mycenaean world and western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, and the Ahhiyawa problem that is based on nearly thirty Hittite texts (among the thousands that had been found in the archives of the Hittite capital Hattusa, modern Boğazkale about 150 km as the crow flies east of Ankara), in which the term "Ahhiya(wa)" appears.² Both issues are indeed connected and must not be treated separately, although there are still many scholars to do so. What is more, concerning the former "there is an unfortunate tendency in much. ; Narodowe Centrum Nauki/National Science Centre

The paper is written as a part of project 'The Trojan Catalogue (Hom. Il. 2.816-877) and the Peoples of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A Study of the Homeric Text in the Light of Hittite Sources and Classical Geographical Tradition' (2015/19/P/HS3/04161), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with the National Science Centre, Poland. This paper deals with both, archaeological evidence for cultural links between the Mycenaean world and western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, and the Ahhiyawa problem that is based on nearly thirty Hittite texts (among the thousands that had been found in the archives of the Hittite capital Hattusa, modern Boğazkale about 150 km as the crow flies east of Ankara), in which the term "Ahhiya(wa)" appears.² Both issues are indeed connected and must not be treated separately, although there are still many scholars to do so. What is more, concerning the former "there is an unfortunate tendency in much., (angielski) ; The European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Polonez 1, 2015/19/P/HS3/04161

The origins of the vast discussion concerning Ahhiyawa of Hittite texts go back to Emil Forrer's lecture in Berlin and his two renowned articles on the topic published in 1924. It can be summarized as follows: today the majority opinion is that the term has primarily "a vague ethno-geographical connotation, referring to the Mycenaean world and people living there (including Mycenaean settlers in the Aegean coastal area of western Anatolia and on the adjacent islands), rather than to a specific political unit in Anatolia or lsewhere", though the sources of the 13th century BC refer also to a ycenaean kingdom and its rulers. The paper is written as a part of project 'The Trojan Catalogue (Hom. Il. 2.816-877) and the Peoples of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A Study of the Homeric Text in the Light of Hittite Sources and Classical Geographical Tradition' (2015/19/P/HS3/04161), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with the National Science Centre, Poland. ; The European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with NCN

The paper is written as a part of project 'The Trojan Catalogue (Hom. Il. 2.816-877) and the Peoples of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A Study of the Homeric Text in the Light of Hittite Sources and Classical Geographical Tradition' (2015/19/P/HS3/04161), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with the National Science Centre, Poland. ; Narodowe Centrum Nauki / National Science Centre

AbstractThe article is a comparative study of Mycenaean Greek and Hittite land-tenure systems. It is based upon a systematic comparison of two groups of documents: land-registers (the so-called E-series) from Pylos and Middle Hittite land-donations. The traditional interpretation of both Mycenaean Greek and Hittite documents is challenged and alternative interpretations are offered. Thus, on the Mycenaean side, the construction with the preposition pa-ro is reinterpreted, and on the Hittite side an entirely new interpretation of a Hittite expression pir-sahhanas is offered. Both land-tenure systems are interpreted as two manifestations of compulsory labour service of small landholders attached to large agricultural estates. Cet article est une étude comparative des systèmes de tenue de la terre dans la Grèce mycénienne et l'empire hittite. Elle est fondée sur une comparaison systématique de deux groupes de documents : les registres de la terre (appelés la série E) de Pylos et les donations de terre moyenne hittite. L'interprétation traditionnelle des documents mycénien et hittite est ici remise en question et une nouvelle explication est offerte. Ainsi, du côté mycénien, la construction avec la préposition pa-ro est réinterprétée, et du côté hittite une interprétation entièrement nouvelle de l'expression pir-sahhanas est proposée. Les deux systèmes de tenue de la terre sont interprétés comme deux manifestations d'un service de travail obligatoire dus par des petits propriétaires attachés à des grandes propriétés agricoles.

The wanax is the central figure of authority in Mycenaean society. This much is clear from studies of the references to wanax in the Linear B tablets, interpretation of the history of the use of the term wanax in Homer and later Greek, and reconstruction of the development of the institution of kingship from the end of the Bronze Age through the Archaic to Hellenistic period. Scholars want to know the same things about the Mycenaean wanax that we do about power figures -- "big men", chieftains, shamans, kings -- in any society: how and when did the wanax originate? How were the institution and authority of the wanax legitimized and maintained? What cultural needs did the wanax satisfy and what powers and responsibilities did he have in different spheres of daily life: religious, political, economic, military, and social? What led to the disappearance of the institution of the wanax in post-palatial Greek culture? Each of these questions is major and multi-faceted. Here Palaima discusses them and problems connected with them in two parts. In the first part he rejects the Indo-European model of a warrior-king in favor of a priest-king more along the lines of Hittite models. In the second part he pursues several speculative arguments related to the paraphernalia of Mycenaean kingship. ; Classics

