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On the occasion of the bicentennial of the publication of Kant's Treatise on Perpetual Peace, the author attempts to evoke & actualize that classic of modern philosophy of politics. According to Hajo Schmidt, the strong point of Kant's concept was his realism, which prevented him from slipping into intellectual, utopian idealization of human nature & political relations among people. Having in mind not only the rational but also irrational aspects of human nature, ie, the insuperable chasm between good & evil, Kant in that respect offers edifying peacemaking propositions. This he achieves by advocating the concepts of free individuals, independent national states, & the cosmopolitan unity of humankind. These three moments make up the content of Kant's concept of republicanism. Their identity & plurality are the foundations of the peace. 3 References. Adapted from the source document.

On the occasion of the bicentennial of the publication of Kant's Treatise on Perpetual Peace, the author attempts to evoke & actualize that classic of modern philosophy of politics. According to Hajo Schmidt, the strong point of Kant's concept was his realism, which prevented him from slipping into intellectual, utopian idealization of human nature & political relations among people. Having in mind not only the rational but also irrational aspects of human nature, ie, the insuperable chasm between good & evil, Kant in that respect offers edifying peacemaking propositions. This he achieves by advocating the concepts of free individuals, independent national states, & the cosmopolitan unity of humankind. These three moments make up the content of Kant's concept of republicanism. Their identity & plurality are the foundations of the peace. 3 References. Adapted from the source document.

The author shows the importance of Hobbes' political thought in formulating the modern state. His contractual argument did not become obsolete as his scientific method. Hobbes breaks from the Aristotelian & natural rights tradition, or rather, he gives the concept of natural right an entirely new meaning. In this context the state of nature, contract & state are logical constructs, & not concepts in direct causal relationship. Hobbes' contract is not just a contract about the system of government; it is what society begins with. The contract is only the ground for the formation of the sociability of the individual, if it is at the same time the ground for establishing the government. The author emphasizes that, just like Kant, Hobbes & Locke consider leaving the state of nature necessary, not simply because of pragmatic reasons, but because the state has to legitimate itself as a claim of pure practical reason. Therefore, the author, following Kant, holds that the duty towards civil society & state cannot be based in the context of Hobbes' & Locke's philosophy, because, although the creation of state can be seen as an act of prudence, that in itself does not show a real obligation to pass from the state of nature to the state of law. The author also notes Hobbes' error in constructing a state independent from ownership. Contrary to him, Kant reasonably & legally bases theory of property as decisive part of his contractualism & creates a philosophical & legal foundation for the philosophy of the state. References. Adapted from the source document.

In autumn 1795, Kant published his essay Treatise on Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Outline. In it he shows how reason is related to the historical nature of man. Can human knowledge become practical or does it only occur in the pure region of divinity, mathematics, & nature? Can human reason be operative in the sphere of public activity? In other words, the way reason relates to politics is analyzed. Kant's thesis is that peace is the foundation & the norm of the political, an opinion that makes him part of the long tradition of European humanistic thought. We examine The First & The Second Definitive Article on perpetual peace as well as The Second Appendix (The Secret Article of Perpetual Peace) & consider them as a sign of great respect & admiration for the Konigsberg philosopher. Kant's integral text will be published as a part of the Minerva series by the publishing firm Politicka kultura. Adapted from the source document.

In autumn 1795, Kant published his essay Treatise on Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Outline. In it he shows how reason is related to the historical nature of man. Can human knowledge become practical or does it only occur in the pure region of divinity, mathematics, & nature? Can human reason be operative in the sphere of public activity? In other words, the way reason relates to politics is analyzed. Kant's thesis is that peace is the foundation & the norm of the political, an opinion that makes him part of the long tradition of European humanistic thought. We examine The First & The Second Definitive Article on perpetual peace as well as The Second Appendix (The Secret Article of Perpetual Peace) & consider them as a sign of great respect & admiration for the Konigsberg philosopher. Kant's integral text will be published as a part of the Minerva series by the publishing firm Politicka kultura. Adapted from the source document.

