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From the introduction: The rapid adoption of wind energy in the renewable energy mix can be seen in many industrialized nations in the past decade, 'in particular the need to agreed greenhouse gas reduction and stable energy supply are seen as a sound vision for a sustainable energy policy'. In an emerging market such as South Africa there are abundant renewable resources including wind energy, however there is low adoption observed to date. This study aims to investigate barriers to entry in the South African wind energy sector and what the priorities are to remove such barriers for successful deployment of wind technology. Therefore, it was required to examine successful deployment of wind energy in the European Union and how such barriers were removed; this was set in the current status of the renewable energy sector and existing barriers in South Africa. It was necessary to gain insight of the inter-related issues on opening a traditional fossil fuel based energy market to a transitional implementation of renewable energy provisioning, also considering the current utility monopoly based energy landscape in South Africa. Chapter one considers the global shift for the need to implement renewable energy and highlights key issues such as security of supply, carbon reduction linked to climate change. Section three looks at the global benefits of renewable energy within the energy mix. Section four highlights key policy shifts and wind energy potential and section five gives an overview of South Africa's renewable energy policies. Chapter two looks at the research question of the need to answer what barriers exist and how to remove these in South Africa. Section three and four describe the qualitative research method applied and the setting of sampling. Section five, six and seven look at the tools used for telephone interviews. Section eight and nine describe the literary research applied, the key institutional papers reviewed and barriers identified. Chapter three describes the lessons learned in a global context on policies for renewable energy to deploy wind energy successfully. Section three looks at the background on European lessons learned with key European wind markets focused on such as Denmark, Germany, Spain and UK. Sections four to thirteen look at the barriers to entry, key mechanism such as feed-in tariffs, tendering, effectiveness of support schemes in various EU markets and conclusion on support schemes. Sections fourteen to twenty two look at specific barriers to entry, offshore, grid access, distribution, socio-economic effects, public and environmental issues with conclusion on removal of barriers. Chapter four sections one to three look at the energy mix, policy status and wind potential in South Africa. Sections four and five look at current support mechanisms and provincial initiatives. Sections six to eight describe distribution and small scale wind barriers and socio-economic considerations. Section nine and ten look at non implementation at regulatory and legal level, issues on power purchase agreements, and inconsistencies in integrated resource planning. Chapter five looks at the survey methods used the raw data analysis and limitations of the survey. Chapter six looks at the qualitative findings in South Africa. Section two to six describes the analysis is themed on successful initiatives, unsuccessful measures, barriers to entry, on priorities to remove barriers. Chapter seven presents the discussion based on the results. Chapter eight draws conclusions and chapter nine recommends and identifies further areas of research.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: Abstract3 Acknowledgements5 List of Abbreviations8 List of Illustrations9 Introduction9 Background and aims of study10 1.1.1Reasons for renewable energy in a world context12 1.2Global lessons on barriers to renewable energy12 1.3Global benefits of renewables in the energy mix14 1.4South Africa's Emissions15 1.5Scaling up wind energy17 1.6South Africa's wind energy potential18 2.Research Question20 2.1Research objective20 2.2Research method20 2.3Qualitative research method20 2.4Defining the qualitative research setting: Sampling21 2.5Method Tools21 2.6Questionnaires22 2.7Stakeholder interviews22 2.8Literary research outline22 2.9Academic sources23 3.Lessons from Europe24 3.1Lessons from Europe background24 3.2Barriers to entry25 3.3Support mechanisms26 3.4Regional harmonisation of support schemes26 3.5Tendering26 3.6Feed-in Tariffs27 3.7Fiscal mechanisms overview27 3.8Evaluation of specific support schemes29 3.9Effectiveness of support mechanisms29 3.10Effective mechanism in key wind markets in Europe31 3.11Conclusion on EU support mechanisms32 3.12Exploring barriers to entry33 3.13Gale force offshore barriers33 3.14Grid access34 3.15Smart grid and decentralized electricity34 3.16Renewable energy and socio economic effects35 3.17Public acceptance and property35 3.18Environmental impact assessment36 3.19Adverse Effects: Noise, visual and electromagnetic impact36 3.20Conclusion on removal of barriers37 4Energy Landscape in South Africa38 4.1Background38 4.2Renewable energy policy status40 4.3Barriers to wind energy in South Africa41 4.4Eskom and renewable energy sector42 4.5Barriers - Mapping the wind potential43 4.6Support mechanisms for removal of barriers45 4.7Provincial and local Initiatives47 4.8Distribution and decentralized Energy48 4.9Small scale wind49 4.10Renewable energy and socio-economic Impact50 4.11Measures remaining to remove existing barriers51 4.12Slowly off the mark – Refit53 4.13Priorities for removal53 5.1Survey Methods54 5.2Data analysis54 5.3Stakeholders interviewed55 5.4Limitations56 6.1Qualitative Findings57 6.2On current status of the South African RE sector57 6.3On successful support initiatives for renewable energy58 6.4On unsuccessful measures59 6.5On barriers to entry60 6.6On removal of barriers61 6.7On priorities to remove barriers61 7.1Discussion63 7.2Institutional and administration barriers63 7.3A question of liberalization63 7.4Market transformation65 7.5RE tradable certificates66 7.6Grid access66 7.7Issues of rising land prices67 7.8Skills transfer and training67 8.Conclusion67 9.Recommendations, Research and Development69 Appendix 1Energy from Wind70 Appendix 2Historical Overview of Promotion Strategies in European Countries73 Appendix 3Inventory of Current Support Systems74 Appendix 4Questionnaire Example78 Appendix 5Summary Research Results from Coded Analysis79 References80Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3.15, Smart Grid and Decentralised Electricity: The further liberalisation of the energy markets in Europe has made decentralised energy (DE) more feasible as seen in the RE sector in Germany. A combination of RE sources and more cost effective control can balance out short-term fluctuations. Providing reliable electricity from 100 percent RE sources is shown in the combined power plant (CPP) projects linking 36 wind, solar biomass and hydropower installations throughout Germany. This follows, the World Alliance for Decentralized Energy claims that potential for DE in realizing electrification objectives is great anda far cheaper method of supplying power to local areas than grid extension including environmental benefits. Denmark for example benefits from a fifty percent shift to DE such as in case of wind turbines placed along transmission corridors, highways or train tracks. DE could therefore be of importance in the context of this investigation on support strategies in rural community electrification programmes in South Africa and improving energy efficiency. A wide range of technologies are available from the RE sector to benefit local ownership. However, barriers remain in the EU where it is recognised that inadequate progress has been made on lighter procedures for small projects implementation at local ownership level. The introduction of digital technology could present a further opportunity in form of the smart grid which allows more-efficient use of existing power capacity and of transmission and distribution, in addition to better handling of fluctuations in energy from wind and sun. Renewable Energyand Socio Economic Effects: The adoption by the European Council of the Renewable Energy Directive for 2020 sets ambitious targets for each Member State to achieve a twenty percent share of RE. In a study the EU investigated the macro- economic gross effects and net effects of RE policies in Europe, more specifically the findings suggest that the RE sector is already a very important one in terms of employment and value add. 'An estimated 2.8 million jobs by 2020 and 3.4 by 2030 will be created'.As a result of the RE support policies, the positive investment effect is currently based on installations in Europe and exports globally. However, it is recognized that inherent uncertainties about the future support of RE sources exist. In this context in the UK, the employment opportunities had been hitherto significantly underestimated. It is claimed an additional '130,000 jobs in the wind sectorby 2020 are a possibility'. Contrary to the report which claims that from a current 5000 jobs in the wind, wave and tidal energy sector, an increase to as many as 60,000 employees by 2020. However, the report suggests ' that the UK does not yet have a coherent approach to training' and step changes are required to achieve this goal. Whilst in Germany, the wind energy industry now employs close to 100,000 people. Public Acceptance and Property: In terms of property or land prices near wind farms, there appears to be conflicting and subjective evidence. A Canadian study noted that buying decisions are effected by different criteria's near wind farms such as some people finding it interesting and others do not like the look. (Wind farms and Land Values 2003 p.1) In further studies in the UK 60 percent of respondents in a Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors survey experienced negative impact on house prices. However, the EWEA observes the social acceptance of wind farms depends on the way they are developed and managed. This also means authorities learn from past experience and find mechanisms to maintain and expand public engagement in wind development. Environmental Impact Assessments: The European Directive on Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) would suggest a common approach, this however is not the case and carried out 'in different ways, in different countries and requires a more unified approach'. With specific regard to the approach in Germany, the Federal Building Code regulation is important as wind energy plants are regarded as so called 'privileged projects'. The local authorities thereby can allocate zones for wind energy utilization, or restrict construction (BWE 2009). Therefore, EIA can facilitate in this important decision process, at the same time regulation appears to give room for development. In the UK the combination of EIA and local planning may have hindered more rapid wind energy deployment as opposed to Denmark, Germany and Spain. As in other EU countries the majority of wind farm projects in the UK an Environmental Statement (ES) is required and used as a decision tool, identifying the environmental, social and economic impacts of a development. Whilst engaging local communities is a vital process in the successful deployment of RE such as wind technology. Contrary to this, however it is recognised that a more streamlined approach may be required to drive delivery of targets through the planning process. This appears to acknowledge the large body of studies on implementing EIA,linked to existing barriers as part of the planning process in the UK wind sector. Adverse Effects of Wind Technology: Noise, Visual Impact, electromagnetic interference Broadly, some observers cite concerns such as turbine noise and aerodynamic noise, in addition to electromagnet interference and migrating birds. Whilst wind turbine noise studies observe that the siting of wind turbines must take sound levels in consideration. A large body of literature exists confirming such barriers exist to implementation. Further, visual impact is a concern that has been raised and many studies have been made in this regard for on and off shore wind that can adversely effect deployment. In the wider context of environmental impact however, it is generally acknowledged that wind energy has a key role to play in not only combating climate change but also reducing CO2 emissions from electricity generation.

