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Con_05_Fol_04 File contains newspaper clippings in German and English dealing with democracy, fascism and national socialism.

This paper engages with the growth of contemporary fascism by arguing that affect plays a key role in its discourse. Departing from an understanding of affect as integral to discourse, the paper explores how the myth of palingenesis is employed by the most prominent Swedish Nazi movement to recruit new members. A methodological combination of affective – discursive theory, detailed representational analysis, and a critical reading that buys into the representations reveals the recruitment discourse as offering an affective script of feeling angry, insulted, and ashamed, as well as courageous, proud, and hopeful. These findings offer important insights into how affective–discursive practices are employed to create gateways to radicalization and ideologically motivated violence. In order to make sense of the attractiveness of contemporary fascism, the paper concludingly argues for multifaceted readings and contemplative critical engagement with the far and extreme right.

Aside from equating it with Hitlerism, there have been few scholarly attempts to define national socialism and specify its relation to the broader category of fascism. This article posits that national socialisms are a sub-genus of fascism, where the distinguishing feature is an ultaranationalism based on a palingenetic völkisch racism, of which anti-Semitism is an essential element. Thus, national socialism is not just mimetic Hitlerism, as Hitler is not even necessary. National socialist movements may even conceivably be opposed to the goals and actions of Hitlerism. To test this definition, the case of Latvia's Pērkonkrusts [Thunder Cross] movement is analysed. Based on an analysis of its ideology, Pērkonkrusts is a national socialist movement with a völkisch racialist worldview, while also being essentially anti-German. The case study even addresses the apparent paradox that Pērkonkrusts both collaborated in the Holocaust, and engaged in resistance against the German occupation regime.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Oxford German Studies on 19 May 2017, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/00787191.2017.1282659. ; This article argues that Karl Kraus's last major work, the posthumously published essay Dritte Walpurgisnacht (1952), constitutes a significant political engagement with National Socialism, despite the satirist's explicit retreat from the sphere of politics and his decision to support the authoritarian Engelbert Dollfuss, whom he viewed as the last bulwark against Austrian annexation. Kraus's bifurcated reading of the Nazi regime — the almost paradoxical stance that it emerged from a politically bankrupt modernity and signified a historical caesura at once — is, furthermore, best articulated through his use of Goethe's Faust. Der Tragödie zweiter Teil (1832), with which Dritte Walpurgnisnacht maintains a continuous dialogue. Goethe's final drama provides a language for Kraus to articulate this tension at a moment when traditional satire fails. Kraus's text is thus a testament to the limits and potential of satire under the conditions of dehumanization.

by Matthias Küntzel ; ursprüngl. erschienen in: Jewish political studies review, spring 2005, selbstst. Fassung von Matthias Küntzel

This dissertation is a rethinking and critique of the concept of "national socialism." I show that this concept not only emerged in Germany years before Nazism, but also arose within the mainstream of German society, alongside and independently of parallel developments in the radical right. Alarmed by the dramatic rise of an internationalist, Marxist socialism in the years following German unification, a succession of prominent public figures gave voice to an alternative, nationalist reading of the social problems accompanying capitalist industrialization. This endeavor involved a wholesale reconceptualization of social life and social reform, and a marginalization of the concern for social justice and emancipation in favor of a preoccupation with national order, homogeneity, and power. The dissertation focuses on two variants of national socialism developed in Germany prior to the First World War, one by the left-leaning bourgeois reformist Friedrich Naumann and the other by the right-wing völkisch antisemite Theodor Fritsch. Their differences notwithstanding, both strands of national socialism shared two major ideational foundations. First, both were underpinned by a national existentialism: the claim that the nation is facing a "struggle for existence" which necessitates aggressive international expansion, colonization, and ethnic purification. The social reforms demanded by national socialism were, accordingly, geared at systematically harnessing all socio-economic forces in the service of these purportedly "existential" struggles. Second, both variants of national socialism adhered to a national productivism that, by stressing the need for cooperation among all the "productive" strata of the nation, elided the class-based exploitation characteristic of industrial capitalism. On the basis of their national productivism, both Naumann and Fritsch were opposed simultaneously to Marxism with its class-conflict view of society on the one hand, and to liberalism with its individualistic worldview on the other hand. Given that Naumann and Fritsch were pivotal figures in their respective social, cultural, and political milieux--Naumann in the reformist bourgeoisie, Fritsch in the radical right--their articulation of a national-existential claim on the social is indicative of a profound generational shift in the ideational climate of Imperial Germany. This generational shift did not consist in the appearance of national socialism itself, which had already been articulated in the 1870s by prominent figures such as political economist Gustav Schmoller and Christian socialist Adolf Stoecker. Rather, the shift consisted in the shedding of the ethical-conservative sensibility of the first generation of national socialism in favor of a sense of existential urgency grounded in a biologistic imagination. The impact of national socialism on the generation of Naumann and Fritsch reached its apex in the First World War, when an existential national socialism constituted the ideological underpinning of Germany's war economy, i.e. the systematic regimentation and mobilization of the national economy in service of the war effort. Beyond the fresh perspective it offers on the historical dynamics of Imperial Germany, the dissertation also sheds new light on the intellectual-historical context in which national socialism made its way into the name and program of the Nazi movement from 1920 onward. The study suggests that the conceptual field of national socialism into which Nazism entered after the First World War was more variegated, more sophisticated, and had deeper historical and intellectual roots than previously believed.