The study of Hobbes' "theory of politics" begins with contrasting the different views on his theory found in the works of H. Arendt & M. Foucault, as well as in the recent methodically crucial works of J. F. Spitz. Their common denominator is that they all contest Hobbes' theory state & sovereignty, as a fatal epoch-making trap. The essay approaches Hobbes through evaluating contemporary political theory & his most important inquiry into the understanding of state as a legal & political project of Modernity (A. Passerin d'Entreves, B. Kriegel & Q. Skinner). Based on this inquiry, & on the critical reading of Hobbes' Leviathan, the author shows that the understanding of Hobbes' theory of the sovereign state conclusively depends on the epistemological status of the concept of the "state of nature." The main dilemma is if the state of nature should be understood as a logical construct with an ambition for ontological status or a hypothetical state reflecting the historical context of Hobbes' era? The main problem of the state of nature does not rest in a struggle for power between power-seeking individuals, but in the fact that people are fatally divided & conflicted in their religious & political convictions. To leave such state of religious civil wars permanently, is possible only, if the tasks of a representative sovereign are understood as society-building in diachronic dimension. However, even if a sovereign successfully fulfills his fundamental task of society-building, the developed civil society will not correlate with this basic type of sovereign absolute state, but with a new type -- liberal & democratic state. References. Adapted from the source document.

Environmental supervision and government subsidy are important tools for government to promote green innovation. The influence of these two policy orientations on green innovation performance is spreading widely, but the specific indirect mechanism of policy orientation inducing green innovation needs further exploring. This paper introduces the knowledge-dynamic ability (knowledge production ability, knowledge acquisition ability, knowledge integration ability) into the analysis framework of enterprise green innovation, and studies the mediating effect of the knowledge-dynamic ability on policy orientation and green innovation. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2015, the empirical findings are as follows: Firstly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a remarkable mediating role in promoting between policy orientation and green innovation, which indicates that improving the knowledge-dynamic ability is a core mechanism of policy orientation to induce enterprise green innovation. Secondly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a complete mediating role in the relationship between environmental supervision and green innovation. Environmental supervision promotes green process innovation by enhancing knowledge acquisition ability and induces green product innovation by enhancing knowledge production ability. Thirdly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between government subsidy and green innovation. Government subsidy improves enterprise green process innovation by enhancing knowledge acquisition ability and knowledge integration ability, and induces enterprise green product innovation by enhancing knowledge production ability and knowledge integration ability. ; Nadzor okoliša i vladine subvencije važni su alati vlade za promicanje zelenih inovacija. Utjecaj tih dviju smjernica politike na rast zelene inovacije se širi, ali potrebno je dodatno istražiti specifične neizravne mehanizme usmjerenosti politike koje potiču zelene inovacije. U ovom radu uvodi se dinamička sposobnost znanja (sposobnost proizvodnje znanja, sposobnost stjecanja znanja, sposobnost integracije znanja) u okvir analize poduzeća zelenih inovacija i proučava posrednički učinak sposobnosti dinamike znanja na usmjerenost politike i zelene inovacije. Empirijski nalazi koji se temelje na panel podacima 30 kineskih provincija za razdoblje od 2000. do 2015. su slijedeći: Prvo, dinamička sposobnost znanja ima značajnu posredničku ulogu između promicanja usmjerenosti prema politici i zelenih inovacija, što ukazuje na to da je poboljšanje dinamičke sposobnosti znanja temeljni mehanizam usmjeravanja politike za poticanje zelenih inovacija u poduzeću. Drugo, dinamička sposobnost znanja igra potpunu posredničku ulogu u odnosu između nadzora okoliša i zelenih inovacija. Nadzor okoliša promiče inovacije zelenih procesa povećavajući sposobnost stjecanja znanja i potiče inovacije zelenih proizvoda poboljšanjem sposobnosti proizvodnje znanja. Treće, dinamička sposobnost znanja ima djelomično posredničku ulogu između državnih subvencija i zelenih inovacija. Državne subvencije poboljšavaju inovacije zelenog procesa u poduzeću povećavanjem sposobnosti stjecanja znanja i sposobnosti integracije znanja, te potiču inovacije zelenih proizvoda u poduzeću povećavanjem sposobnosti proizvodnje znanja i sposobnosti integracije znanja.