The social fragmentation of societies is one of the greatest challenges for peace, democracy and human rights worldwide. For some years now, observers have been witnessing ever-stronger tendencies towards social division, also in Western societies, which had been believed to be united for so long. Rising inequality, the rejection of previously shared values and growing scepticism towards public institutions suggest that social cohesion is at risk. Against this background, it seems more important than ever to understand what factors hold a society together – and when such cohesion is most vulnerable. Protecting and strengthening social cohesion has therefore become an objective of many activities at the local, national and international levels, and academics have started to develop methodologies on how to measure social cohesion (see, with further references: Leininger et al., 2021). This paper aims: • to give a systematic overview of the literature on African concepts of social cohesion; • to introduce the discourse around African concepts and to see which relevant concepts of social cohesion can be located in African societies; • to analyse in more detail some key African concepts and their core elements and to see which conceptual dimensions and insights on determinants of social cohesion differ from the mainstream, while inviting scholars to add further to this listing; and, in particular • to gain a better understanding of the academic discourse on social cohesion in Africa by analysing the concepts, determinants, origins and context of social cohesion theories as well as the risk of Western bias in identifying concepts for social cohesion in the African context. One of the questions that inspired the present research project is how we could better understand which relevant concepts of social cohesion in African societies are particularly emphasised by African scholars and how "Western" concepts of social cohesion relate to the various African academic approaches to the topic. Further research questions that were raised in the context of the present paper are: • How can traditional knowledge and African social theories contribute towards contextualising the debate on social cohesion in Africa? • What are the key aspects of the concepts of social cohesion in selected African countries, and how can these be analysed? • How did pre-colonial societies in Africa understand social cohesion, and what insights can be gained from this? Methodologically, we identify and analyse concepts within the African context in order to gain insights into basic elements of social cohesion. This literature review draws on different sources such as ethnophilosophy, political philosophy, religion, culture, economics and international discourses. This literature review is the first part of an assessment of concepts of social cohesion in Africa. It is followed by a systematic comparison of social cohesion concepts in specific African countries. The academic benefit is to identify the current state of research on social cohesion in Africa, to identify the need for further research and to deepen the understanding of the phenomenon of social cohesion. In addition, we aim to deliver developmental value through these publications by helping decision-makers come to evidence-based decisions and synthesise as well as make use of scientific evidence for development practice.

