Suchergebnisse

As Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (UCs) são territórios instituídos pelo Estado brasileiro. Envolvem relações de poder relacionadas ao controle dos recursos naturais. A Educação Ambiental (EA) é posta como uma estratégia de interlocução com os agentes envolvidos na territorialização da UC. A EA, na perspectiva de um campo social, apresenta três macrotendências político-pedagógicas: crítica, conservacionista e pragmática. Foram investigadas 254 UCs federais, com o objetivo de articular os modelos de regulação dos territórios de UCs com as territorialidades da EA. Constatou-se que apesar da existência de uma diretriz institucional única, as UCs do grupo de Proteção Integral apresentam uma inclinação para a concepção político-pedagógica conservacionista, ao passo que as UCs do grupo de Uso Sustentável tendem para a concepção político-pedagógica crítica. Isso representa que diferentes formas de territorialização das UCs, são propensas a determinadas concepções político-pedagógicas de EA, independente da diretriz institucional. ; The Nature Conservation Units (CUs) are territories established by the Brazilian State. They involve power relations related to the control of natural resources. The Environmental Education (EE) is placed as a strategic dialogue with the agents involved with the CU territorialization. The EE, from the perspective of a social field, presents three macro-trends of political-pedagogical conceptions: the critical one, the conservationist one and the pragmatic one. An amount of 254 federal UCs were investigated through online questionnaires, aiming at articulating the patterns of regulation of UCs territories with the territorialities of EE practices. It was verififed that despite the existence of an unique institutional guideline, the CUs related to the Integral Protection Group presented an inclination towards the critical conservationist political-pedagogical conception, whereas the CUs of the Sustainable Use tended towards the critical political-pedagogical conception. This means that different forms of UCs territorialization tend to certain political-pedagogical conception of EE, regardless the institutional guidelines. ; Les unités de conservation de la nature (UCs) sont des territoires créés par l'État brésilien pour protéger les ressources naturelles et promouvoir le développement socio-environnemental. Ils impliquent les relations de pouvoir liés au contrôle des ressources naturelles. L'Edication Environnementale (EE) est présentée comme un stratégie d'interlocution avec les agents impliqués dans la territorialisation de l'UC. L'EE, du point de vue d'un champ social, présente trois macro-tendances de conceptions politico-pédagogiques: critique, conservationniste et pragmatique. Ont été examinés 254 UCs fédérales visant à articuler les modèles de réglementation des territoires des UCs avec les territorialités des pratiques d'EE. On a vérifié que malgré l'existence d'une unique directive institutionelle, l'UCS du groupe Protection Intégrale (PI) présentaient un tendance vers la conception politico-pédagogique de la conservation, alors que les UCs du groupe Utilisation durable (UD) tendaient vers la conception politico-pédagogique critique. Cela signifie que différentes formes de territorialisation sont soumises à certaines conceptions politico-pédagogiques de l'EE, au détriment de la ligne directrice institutionnelle.

The eco-friendliness achieved several spaces in society, also reaching the government as a response to the pressures exerted by international organizations, but also by society itself, demanding compliance with the legislation, seeking to develop better environmental quality and promote the municipalities reactions that seek answers to these requirements because for decades that environmental responsibility was focused only on federal and state government levels. However, in 1997, the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), by Resolution No. 237/1997, establishing the evaluation of local environmental impacts of projects for competence of municipalities, which must coordinate actions, developing environmental education for understanding and community respect for the environment, implementing regulations to control environmental deterioration, enabling a reduction of degraded areas, thus taking the mission to stimulate local sustainable development with social equity, economic development and environmental protection.

The planning and implementation of legal units of environmental management have been
conflicting, generating social and economic predicaments. These conflicts generate cognitive, emotional and
affective movements, that somehow contribute to learning with the operation. The Environmental Education, as
a mediating process, enables the collective construction of the sustainable development process for the
productive sectors, with an open methodological proposal, whose model is to generate solutions from social
participation. In this sense, it is understood that Environmental Education is a process of educational praxis that
aims at building values, attitudes, concepts, skills, standards, knowledge and shared practices for the constructing
a style of thinking that contributes to environmental citizenship. Trying to understand and contribute with this
social dynamics, have been conducted, from 2001 to 2006, numerous and multiple environmental teaching
actions in the highlands region of Santa Catarina. This movement resulted in the development of an open model
of environmental education which is mediated by the environmental perception of social actors involved,
understanding perception as the integration of biological, psychological and social dimensions. Thus, the
proposition for the Open Model of Environmental Education with the paradigm of transdisciplinary opening
mediated by the environmental perception of social actors involved will result in the collective construction of
solutions to local environmental problems.