This article explains the characteristics of Chinese aesthetics through the basic concepts of original Confucianism and original Daoism. These theories all regard aesthetic activities as a whole integrated with life cultivation. But the Confucian view believes that from the individual to the country, harmony between all people and the imperial power can be achieved through musical education. The Daoist view believes that abandoning secular utilitarian thinking can remove all obstacles to the development of human nature and connect human nature with nature to achieve spiritual freedom. This attitude has become the process of the artist's pursuit of the highest artistic achievement. For further explanation, this article introduces the theories of figure painters Gu Kaizhi and Xie He, and the theories of landscape painters Guo Xi and Jing Hao. The change from figure painting to landscape painting is not only due to the influence of political reality, but also to the development of the theory of artistic creation based on the ideal realm advocated by Confucianism and Daoism. ; Ovaj članak objašnjava karakteristike kineske estetike kroz osnovne koncepte izvornog konfucijanizma i izvornog daoizma. Ove teorije promatraju estetske aktivnosti kao cjelinu integriranu s kultivacijom života. No, konfucijansko gledište vjeruje da se od pojedinca do države sklad između svih ljudi i imperijalne moći može postići glazbenim obrazovanjem. Daoističko gledište vjeruje da napuštanje sekularnog utilitarnog mišljenja može ukloniti sve prepreke razvoju ljudske prirode i povezati ljudsku prirodu s prirodom radi postizanja duhovne slobode. Ovaj je pristup postao proces umjetnikove težnje za najvišim umjetničkim dostignućem. Za daljnje objašnjenje, ovaj članak predstavlja teorije slikara figura Gua Kaizhija i Xiea Hieja, te teorije pejzažnih slikara Gua Xija i Jinga Haoa. Promjena od slikarstva figura do pejzažnog slikarstva nije samo posljedica utjecaja političke stvarnosti, već i razvoja teorije umjetničkog stvaralaštva utemeljene na ...

An increasing number of population in the cities has problems with food security, transportation and environmental protection. To misticate these problems, a new type of agriculture has been established: Urban Agriculture (UA). In this paper, we are introducing the concept of UA and provide basic information on the definition and forms of UA. The article aims to provide insight into the general concept of UA for sustainable city development. UA has a positive influence on social, environmental and economic life in the cities, which should encourage members of the government and private sector to utilize UA as an important part in city planning. However, there are reservations which should be taken into account, but by raising awareness we add to a better understanding of mechanisms in UA. ; Sve veći broj stanovništva u gradovima dovodi do problema s opskrbom hrane, prijevozom roba i usluga i zaštitom okoliša. Kako bi se ublažile posljedice i ponudila rješenja, uspostavljena je nova vrsta poljoprivrede: Gradska poljoprivreda (GP). U ovom radu uvodimo koncept GP i dajemo osnovne informacije o definiciji i oblicima GP. Cilj je članka dati uvid u opći koncept GP kao podlogu za održivi razvoj grada. GP ima pozitivan utjecaj na društveni, okolišni i ekonomski život u gradovima, što bi trebalo potaknuti predstavnike grada i privatnog sektora da GP koriste kao važan dio u planiranju razvoja grada. Međutim, postoje ograničenja koja bi trebalo uzeti u obzir, ali povećanjem svijesti i objavom publikacija doprinosimo boljem razumijevanju GP.