Africa: 1. African Island Migration: I. Walker -- 2. Southern African Migration: E. Campbell -- 3. Trans-Saharan Slave Trade: M. Kehinde -- 4. Western African Migration: P. Adebusoye -- Asylees: 5: Asylum and Human Rights: T. Southerden -- 6: Asylum and Language Analysis: P. Patrick -- 7: Gender and Asylum: A. Shuman, C. Bohmer -- 8: Medical and Psychological Evidence of Trauma in Asylum Cases: S. Berthold -- 9: Refugee Roulette: J. Ramji-Nogales, P. Schrag, A. Schoenholtz -- 10: Relationship Between Asylum and Trafficking: J. Gauci -- 11: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Asylum: R. Lewis -- Contexts of Migration: 12: Changing Contexts: From Multiculturalism to Transnationalism? S. Castles -- 13: Citizenship in the Context of Immigration – Comparative Perspectives: T. Faist, K. Schmidt-Verkerk, C. Ulbricht -- 14: Group-specific Effects of Contexts of Migration: S. Model -- 15: Migration, Diversity, and the Welfare State: K. Banting -- 16: Role of Contexts and Political Culture in Political Incorporation: A Case Study of Chilean Migration to Toronto: P. Landolt -- Human Trafficking: 17: Child Trafficking: W. Adelson -- 18: Human Trafficking: F. Sarrica -- 19: Human Trafficking Policy Responses: K. Sreeharsha -- 20: Labor Trafficking: M. Barnhart -- 21: Migration Industries, Legal Services, and Human Smuggling: D. Kyle -- 22: Sex Trafficking: G. Chang -- Internal Migration: Shorter Distance: 23: Gentrification: J. Brueckner -- 24: Intrametropolitan Population Distribution: L.Quillian -- 25: Local Mobility: W. Clark -- 26: Migration-Defining Boundary: M. White -- 27: Place Utility: D. López-Carr, D. Phillips -- Labor Market Context of Immigrant Reception: 28: Labor Migration Policies: A Typology: H. Kolb -- 29: Labor-Market Shifts and Immigration: J. Gagnon -- 30: Trade Unions, Immigration, and Migrant Workers: J.Roosblad, S. Maroni, R. Penninx -- Legalization and Citizenship of Immigrants: 31: Dual/Multiple Citizenship: S. Wallace Goodman,- 32: Naturalization: S. Wallace Goodman -- Measurements of Internal and International Migration: 33: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects: C. Altman -- 34: Dual-System Estimation: P.Cantwell -- 35: Duration of Residence Measurement: I. Redstone Akresh, D. Massey -- 36: Ethnographic Analysis: D. Fitzgerald -- 37: Indirect Methods for Estimating Internal Migration: R. Winkler, K. Curtis -- 38: Measuring Internal Migration Prospectively Using Longitudinal Data: R. Olsen, E. Cooksey -- 39: Measuring Internal Migration: Retrospective Self-Report: M. Hall -- 40: Methods for Estimating International Migration: M. Scopilliti, K. West, J. Devine -- 41: Using Registration Data to Measure International and Internal Migration in the European Union: S. Makaryan -- Oceania: 42: Gold Rushes (Australia): J. Jupp -- 43: Pacific Island Countries and Migration: C. Voigt-Graf -- Permanence of Migration: 44: Points-Based Immigration: M. Sumption -- 45:Temporary Labor Migration: C. Foulkes -- Population and Migration: 46: Fertility of Immigrants: S. Dubuc -- Refugees: 47: Forced Migration: Global Trends and Explanations: J. Hein, T. Niazi -- 48: Refugee Integration: Issues and Challenges: T. Majka, L. Majka -- 49: Refugee Mental Health: Child and Adolescent Refugees: E. Rothe, A. Pumariega, H. Castillo-Matos -- 50: Refugees Defined: P. Rose -- Settlement and Integration Policies: 51: Cultural Diversity: The Australian Social Cohesion Surveys: A. Markus -- 52: Jewish Diaspora: S. Rutland -- 53: White Australia Policy: G.Tavan -- Skill Level of Migrants: 54: High-Skilled Migration: R. Iredale -- 55: Labor Migration: M. Sinning, M. Tani.-56: Reservation Wages and Immigrants: M. Sinning.