The public space is the stage for the most varied conflicts, resulting, in certain cases, in violence. However, it is in this space that men experience freedom, expressing themselves in front of plurality of opinions. As it is a space for free expression, our actions and opinions are not always received without contradiction, arousing resentful feelings. Following Arendt's thinking, the public space is the arena in which everyone should manifest themselves spontaneously, showing themselves from their uniqueness before the plurality that characterizes the community. As it is a space for the expression of the individual, guided by freedom and plurality, the individual's action is irreversible and unpredictable, enabling a cycle of misunderstandings and violence. Consequently, there is no way to prevent conflicting emotions from being fed by the damage originated from political action. According to Arendt, resentments are emotional states peculiar to human beings, facilitating common understanding and coexistence. Thus, resentment can lead to acts against injustice, with punishment and forgiveness, enabling a new beginning. However, there are acts that are not in keeping with forgiveness, such as the crimes perpetrated by Nazism, whose relationship established among men was not human. In the face of the absurdity of the situation, on which there is no way to judge, forgiveness has no place, closing the doors to a new beginning. Anyway, this text intends to explore the role of resentment as a factor that enables the survival of public space, but that can also lead to its destruction.

In the late 1950's, Merleau-Ponty shifted his research focus from phenomenology to ontology. Such a transition involves the articulation of his previous studies of perception and corporeity with the philosophical unfolding of the postulates of physics and biology from the first half of the century. By reformulating the concept of nature, fostered not only by the sciences mentioned above but also by Whitehead's metaphysics, Merleau-Ponty proposes the admission of nature as a temporal flux of self-producing meaningful expressiveness, incorporating temporality and negativity into the core of being, something that before was exclusive of the being-for-it-self. Merleau-Ponty's flesh, as we shall see, is in harmony with Whitehead's notion of process, pointing to a certain pre-socratic hylozoism in the ontology of both. That being said, the purpose of the paper is to examine Merleau-Ponty's indirect ontology, indicating its convergence with Whitehead's philosophy, so we can finally introduce an incipient critique based on the work of Francisco Varela. It is argued here that the concept of autopoiesis may indicate an alternative to Merleau-Ponty's notion of nature.

In his book Mind and World, John McDowell intends to overcome the oscillation between two approaches that seek to mediate the relationship between the minds and the world, on the one hand we have the myth of the giving saying that thoughts need coercion from the outside world, and on the other side we have the coherentism that presents the idea that only one belief can justify another belief. To defend its approach and naturalize conceptual capabilities, situating spontaneity in nature without reducing it within the realm of law. Human nature would then be a second nature which is not only formed from the abilities acquired at birth but which are also formed from the Bildung. In taking these notions, McDowell brings the discussion of Han-Georg Gadamer's ideas about the experience of openness to the world through language. In this way, the intention of the present article is to discuss about the implications of the notions of Bildung and second nature in the work of McDowell seeking a greater clarification from the influence and the interpretations of Gadamer.

Dennett's theory of personal identity argues that the "self" is no more than a center of narrative gravity. One of the main hurdles to assessing this proposal lies in the fact that it is difficult to understand what the nature of Dennett's concept of "self" is; specifically, what are the ontological and epistemological commitments that can be attributed to the phenomenon in question. In this article we claim that the best way to make an interpretative reconstruction of his notion of "self" is appealing to the distinction elaborated by Reichenbach between three classes of entities, Concreta, Abstracta, and Illata, and understanding the narrative centers of gravity as a case of Reichenbachian Abstracta. We defend that understanding the narrative centers of gravity as Abstracta in the sense of Reichenbach is pertinent and illuminating given that: i) although he does not apply it directly to the problem of the nature of the "self", Dennett does use Reichenbach's distinction in other parts of his work; ii) Dennett explicitly draws an analogy of the "self" with the centers of gravity that are, precisely, one of his examples of Abstracta; iii) this way of understanding the "self" allows us to give sense and better understand certain aspects of Dennett's narrative theory. Besides allowing us to clarify the metaphors used by Dennett in the elaboration of his narrative theory, such conceptual elucidation allows us to better understand the distinction between the three classes of intentional psychology drawn by Dennett (1987) and is useful in suggesting to which of these three types the concept of "self" belongs.