Konvencija o pristupu informacijama, sudjelovanju javnosti u odlučivanju i pristupu sudstvu o pitanjima okoliša – Aarhuška konvencija – međunarodni je pravni okvir na području zaštite okoliša. Ova konvencija, pokrenuta pod pokroviteljstvom UN-a, najambiciozniji je pothvat kada je riječ o zaštiti okoliša. Njezinim usvajanjem ujedno je učinjen golem korak u razvoju međunarodnoga prava. Prihvaćajući načela i formalno pristupajući Aarhuškoj konvenciji, države naše regije (Jugoistočna Europa) zorno pokazuju da prava na području okoliša nisu luksuz rezerviran samo za bogate. Ovim se dokumentom utvrđuju prava u svezi s okolišem te čine pouzdan temelj za uključivanje najšire javnosti u politike okoliša čime se potvrđuje i naša obveza prema budućim pokoljenjima. To je dokaz kako se održivi razvoj može postići jedino uključivanjem svih sudionika u društvu. Aarhuška konvencija poveznica je između odgovornosti tijela javne vlasti i zaštite okoliša, jer se sudjelovanjem javnosti povećava odgovornost i transparentnost pri donošenju odluka, kao i svijest javnosti o pitanjima okoliša, a osigurava se i podrška za donesene odluke. Učinkovitim sudjelovanjem javnosti promiču se načela suradnje i konzultacija između građana i donositelja odluka, čime se pridonosi općoj demokratizaciji društva. To je omogućeno provedbom Aarhuške konvencije koja uključuje: pristup informacijama, sudjelovanje javnosti pri donošenju odluka i pristup pravosuđu kada je riječ o okolišu. To su ujedno i tri glavna stupa Konvencije. Prije dvanaest godina tadašnji je glavni tajnik UN-a Kofi Annan opisao Konvenciju kao "najambiciozniji pothvat na području 'okolišne demokracije' dosad poduzet pod okriljem Ujedinjenih naroda". Možemo reći kako je taj opis vjerojatno i danas točan, iako je na području okolišne demokracije došlo i do drugih znatnih pomaka. ; Convention on access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters – The Aarhus Convention – is an international legal framework in the area of the environment protection. This convention, initiated under the auspices of UN, is the most ambitious venture as far as environment protection is concerned. Its adoption made at the same time a huge step in the international law development. Accepting the principles and formally accessing to the Aarhus Convention, countries from our region (Southeast Europe) show that rights in the environment protection area are not the luxury reserved only for the rich ones. This document defines the rights in the environment area and makes the reliable foundation for involving the general public in the environment policies which confirms our commitment to future generations. That is a proof that sustainable development can be achieved only by involving all participants in the society. The Aarhus Convention is a link between the authorities' responsibilities and environment protection, because participation of the public increases responsibility and transparency in decision making, as well as consciousness of the public about environmental matters. It also provides support for the made decisions. Efficient participation of the public promotes cooperation principles and consultation between citizens and decision makers, which contributes to general society democratization. That is enabled by the Aarhus Convention implementation which includes: access to information, participation of the public in decision making and access to jurisdiction when speaking of environment. These are at the same time three main Convention pillars. Twelve years ago the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan described the Convention as "the most ambitious venture in environmental democracy undertaken under the auspices of the United Nations". We can say that the mentioned descriptionis probably correct even today, although there have been many other significant improvements in environmental democracy.