1. Introduction -- Part 1. Territorial Diversity -- 2. Tourism in Emptied Spain (Xosé Somoza Medina and Marta Somoza Medina) -- 3. Inland Spain: Challenges & Opportunities of Undertourism Contexts within the Local Turn (Inmaculada Diaz-Soria, Asunción Blanco-Romero & Gemma Cánoves Valiente) -- 4. Nature Conservation Policies and Tourism in Spain (Nora Müller and Macià Blázquez-Salom) -- 5. Learnings for Spain from the Experience of the Good Practices of the European Project SmartRural (Antonio Martínez-Puche, Luis Alfonso Hortelano Mínguez & Xavier Amat-Montesinos) -- 6. The Fragility of Successful Tourism Destinations Linked to Cultural Itineraries: the Example of the Way of St (James. Lucrezia Lopez, Rubén Camilo Lois González & Rossella Moscarelli) -- 7. Turistification and Urban Heritage in Spanish Historic Centres: Permanence and Changes in a Long Process (Manuel de la Calle-Vaquero & María García-Hernández) -- 8. Risks of the Current State of Overtourism in Medium and Small Cities of Spain's Interior: an Analysis through Indicators (Carmen Hidalgo-Giralt, Antonio Palacios-García, Diego A. Barrado-Timón and Francisca Cea-D'Ancona) -- 9. Overtourism in Mature Coastal Destinations on the Spanish North Atlantic Coast (Carlos Alberto Patiño-Romarís, Rubén Camilo Lois-González & Breixo Martins Rodal) -- 10. Governing the Social Production of Spain's Sun and Sand Tourist Resorts (Macià Blázquez-Salom & Ivan Murray) -- 11. Reinventing Destination Management and Planning: Taking Stock of a Decade of Smart Destinations Development in Spain (Josep A. Ivars-Baidal, Francisco Femenia-Serra, Marco A. Celdrán-Bernabeu and David Giner-Sánchez) -- Part 2. Different Approaches -- 12. Beaches Erosion of Intense Tourist use (Guillem X. Pons) -- 13. The Relationship Between Water and Tourism in the Spanish Mediterranean: an Efficient Management? (Rubén Villar-Navascués, Carlos Baños Castiñeira, Jorge Olcina Cantos & María Hernández Hernández) -- 14. The Territorial Quality Mark and Landscape as a Strategy for Inland Tourism (Paloma Ibarra-Benlloch, Isabel Rabanaque-Hernández, Elena De Uña-Álvarez & Montserrat Villarino-Pérez) -- 15. Land Use in Spanish Coast: Tourism as a Driving Force of Landscape Change (1990-2018) (María-Dolores Pitarch-Garrido & Carmen Zornoza-Gallego) -- 16. Sustainable Tourism Indicators in Cities (Anna Torres-Delgado, Aurélie Cerdan Schwitzguébel & Pol Pareto Boada) -- 17. Touristification and Gentrification in Spain: Perspectives and Challenges for the Post-pandemic era (Gustavo Javier Macías Mendoza & Antonio Paolo Russo) -- 18. The Vicious Circle: Intersecting Leisure-Rooted Migrations and Ethnic-Based Segregation in the Mediterranean Spanish cities (Jesús M. González-Pérez & Ismael Yrigoy) -- 19. Touristification and Vulnerability in Urban Centres: Concepts and Analysis Approaches from the Geography of Spanish Tourism (Alfonso Fernández-Tabales, María José Piñeira-Mantiñán & Carmen Mínguez) -- 20. Chambermaids: a Focus of Attention in Studies of Tourism Employment in Spain (Ernest Cañada) -- 21. Covid-19 Landing on Touristified and Unequal Spaces in Spain (Maria Antònia Martínez-Caldentey & Ivan Murray) -- 22. Coastal Tourist Destinations in Spain: Growth, Social Reaction and Answers: Practices for a Post-Growth Scenario (Enrique Navarro-Jurado, Yolanda Romero-Padilla & José María Romero-Martínez) -- 23. Package Holidays and Charter Companies in Spain (2004-2021): The End of a Fordist Pair? (David Ramos-Pérez) -- 24. Accessible Tourism in Spain: how are Smart Cities Performing? (Rosario Navalón-García, Ana Clara Rucci & Raquel Huete).

"A new history of liberalism which argues that liberalism has been predicated on definite morality and should be viewed as an attempt to encompass both fear and hope. Liberalism, argues Alan Kahan, is the search for a society in which people need not be afraid. Freedom from fear is the most basic freedom. If we are afraid, we are not free. These insights, found in Montesquieu and Judith Shklar, are the foundation of liberalism. What liberals fear has changed over time (revolution, reaction, totalitarianism, religious fanaticism, poverty, and now populism) but the great majority of liberal thinkers have relied on three pillars to ward off their fears and to limit the concentrated power that causes fear: freedom, markets, and morals, or, to put it another way, politics, economics, and religion or morality. Most liberal thinkers emphasize one or two pillars more than another, but it is typical of liberalism down to the Second World War to rely on all three, although there were always minority voices who preferred to stand on only one leg. After WWII, "thin" procedural/market liberals, who wanted to strip any moral or religious basis or purpose from liberalism, dominated "thick" liberal moralists, who thought liberalism needed a moral basis and/or goal. It is the political contention of this book that liberalism is most convincing as program, language, and social analysis when it relies on all three pillars, and that the relative weakness of liberalism at the end of the twentieth century had much to do with neglect of the moral pillar of liberalism. Its historical contention is that for much of the past two centuries it did rely on all three pillars. But Kahan also argues that liberalism is not only a party of fear. It is also a party of hope, or the party of progress. Many of the contradictions typical of liberalism derive from the seemingly contradictory effort to encompass both hope and fear. If in case of conflict fear often trumps hope for liberals (loss aversion applies in politics as much as in economics), and utopia is subject to indefinite postponement, progress in personal autonomy and development has always been at the heart of liberalism. Liberals typically support their hopes on the same three pillars of freedom, markets, and morals which they use to ward off their fears. Nevertheless, in one respect those historians and political theorists who identify liberalism with laissez-faire economics are not wrong. It is characteristic of liberalism then that it bases its hopes not on the state but on civil society, which for liberals is the common source of a free politics, a free market, and of morals. Alan S. Kahan is Professor of History at the Université de Versailles. His previous books include Tocqueville, Democracy, and Religion: Checks and Balances for Democratic Souls (Oxford 2015), Alexis de Tocqueville (Continuum Books) and Mind vs Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism (Transaction Publishing, 2010)"--