O argumento central deste texto é a conexão entre as áreas ambientalmente protegidas, sua importância no contexto de uma metrópole mundial e os conflitos decorrentes do crescimento da população metropolitana. Em cidades como São Paulo, a presença de vegetação é um patrimônio, um indicador de qualidade de vida levado em conta pelo mercado imobiliário. Assim, o primeiro objetivo deste texto é analisar a perspectiva territorial da proteção ambiental, referindo-se ao ordenamento interno da grande metrópole e às ações coletivas de valorização territorial. Em vista desses elementos, analisamos, na segunda parte, as estratégias de reestruturação territorial adotada em políticas públicas locais, metropolitanas e sua relação com as internacionais (reserva da biosfera do cinturão verde de São Paulo e reserva da biosfera da Mata Atlântica). A terceira seção analisa os parques estaduais e urbanos ante as políticas territoriais. ; The central argument of this paper is the connection between environmentally protected areas, its importance in the context of a world metropolis and the conflicts arising from growth of the metropolitan population. In cities like Sao Paulo, the presence of vegetation is an asset, an indicator of quality of life taken into account by real estate market. Thus the first aim of this paper is to analyze the territorial perspective of environmental protection referring to if the legal frame of the great metropolis and its territorial planning. In view of these elements the second part analyzes the territorial restructuring strategies adopted in public policies and its relationship with the international level (biosphere reserve of the green belt Sao Paulo and the biosphere reserve of the Atlantic). The third section analyzes the state and urban parks within the territorial politics .

The environmental change by the society is recurring and has been intensified since the first civilizations. However, the lack of conservationist practices has caused the emergence of degraded areas, whose recovery is fundamental for the sustainability. In this context, this paper aims at analyzing the environmental recovery as a public policy strategy supported in the Brazilian legislation. As methodology, a documental and analytical research was developed on the regulations, discussed at a multidisciplinary perspective, from the view of legal and engineering specialists, from the agricultural and environmental areas. As a result, it was identified a collection of rules pointing at a significant commitment on the definition of guidelines. On the other hand, this meaningful quantity of legal mechanisms, associated to misalignment, may cause damages to its effectiveness. In conclusion, we can consider that environmental reclamation is widely regulated, and it represents one of the main strategies of the environmental public policy adopted in Brazil. Nevertheless, it still requires advances to combine harmoniously practical and theoretical-conceptual aspects. Thus, considering the moment that Brazil is consolidating a new Forestry Code, we hope that the achieved outcomes can contribute to the debate and mobilization about the environmental reclamation as a strategy for sustainability.

Esta comunicação visa compartilhar alguns resultados pertinentes à pesquisa realizada no âmbito da pós-graduação, onde se buscou analisar a produção intelectual em sociologia ambiental na América Latina, entendendo quais são as propostas ou soluções que essa produção coloca para a minimização dos problemas socioambientais. A despeito dos resultados obtidos, nota-se que a educação ambiental, difundida como promessa para a emergência da consciência ambiental e possível superação da crise civilizatória, pouco se destaca dentre as preocupações da sociologia (como pode ser visto também em Layrargues, 2002).

The problem to be addressed in this article is related to the precautionary principle and its incorporation into the Brazilian law. As it is beknown, this principle has been widely cited by Brazilian case law and it is an important part of the legal and environmental scholarly production. However, it follows that its application has been made fairly randomly, and even so there is no clear and operational definition of its content. The hypothesis being examined is that since the Rio Declaration's - in its translation into Portuguese - environmental legislation has termed as legal principle, which internationally is an approach, a precautionary measure, as can be seen in both the texts in English and French of the Rio Declaration and other relevant legal instruments. The methodology to be used is the research of the case law and relevant legal rules, as well as the examination of the scholarly production on the subject. As a result, the conclusion is that there is an overuse of the precautionary principle by the Brazilian courts, especially by the Superior Court of Justice and that, in this case, the Federal Supreme Court has played a moderating role in relation to the application of the precautionary principle.