This paper aims to demonstrate that cults and cultic institutions are a crucial element for understanding the processes producing different regional outcomes after the fall of the Hittite empire. In this paper, cults are understood as normative cosmic forces defining tempo and worldview of ancient societies. Cultic institutions can be identified as physical spaces defined by purity, charged with real and symbolic value, and led by specialists whose competence is recognised by the community. Instead of being a by-product of political complexity, they are a driving force behind the power dynamics because they are perceived as such in a bottom-up perspective, but also often by main political actors in search of legitimation of their power. This paper examines the interconnections between cultic and political institutions in the territory under the Hittite empire and in the same space after the empire's demise. We aim to distinguish between processes of resilience, reorganisation, and transformation as they occurred in particular micro-regions previously controlled by the empire, including the Upper Euphrates, South-Central Anatolia, North-Central Anatolia, Cilicia, and the Northern Levant; this will demonstrate both the importance of such a micro-regionally defined study, as well as the shared coincidence of cultic and political institutional change. It will become evident that cultic continuity coincided with the resilience of political institutions, and changes in the cultic landscape corresponded to political reorganisations or transformations in post-Hittite Anatolia and north Syria.

"The papers in this collection are the product of the conference "Hittites, Greeks and Their Neighbors in Ancient Anatolia: An International Conference on Cross-Cultural Interaction," hosted by Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. They cover an impressive range of issues relating to the complex cultural interactions that took place on Anatolian soil over the course of two millennia, in the process highlighting the difficulties inherent in studying societies that are multi-cultural in their make-up and outlook, as well as the role that cultural identity played in shaping those interactions. Topics include possible sources of tension along the Mycenaean-Anatolian interface; the transmission of mythological and religious elements between cultures; the change across time and space in literary motifs as they are adapted to new milieus and new audiences; the ways in which linguistic data can refine our understanding of the interrelations between the various peoples who lived in Anatolia; and the role that the Anatolian kingdoms of the first millennium played as cultural filters and conduits through which North Syrian or Near Eastern ideas or materials were transmitted to the Greeks."--BOOK JACKET

This book explains the source of Y by focusing on social, economic, and even political aspects. The description contained in it is not only limited to explaining the source of Y, but has been accompanied by the interpretation of the two authors. In this book, it is explained that the Y source is written with the background of the strong Egypt as one of the superpowers and the Israel kingdom under David's monarchy, here Egypt is the biggest threat. The question is, why Egypt? Aren't there other superpowers in addition to Egypt, such as the Mycenaeans, Hittites, and Assyrians? And is it true that source Y was written at the time David was king of Israel kingdom? This is explained at length in this book. In addition, source Y also has another agenda, namely how to unite the twelve tribes into one nation in a new kingdom under the Davidic dynasty. Why did David have to do this? The initial answer given is because it relates to their existence in the midst of other kingdoms and nations. The way that David tried to convince his people was by bringing up the story of Abraham's calling, especially the affirmation "Israel is a great nation, chosen and blessed. These two agendas are a big framework for understanding this book. ; This book explains the source of Y by focusing on social, economic, and even political aspects. The description contained in it is not only limited to explaining the source of Y, but has been accompanied by the interpretation of the two authors. In this book, it is explained that the Y source is written with the background of the strong Egypt as one of the superpowers and the Israel kingdom under David's monarchy, here Egypt is the biggest threat. The question is, why Egypt? Aren't there other superpowers in addition to Egypt, such as the Mycenaeans, Hittites, and Assyrians? And is it true that source Y was written at the time David was king of Israel kingdom? This is explained at length in this book. In addition, source Y also has another agenda, namely how to unite the twelve tribes into one nation in a new kingdom under the Davidic dynasty. Why did David have to do this? The initial answer given is because it relates to their existence in the midst of other kingdoms and nations. The way that David tried to convince his people was by bringing up the story of Abraham's calling, especially the affirmation "Israel is a great nation, chosen and blessed. These two agendas are a big framework for understanding this book.

For the past 20 years, several studies have acknowledged Mycenaean cultural and political interference as well as continuous acculturation processes and hybridisation phenomena in an effort to reconstruct Late Minoan II-IIIB Cretan society through an analysis of its material culture and interactions with the Mycenaean mainland. A diachronic approach is fundamental to assessing and explaining the sociocultural and political transformations that affected Cretan communities for two and a half centuries (1450-1200 BCE). Contextualising these changes within the framework of contemporary Aegean developments participates in the discussions about the phenomenon of mycenaeanisation. In this regard, the present paper considers a distinct, two-step process in the context of Crete. Among the different dynamics that had affected the various regions of the island at this time, East Crete appears as a special case. This paper proposes to investigate the sociocultural characterisation of Cretan communities during the advanced Late Bronze Age from an Eastern Cretan perspective focusing on the study of ceramic traditions. Based on a diachronic typological and stylistic analysis of ceramic assemblages from different sites of this region (Palaikastro, Kato Zakros, Mochlos, Myrsini, Petras, Karoumes), the degree of regional connectivity and variation in pottery consumption is assessed. Such an approach allows us to examine local and regional ceramic traditions in terms of pottery exchange and cultural interconnection. It also informs our understanding of the maintenance and transformation of sociocultural practices within and between regional communities in the wider context of Monopalatial and Postpalatial Crete. The more specific recognition of interaction networks at both intra- and inter-regional scales is also preliminarily considered. In doing so, this study adds important new knowledge to a period of Bronze Age Crete very well known from site contexts, but still little explained from a regional and diachronic perspective.