Innovation, Complexity and Economic Evolution: from Theory to Policy * Pier Paolo Saviotti *Ch. 1. Manmade artefacts, physical technologies and institutions *Introduction *2) Manmade artefacts and structural change in socioeconomic systems *2.1) MMAs and the twin characteristics representation *2.2) Generalised production of services. *2.3) MMAs, wants, needs and basic human functions *2.4) Analytical implications of the twin characteristic representation *Fig 1.4. Characteristics representation of pure substitution. T1 = pre-existing technology; T2 = new technology *Fig 1.5. Twin characteristics representation of partial substitution. T1 = old technology, T2 = new technology *Box 1.1 *Examples of different types of substitution *Box 1.2 *Examples of technological specialization *3) Concepts in the economics of innovation. *3.1) Innovation concepts and the twin characteristics representation *3.2) General Purpose Technologies (GPTs). *4) MMAs, physical technologies and the environment *4.1) Sharing economy *5) Institutions and organizational forms *5.1) Transformations and transitions *6) Summary and conclusions *ECONOMICS, QUALITATIVE CHANGE AND DISCONTINUITIES *1) The nature of qualitative change *2) Qualitative and quantitative change *2.1) Is it possible to distinguish qualitative and quantitative change? *2.2) Variety vs differentiation *2.3) Implications of qualitative and quantitative change *3) Some analytical implications *3.1) Competition *3.2) Complementarity *3.3 Demand theory *4) Conclusions *Ch 3 *ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR AS THE MOST GENERAL FORM OF SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR *Introduction *2) Adaptation and systems *2.1) System stability and change *2.2) System dynamics *2.4) Closed and open systems *3) Adaptive Behaviour *3.1) ADTO and ADOF *3.2) Collective and individual adaptation *3.3) Adaptation, stability and change *3.4) Fitness *3.5) Barriers to adaptation *4) Adaptive behaviour vs optimizing rationality *Summary. *Ch 4. KNOWLEDGE AND ECONOMICS *1. INTRODUCTION *2) Some considerations on the nature of knowledge *2.2) Two properties of knowledge *2.2.1) Knowledge as a co-relational structure. *3. Knowledge in socioeconomic systems *3.1. The production of knowledge *3.2. Knowledge and institutions *4). EMPIRICAL APPLICATIONS *4.1) The knowledge base of the firm *4.2) Knowledge properties *5. Summary and conclusions *Ch 5 Structural change, Differentiation and Economic Development *1) From stylized facts to theoretical understanding *1.1) Stylized facts *1.2) Efficiency and creativity *1.3) Structural change, differentiation and economic development *1.5) Structure, order and change *2) Structural change and differentiation in the literature on economic growth and development *2.1) Models *2.2) Empirical studies of variety and diversification *3) Present state and future developments *4) Summary and conclusions *CH 6. COMPLEXITY AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES. *2) Antecedents and recent developments *2.1) Evolutionary and constructivist rationalisms as alternative modes of knowledge. *2. 2). Structure, order and change *2.1.3) Rules and institutions *2.3) Complexity and evolutionary theories *3) Summary *Ch 7. EVOLUTIONARY POLITICAL ECONOMICS *Introduction *2) On the interactions between innovations, technologies and institutions in recent history *2.1) The rise of manufacturing *2.2) From manufacturing to services *2.3) Recent trends: globalization, neoliberalism, AI, Knowledge based economy and society *3) Human decision-making *4) Summary and conclusions *Ch 8 *POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS *1) Future trends and policy implications *1.1. World challenges *1.2) Main points of evolutionary economics *2) Policy implications *2.4) Environment *3) Summary and conclusions of Ch 8 *REFERENCES *

1. Modelling tools and plausible scenarios in science-policy to improve evidence based decision making for human-well-being -- 2. Basic Introduction to Species Distribution Modelling -- 3. Machine Learning based predictive modelling approaches for better understanding evolutionary history, distribution and niche occupancy: Experience from Western Ghats -- 4. Mapping the impact of climate change on eco-sensitive hotspots using species distribution modelling (SDMs) – Gaps, Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 5. Approaches for modelling the climate change impacts on ecosystems -- 6. Developing a Bayesian Model of Climate-Induced Lake Overturn in Talisay, Taal Lake -- 7. Global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of MaxEnt model: Implications in species habitat projections -- 8. Tree species diversity and richness patterns reveal high priority areas for conservation in Eswatini -- 9. Improving the conservation status of a threatened tree (Acer sikkimensis Miq. syn. Acer hookeri Miq.) through standardization of seed germination protocol and using ecological niche modeling -- 10. Ecological Niche Modeling of the endemic Himalayan near-threatened treeline conifer Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Mirb. in the Indian Central Himalaya -- 11. Modeling the distribution of a medicinal plant Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz for its conservation in Arunachal Pradesh -- 12. Habitat Suitability and Niche Modeling for Conservation and Restoration of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. in Temperate Himalayan Forest Ecosystem -- 13. Application of species distribution modeling for conservation and restoration of forest ecosystems -- 14. Habitat suitability analysis of Asiatic Elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest of Assam using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) -- 15. Factors Affecting the Habitat Suitability of Eastern Swamp Deer (Rucervus duvaucelii ranjitsinhi Groves, 1982) in Manas National Park and Implication for Terai Grassland Restoration -- 16. Evaluating Potential Habitats of Chital, Sloth Bear and Jungle Cat in Selected Areas of Central Indian Landscape -- 17. Habitat suitability modeling of Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822) in the Indian drainage systems using MaxEnt -- 18. Modelling the influence of Marine Fishery Advisories on the reduction of Carbon Dioxide emissions for Odisha under varying Climate Change Scenarios using CMIP models – an evidence-based approach for policymaking -- 19. Impacts of pollution on tropical montane and temperate forests of South Asia: Preliminary studies by post graduate students in India and Sri Lanka -- 20. Selection of strategic sampling sites for river quality assessments near mined areas as a policy handle for low-impact development and biodiversity conservation – a case study of River Godavari -- 21. Ecological niche modeling predicts the potential area for cultivation of Melia dubia Cav. (Meliaceae): a promising tree species for agroforestry in India -- 22. Proportions of change in the airborne particulate matter (PM10) concentrations across selected states in Peninsular India - a study of decadal, pre-pandemic trends for planning restoration -- 23. Decomposition of Sunflower Cuttings and its Impact on Soil Fertility of Rice Terraces (Payoh) in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines -- 24. Forest ecosystem modeling for policy planning: A review -- 25. Ecological Carrying Capacity Modelling and Sustainability Assessment of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo City, Laguna, Philippines -- 26. Assessment of the contribution of Fresh Water Ecosystem Services to the Hydropower Sector in the Kura-Araz basin -- 27. Eutrophication modelling of Chilika Lagoon using an artificial neural network approach.