Zbog svog geografskog položaja na kontaktu Panonskog bazena, Dinarida i Alpa Republika Hrvatska obiluje georaznolikošću i geobaštinom. Zakonom o zaštiti prirode zaštićena su ukupno 52 geolokaliteta. Važnost i vrijednost hrvatske geobaštine prepoznata je i u svjetskim razmjerima uvrštenjem Papuka i Viškog arhipelaga u mrežu svjetskih geoparkova UNESCO-a. U ovom je radu, po prvi put na jednom mjestu, prikazan cjelokupan povijesni pregled nacionalnog zakonodavnog okvira vezanog za georaznolikost i geobaštinu, pregled zaštićene geobaštine i nadležnih institucija u sustavu zaštite prirode, te izazovi i problemi na koje se nailazi pri vrednovanju, zaštiti i upravljanju. ; The Republic of Croatia is rich in geodiversity and geoheritage due to its geographical position at the contact of the Pannonian Basin, the Dinarides and the Alps. In total 52 geosites are protected by the Nature Protection Law. The importance and value of Croatian geoheritage has been recognized on a global scale by designating Papuk and Vis archipelago as UNESCO Global Geoparks. For the first time this paper presents a complete historical overview of the national legislative framework related to geodiversity and geoheritage. It as well, presents an overview of protected geoheritage and relevant institutions in the nature protection sector, challenges and problems encountered in the assessment process, protection and management of geoheritage.

Although the European Union is not a representative democracy, at least in some elements its political system is increasingly imitating the national liberal model of governance. So far, in the development of the European political system & in the draft EU Constitution the dual nature of the ED (federal & intergovernmental) seems to have remained in place. This is also shown in the persisting national elements in party-related institutions & processes within the EU political system that puts "its" liberal democratic characteristics in question. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Although the European Union is not a representative democracy, at least in some elements its political system is increasingly imitating the national liberal model of governance. So far, in the development of the European political system & in the draft EU Constitution the dual nature of the ED (federal & intergovernmental) seems to have remained in place. This is also shown in the persisting national elements in party-related institutions & processes within the EU political system that puts "its" liberal democratic characteristics in question. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

U današnje vrijeme sve više raste važnost održivog poslovanja. Razlog tome su klimatske promjene koje dolaze kao posljedica zagađivanja okoliša. Upravo su poduzeća jedni od najvećih zagađivača, a među njima se ističu naftna poduzeća. Industrija nafte svojim poslovanjem ispušta štetne emisije u okoliš, doprinosi gomilanju otpada te utječe na živote ljudi i životinja. Budući da su naftne tvrtke jedne od najvećih i najprofitabilnijih u svijetu, imaju veliku odgovornost da svojim poslovanjem doprinose socijalnom i ekološkom blagostanju. Neki predviđaju da se naftnoj industriji bliži skori kraj, ali mi se ne slažemo sa tom tezom. Treba još puno napora i novaca uložiti u istraživanje i razvoj kako bi se našao savršeni supstitut nafti. Isto tako, pretpostavke su da rezervi nafte ima na raspolaganju do kraja ovog stoljeća. Također, naftne kompanije sve više ulažu u proizvodnju alternativnih oblika energije. Dakle, iako se nafta iscrpi, kompanije će lako prijeći na alternativu. Upravo zbog svojih velikih profita one su jedne od rijetkih koje imaju mogućnost uložiti u istraživanje i razvoj obnovljivih oblika energije te su kao takve već u startu u prednosti. Zbog svjesnosti svoga utjecaja, naftne kompanije sve više ulažu u programe i projekte koji smanjuju zagađenje okoliša i povećavaju dobrobit lokalne zajednice. Da bi se takvi ciljevi nastavili realizirati potrebno je oblikovati strategiju koja usklađuje vrijednosti koje privlače kupce, dobit i motiviranost radnika. Odnosno, potrebno je uskladiti bio/fizičku, ekonomsku, socijalnu i tehnološku održivost. Ulaganje u tehnologiju može omogućiti učinkovitiju upotrebu goriva na bazi nafte, ali i osmisliti rješenja koja pristupaju drugim izvorima energije. Hrvatska industrija nafte je na dobrom putu da postigne takvu vrstu održivosti. U 2019. godini poduzeća su poduzela razne akcije kako bi doprinijela postizanju ekonomske, ekološke i socijalne održivosti. Znamo da se pri postizanju ekonomskih, socijalnih i ekoloških ciljeva, mora se postići i četvrti cilj: dobra vladavina. To ...