For the past 20 years, several studies have acknowledged Mycenaean cultural and political interference as well as continuous acculturation processes and hybridisation phenomena in an effort to reconstruct Late Minoan II-IIIB Cretan society through an analysis of its material culture and interactions with the Mycenaean mainland. A diachronic approach is fundamental to assessing and explaining the sociocultural and political transformations that affected Cretan communities for two and a half centuries (1450-1200 BCE). Contextualising these changes within the framework of contemporary Aegean developments participates in the discussions about the phenomenon of mycenaeanisation. In this regard, the present paper considers a distinct, two-step process in the context of Crete. Among the different dynamics that had affected the various regions of the island at this time, East Crete appears as a special case. This paper proposes to investigate the sociocultural characterisation of Cretan communities during the advanced Late Bronze Age from an Eastern Cretan perspective focusing on the study of ceramic traditions. Based on a diachronic typological and stylistic analysis of ceramic assemblages from different sites of this region (Palaikastro, Kato Zakros, Mochlos, Myrsini, Petras, Karoumes), the degree of regional connectivity and variation in pottery consumption is assessed. Such an approach allows us to examine local and regional ceramic traditions in terms of pottery exchange and cultural interconnection. It also informs our understanding of the maintenance and transformation of sociocultural practices within and between regional communities in the wider context of Monopalatial and Postpalatial Crete. The more specific recognition of interaction networks at both intra- and inter-regional scales is also preliminarily considered. In doing so, this study adds important new knowledge to a period of Bronze Age Crete very well known from site contexts, but still little explained from a regional and diachronic perspective.

Introduction / Diana L. Stein, Sarah Kielt Costello and Karen Polinger Foster -- Contextualizing the study of ecstatic experience in ancient old world societies / Sarah Kielt Costello -- Not only ecstasy : pouring new concepts into old vessels / Etzel Cardeña -- From shamans to sorcerers : empirical models for defining ritual practices and ecstatic experience in ancient, medieval and modern societies / Michael J. Winkelman -- Psychoactive plants in the ancient world : observations of an ethnobotanist / Giorgio Samorini -- Ecstasy meets paleoethnobotany : botanical stimulants in ancient Inner Asia / Alison Betts -- Caucasian cocktails : the early use of alcohol in 'the cradle of wine' / Stephen Batiuk -- Mind-altering plants in Babylonian medical sources / Barbara Böck -- Plant-based potions and ecstatic states in Hittite rituals / Rita Francia -- Forbidden at Philae : proscription of aphrodisiac and psychoactive plants in Ptolemaic Egypt / Riccardo Andreozzi and Claudia Sarkady -- The Ring-Kernos and psychotropic substances / David Ilan -- Beer, beasts and bodies : shedding boundaries in bounded spaces / Anne Porter -- Lament, spectacle and emotion in a ritual for Ishtar / Sam Mirelman -- Writing for the dead, welcoming the solar-eye goddess and ecstatic expression in Egyptian religion / John Coleman Darnell -- Altered states on prepalatial Crete / Emily Miller Bonney -- Bodies in ecstasy : shamanic elements in Minoan religion / Christine Morris and Alan Peatfield -- The Mycenaeans and ecstatic ritual experience / Susan Lupack -- Emotional arousal, sensory deprivation and 'miraculous healing' in the cult of Asclepius / Olympia Panagiotidou -- Ecstasy and initiation in the Eleusinian mysteries / Alice Clinch -- Apolline and Dionysian ecstasy at Delphi / Yulia Ustinova -- Communing with the spirits : funeral processions in ancient Rome / Maik Patzelt -- Ecstatic experience and possession disorders in ancient Mesopotamia / Ulrike Steinert -- Ghosts in and outside the machine : a phenomenology of intelligence, psychic possession and prophetic ecstasy in ancient Mesopotamia / John Z. Wee -- Ecstatic speech in ancient Mesopotamia / Benjamin R. Foster -- Ecstatic experience : the proto-theme of a Near Eastern glyptic language family / Diana L. Stein -- Understanding the language of trees : ecstatic experience and interspecies communication in late Bronze Age Crete / Caroline J. Tully -- Psychedelic art and ecstatic visions in the Aegean / Karen Polinger Foster -- Sight as ecstatic experience in the ancient Mediterranean / Nassos Papalexandrou.