What can artists learn from theatre scholars when it comes to performing historical works on stage today? What can theatre scholars learn from today's artists when it comes to understanding the works and practices of the past? How is the experience of modern spectators affected by attending performances in historic theatres? And how, aesthetically, do we experience the reconstruction of productions from the remote past?
This collection of essays covers the findings of the research project 'Performing Premodernity': an international group of theatre scholars whose work centred on the Drottningholm theatre from 1766: just outside Stockholm, this famous theatre has authentic stage sets and machinery preserved almost in their original eighteenth-century state.
Behind all the essays is a mixture of fascination and dissatisfaction with today's performances of drama and opera classics, particularly those that take place in historic theatres, and those operating within the so-called Historically Informed Performance movement. Moreover, they reflect a desire to develop and expand the methods traditionally used by theatre historians. And they present a variety of angles on today's performances in historic theatres and on today's attempts to revive theatrical practices of the past.
The authors combine academic and artistic research as a way of deepening and nuancing our understanding of eighteenth-century theatre practices. The historical research is set in dialogue with the dramaturgical insights and aesthetic experiences the historians gained from their practical doing in historic spaces. Experimentation with lighting, costumes, stage movement, vocal and instrumental practices, and the flow of energy between performers and spectators led to the investigation of topics that theatre historians otherwise tend to ignore. In turn, this has led the researchers to challenge long-held views of the sites, repertoires, and performance practices of eighteenth-century theatre.
Performing Premodernity's experimental, practice-based approach accords with the view of the late Enlightenment as what Vincenzo Ferrone has called 'a real and still unexplored laboratory of modernity'. The second half of the eighteenth century was a time of both wide-ranging artistic innovation and earth-shaking political revolutions; it was a period when ideal and practice, philosophy and art influenced and guided each other to an unprecedented degree. The essays start from the conviction that any attempt at a holistic understanding of the theatrical practices of the time must take these exchanges into account. And that a strictly antiquarian approach that merely tries to establish 'how it really was', without considering the utopian dimension of the reforms of people like Rousseau, Gluck, and Mozart, will fail to grasp the impetus and the dynamic, communicative aspect of eighteenth-century theatre. Therefore, several of the essays revolve around the group's historically informed production of a true 'avantgarde' work of the eighteenth century: Pygmalion, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's scène lyrique from 1762. Performing Premodernity's research-based production premiered at Český Krumlov Castle Theatre in 2015.
The present anthology is essential reading for theatre scholars and musicologists studying eighteenth-century performance as well as for theatre and opera artists concerned with period performance practice.

Part 1: Accountancy & Fiscal Organization -- Chapter 1: Sustainability reporting in the Portuguese municipalities: an empirical analysis of the 25 largest municipalities -- Chapter 2: Understanding Sustainable Innovations in Malaysia's Public Procurement Initiatives -- Part 2: Electronics & Industrial Automation -- Chapter 3: Induction Heating System for Industrial Bearings or Common Appliances -- Chapter 4: Magnetic field imaging prototype -- Chapter 5: Sensory Application in Intelligent Monitoring for the Sustainability of Indoor Spaces -- Chapter 6: The Double Benefit of Environmental Sustainability – The Case of ISPGAYA -- Part 3: Energy Efficiency -- Chapter 7: Energy Consumption Analysis from Main Parameters: A Dataset in the Brazilian Scenario -- Chapter 8: New Energies Framework: Hydrogen Ecosystem, Geopolitical and Economic Impacts -- Part 4: Information Technology & Cybersecurity -- Chapter 9: A comparative model for female and male Generation Y individuals regarding their interest and intention to use eBooks -- Chapter 10: Gamification on cybersecurity literacy: social sustainability and educative projects -- Chapter 11: Relevance and Characteristics of Responsible Innovation Assessment Tools -- Chapter 12: Sustainability in Erasmus+ Projects: StartIT -- Chapter 13: The challenges of teaching in a context of concern for sustainability and strong technological innovation: a literature review -- Part 5: Management & Administration -- Chapter 14: Exploring the Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship Intention -- Chapter 15: Perceived Neuroticism and Sustainability: A Perfect Storm? An Analysis of U.S. Equity Crowdfunding Projects -- Chapter 16: Private Agricultural Insurance and its Current Adhesion by Rural Producers: a Partial Analysis in Paraná State -- Chapter 17: Integrating Sustainability into Decision-Making: an Analysis of different Types of Management Control Systems -- Chapter 18: Sustainable Cities? Insights from Brazil and Portugal -- Part 6: Marketing -- Chapter 19: The relationship between corporate social responsibility and customer satisfaction: literature review -- Part 7: Mechanics -- Chapter 20: Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Approaches to Determine Tensile Strength in Mechanical Components -- Chapter 21: Analysis of the Variation of th Mechanical Properties of a LLDPE Matrix by Incorporation of Reused XLPE -- Chapter 22: Indoor Navigation of an Autonomous Guided Vehicle Using ArUco Markers -- Part 8: Sustainability & Innovation -- Chapter 23: Plastic and Copper Reduction in Residential Building, an Empirical Analysis on Materials Usage and Energy Efficiency -- Chapter 24: Sustainability in Society 5.0 Perspective -- Chapter 25: The Role of Mathematics on the Sustainability: a Systematic Review -- Chapter 26 : Impacts on Students and Teachers of the Course Strategies for Well-being -- Chapter 27: Peace as an Essential Condition for Sustainable Development -- Chapter 28: The Sustainability of the Cork Sector Through a Second Life of Retired Wine Bottle Corks: an Empirical Study -- Part 9: Tourism & Leisure -- Chapter 29: A Grounded Theory of Historic Housing Tourism: a methodological path -- Chapter 30: Attitudes of Internal Stakeholders About Museums in Vojvodina and their Offer in Tourism -- Chapter 31: Perception and expectations of an employability fair as a generator of sustainable wealth in the tourism sector -- Chapter 32: Rail Tourism – emergencies and possibilities on national territory -- Chapter 33: Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Portuguese Tourism Context: a Preliminary Study -- Chapter 34: The impact of COVID-19 on active population perception, motivation, and decision to travel in the northern zone of Portugal.

For years, German development cooperation (GDC) has been striving to become more results-oriented. In 2022, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) took an important step in this direction by introducing 43 standard indicators. The aim was to aggregate development results across themes and countries in order to present them to the public. The BMZ hopes for more effective communication with Parliament (Bundestag) and the general public, as well as more coherent reporting by Germany's two main implementing organisations, the GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit – the German agency for international cooperation) and the development bank of the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW). From an international vantage point, Germany needs to catch up in respect to results orientation. Other major actors, especially the United Kingdom, the United States and multilateral development banks, introduced compre-hensive reporting systems back in the 2010s. These organisations report on 20 to 50 standard indicators to demonstrate how their activities contribute to measurable results. On this basis, they communicate more coherently with the public. BMZ aims to create a similar basis for improved communication. In a participatory process – and jointly with the GIZ and the KfW development bank – the BMZ has formulated indicators that are equally suited to implementing organisations' political priorities and their needs. The administrative burden of collecting the standard indicators is limited by leveraging existing data. In addition, the BMZ has set methodological standards whose obligatory use is intended to increase the quality of the data collected. However, the introduction of standard indicators also entails risks: They can set perverse incentives that encourage reporting on short-term results. Such reporting can lead to a neglect of long-term effects, which are more difficult to measure. Research also shows that indicators no longer fulfil their original purpose of providing neutral representations of change if they are used to exert political control. In addition, there are methodological challenges, such as double counting across different benchmarks, as well as concerns about unrealisable expectations. Overall, we assess the development and introduction of standard indicators in GDC positively. Yet, some important decisions are still pending. The level of detail at which the data will be shared among stakeholders and the public has yet to be determined. The quality of the data collected and the transparency of reporting will in turn determine what larger effects towards an improved results orientation of GDC can be achieved. In view of the decentralised and fragmented structure of GDC, especially regarding monitoring and evaluation systems, we hope that the new indicators can foster the harmonising of the reporting systems of the GIZ and the KfW development bank. The standard indicators can also help make GDC more transparent. We therefore recommend that all data collected be made publicly available. Finally, the integrative potential of standard indicators should be harnessed to improve the division of labour between the ministry and the two main implementing organisations towards becoming learning-oriented – both in the data collection process and during evaluation.

Part I Populism : Introduction to & some Reflections on the Concept -- Chapter 1: The New Age of Populism – Reapproaching a Diffuse Concept -- Part II : Theoretical Critique -- Chapter 2: The Past and Present of Populism -- Chapter 3: Populism is Hegemony is Politics? Ernesto Laclau's Theory of Populism -- Chapter 4: An Antipodean Populism? Winston Peters, New Zealand First, and the Problems of Misclassification -- Chapter 5: A Critique of Left-Wing Populism – Critical Materialist and Social-Psychological Perspectives -- Part III: The Political Psychology of Populism & its Affective Underpinnings -- Chapter 6: The Psychology of Populism -- Chapter 7: The Affective Underpinnings of Right-Wing Populist Party Support -- Chapter 8: From Specific Worries to Generalized Anger – The Emotional Dynamics of Right-Wing Populist Party Support -- Part IV: Authoritarian Populism & Fascism -- Chapter 9: Fascism and Populism -- Chapter 10: Populism and Authoritarianism -- Chapter 11: Authoritarian Populism and Collective Memory Manipulation -- Chapter 12: The (almost) Forgotten Elitist Sources of Right-Wing Populism -- Part V: Economic Populism, Inequality & Crises -- Chapter 13: Populism and the Economics of Antitrust -- Chapter 14: The Red Herring of 'Economic Populism' -- Chapter 15: Populist Mobilization in the United States: Adding Political Economy to Cultural Explanations -- Part VI: Populism & Gender -- Chapter 16: Right-Wing Populism and Gender -- Chapter 17: The Gendered Politics of Right-Wing Populism and Intersectional Feminist Contestations" -- Chapter 18: Popular Sovereignty and (Non)Recognition in Venezuela: On the Coming into Political Being of El Pueblo -- Part VII: New Populisms and Cleavages -- Chapter 19: Environmental Populism -- Chapter 20: Medical populism -- Chapter 21: Global Populism -- Chapter 22: Populism and the Cosmopolitan-Communitarian Divide -- Chapter 23: (Populism and) the Recasting of the Ideological Landscape of Liberal Democracies -- Part VIII: Populism Discourses -- Chapter 24: The Political Language of Islamic Populism -- Chapter 25: Populism, Anti-populism and Post-truth -- Chapter 26: Experience Narratives and Populist Rhetoric in US Congressional Primaries -- Chapter 27: The Framing of Right-Wing Populism. Intricacies of 'Populist' Narratives, Emotions, and Resonance -- Chapter 28: Populism and Collective memory -- Part IX: Populists in Office -- Chapter 29: Populism in Southeast Asia -- Chapter 30: Populism in Africa and the Anti-Corruption Trope in Nigeria's Politics -- Chapter 31: Populism Under Former Liberation Movements as Governments in Southern Africa: The Cases of Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe -- Chapter 32: Venezuela- The Institutionalization of Authoritarian Populism -- Chapter 33: Populist Neo-Imperialism: A New Take on Populist Foreign Policy -- Part X: Strategic Populism & Societal Support -- Chapter 34: Populism as an Implementation of National Biopolitics. The Case of Poland -- Chapter 35:Understanding the Infiltration of Right-Wing Populist Positions Within Unsuspected Groups: The Case of Professional Social Workers -- Chapter 36: Clarifying our Populist Moment(s): Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populism in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election -- Part XI: Consequences of Populism & Anti-Populist Discourse -- Chapter 37: Polarization as a Result of Populism? Evidence from Plenary Debates in the Bundestag -- Chapter 38: The Enemy in my House: How Right-Wing Populism Shifted the Debate About Citizenship in France -- Chapter 39: The Democracy's 'Resolved' Dilemma. A Theory of Turnout Inequality Reducing (Right) Populist Parties -- Chapter 40: Counter Strategies in Dealing with Populism.

"The measurement infrastructure for the production of economic statistics in the United States largely was established in the middle part of the 20th century. As has been noted by a number of commentators, the data landscape has changed in fundamental ways since this infrastructure was developed. Obtaining survey responses has become increasingly difficult, leading to increased data collection costs and raising concerns about the quality of the resulting data. At the same time, the economy has become more complex and users are demanding ever more timely and granular data. In this new environment, there is increasing interest in alternative sources of data that might allow the economic statistics agencies to better address users' demands for information. Recent years have seen a proliferation of natively digital data that have enormous potential for improving economic statistics. These include item-level transactional data on price and quantity from retail scanners or companies' internal systems, credit card records, bank account records, payroll records and insurance records compiled for private business purposes; data automatically recorded by sensors or mobile devices; and a growing variety of data that can be obtained from websites and social media platforms. Staggering volumes of digital information relevant to measuring and understanding the economy are generated each second by an increasing array of devices that monitor transactions and business processes as well as track the activities of workers and consumers. Incorporating these non-designed Big Data sources into the economic measurement infrastructure holds the promise of allowing the statistical agencies to produce more accurate, more timely and more disaggregated statistics, with lower burden for data providers and perhaps even at lower cost for the statistical agencies. The agencies already have begun to make use of novel data to augment traditional data sources. Modern data science methods for using Big Data have advanced sufficiently to make the more systematic incorporation of these data into official statistics feasible. Indeed, the availability of new sources of data offers the opportunity to redesign the underlying architecture of official statistics. Considering the threats to the current measurement model arising from falling survey response rates, increased survey costs and the growing difficulties of keeping pace with a rapidly changing economy, fundamental changes in the architecture of the statistical system will be necessary to maintain the quality and utility of official statistics. This volume presents cutting edge research on the deployment of big data to solve both existing and novel challenges in economic measurement. The papers in this volume show that it is practical to incorporate big data into the production of economic statistics in real time and at scale. They report on the application of machine learning methods to extract usable new information from large volumes of data. They also lay out the challenges-both technical and operational-to using Big Data effectively in the production of economic statistics and suggest means of overcoming those challenges. Despite these challenges and the significant agenda for research and development they imply, the papers in the volume point strongly toward more systematic and comprehensive incorporation of Big Data to improve official economic statistics in the coming years"--

What is the state of gender equality in science and technology? Gender Equality in Academia – from Knowledge to Change presents the results of a comprehensive research project and program of initiatives at the University of Oslo's Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Researchers have examined gender equality within the department, looking at reasons for imbalance, and at what occurs when measures to promote equality are implemented.

The book opens with an in-depth study of careers, gender issues and gender balance within academia. The study, based on questionnaires, interviews and follow-up evaluation, provides a new and updated understanding of the daily lives of academics in Norway. Among the topics covered are perceptions of equality and gender balance, effects of male dominance, sexual harassment, gender with respect to publishing, and the relationship between gender and diversity.

In addition to presenting new empirical data, the book is also an innovative contribution to theoretical development within gender equality research. In the second part of the book, the authors present three working models that elucidate current mechanisms recreating gender imbalance, and challenges for gender equality. The book's final part consists of analyses of measures taken to increase gender equality within the department and their effects, and what an organization can do to increase gender equality.

The range of topics in this book make it relevant for everyone concerned with gender equality in research and higher education. Researchers, administrators, students, other practitioners, and politicians will all find this book of interest. - Hvordan står det til med likestillingen innenfor realfag og teknologi? Likestilling i akademia – fra kunnskap til endring presenterer resultatene fra et omfattende forsknings- og tiltaksprosjekt ved Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet ved Universitetet i Oslo. Forskerne har undersøkt likestillingssituasjonen ved fakultetet, sett på årsaker til ulikestilling, og på hva som skjer når man iverksetter tiltak for å fremme likestilling.

Boka innleder med en dybdestudie av karriere, kjønn og likestilling i akademia. Studien, som er basert på både spørreundersøkelser, intervjuer og følgeforskning, gir ny og oppdatert kunnskap om forskerhverdagen i norsk akademia. Blant temaene som belyses er syn på likestilling og kjønnsbalanse, effekter av mannsdominans, seksuell trakassering, kjønn og publisering, og hvordan kjønn og mangfold henger sammen.

I tillegg til å presentere ny empiri utgjør boka også et nyskapende bidrag til teoriutvikling innen likestillingsforskningen. I bokas del 2 presenterer forfatterne tre arbeidsmodeller som belyser aktuelle mekanismer og utfordringer i likestillingsarbeidet. Deretter trekkes linjen videre til arbeidet for å fremme likestilling. I siste del analyseres tiltakene som ble iverksatt for å øke likestillingen ved fakultetet, hvilke effekter de hadde, og hva en organisasjon kan gjøre for å øke likestillingen. Bredden i boka gjør den relevant for alle som er opptatt av likestilling i forskning og høyere utdanning. Både forskere, ansatte, studenter, praktikere og politikere vil ha stor nytte av boka.

Øystein Gullvåg Holter er professor emeritus ved Senter for tverrfaglig kjønnsforskning, Universitetet i Oslo. Lotta Snickare er forsker ved Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo, og ved Kungliga tekniska högskolan, Stockholm.