This article considers the involvement of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany at the 1939 New York World's Fair. It considers the form, function, and content of the Italian Pavilion designed for this fair and asserts that the prefabricated monumental structure would be best interpreted, not in isolation, but as an element of the larger architectural conversation which continued to unfold across contemporary fascist Europe. Such reconsideration of this building makes it possible to evaluate the relationship between Fascist design, the assertion of political will, and the articulation of national identity and cultural heritage within a larger, transnational context. The author also investigates the American exhibition committee's earnest and persistent, yet ultimately unheeded, solicitation of Nazi German participation and argues that motives behind German withdrawal from this event had as much to do with the threat of popular protest as economic pressure. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

This document addresses the problematical interpretation about the rising of national-socialism, the actions by the nazi party as a political actor and executor of the Shoah. It is inspired in the historiographical methodology presented by Enzo Traverso (2012) in his book: History as a battlefield. Traverso both moderates and debates with different historians who, at the same time, analyze those topics from different perspectives. We will focus in two main issues central to those debates: the rising of the national-socialism, and the Shoah as a remaining impact on the self-representation of the German society. And as an additional assumption, how challenging it is for a historian specialized in genocides, to maintain its objectivity. The period considered for this study is the XXth century. The final goal is: to position teleological interpretations in a current view, related to the existing difficulties of political and social history, about the use of memory as a historiographical resource. ; Este trabajo aborda las problematizaciones interpretativas del surgimiento del nacionalsocialismo, la actuación del nazismo como actor político y ejecutor de la Shoá. Se inspira en la metodología historiográfica que presenta Enzo Traverso (2012), en su libro: La historia como campo de batalla. Traverso modera y debate con historiadores, quienes, a su vez, analizan dichos temas desde perspectivas diferentes. Seleccionaremos dos ejes centrales de dichos debates: el surgimiento del nacionalsocialismo y la Shoá como impacto remanente en la autorepresentación de la sociedad alemana. Y como conjetura adicional, cuán complejo resulta ser para el historiador de genocidios, mantener su objetividad. El campo de este trabajo, tiene como corte temporal al siglo XX. El objetivo final, por decantación, es posicionar las interpretaciones teleológicas, en una mirada actual de las dificultades vigentes en la historia política y social, acerca del uso de la memoria como recurso historiográfico.

Background Hans Asperger (1906–1980) first designated a group of children with distinct psychological characteristics as 'autistic psychopaths' in 1938, several years before Leo Kanner's famous 1943 paper on autism. In 1944, Asperger published a comprehensive study on the topic (submitted to Vienna University in 1942 as his postdoctoral thesis), which would only find international acknowledgement in the 1980s. From then on, the eponym 'Asperger's syndrome' increasingly gained currency in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the conceptualization of the condition. At the time, the fact that Asperger had spent pivotal years of his career in Nazi Vienna caused some controversy regarding his potential ties to National Socialism and its race hygiene policies. Documentary evidence was scarce, however, and over time a narrative of Asperger as an active opponent of National Socialism took hold. The main goal of this paper is to re-evaluate this narrative, which is based to a large extent on statements made by Asperger himself and on a small segment of his published work. Methods Drawing on a vast array of contemporary publications and previously unexplored archival documents (including Asperger's personnel files and the clinical assessments he wrote on his patients), this paper offers a critical examination of Asperger's life, politics, and career before and during the Nazi period in Austria. Results Asperger managed to accommodate himself to the Nazi regime and was rewarded for his affirmations of loyalty with career opportunities. He joined several organizations affiliated with the NSDAP (although not the Nazi party itself), publicly legitimized race hygiene policies including forced sterilizations and, on several occasions, actively cooperated with the child 'euthanasia' program. The language he employed to diagnose his patients was often remarkably harsh (even in comparison with assessments written by the staff at Vienna's notorious Spiegelgrund 'euthanasia' institution), belying the notion that he tried to protect the children under his care by embellishing their diagnoses. Conclusion The narrative of Asperger as a principled opponent of National Socialism and a courageous defender of his patients against Nazi 'euthanasia' and other race hygiene measures does not hold up in the face of the historical evidence. What emerges is a much more problematic role played by this pioneer of autism research. Future use of the eponym should reflect the troubling context of its origins in Nazi-era Vienna.

In the effort to determine whether and to what extent the Austrian National So-cialist Party was indigenous to Austria or primarily a German import, a quanti-tative analysis of party membership shows that the NSDAP in Austria was less attached to a specific social group than any other contemporary party. In a sense it was a "very modern political phenomenon," a conglomeration of nearly all classes, with those middle classes overrepresented, which had a certain anti-liberal tradition and felt extremely disadvantaged. Once it became a mass movement, it was an "asymmetrical populist party" that adapted its character according to the exigencies of time and place, except that it rarely appealed to the workers of the left. ; Überarbeitete Fassung von: Botz, Gerhard. 1981. Strukturwandlungen des österreichischen Nationalsozialismus (1904-1945). In Politik und Gesellschaft im alten und neuen Österreich, Band II. Festschrift für Rudolf Neck zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. Isabella Ackerl, Walter Hummelberger and Hans Mommsen, 163-193. Wien: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik ; Revised Version of: Botz, Gerhard. 1981. Strukturwandlungen des österreichischen Nationalsozialismus (1904-1945). In Politik und Gesellschaft im alten und neuen Österreich, Band II. Festschrift für Rudolf Neck zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. Isabella Ackerl, Walter Hummelberger and Hans Mommsen, 163-193. Wien: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik

The German occupation of Norway during the Second World War caused unprecedented problems for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway and other Christian denominations. The subordination of the church to the de facto Nazi state eventually led its bishops and most of its pastors to sever their ties to the government while remaining in their ministries. Churchmen and scholars have explored dimensions of this challenging episode in Norwegian church history, but little has been published about the plight of most of the para-church organizations. This article explores crucial dimensions of the ministry of the Norwegian Christian Student Association. Particular attention is paid to how both its pietistic heritage and tradition of social ministry continued to nurture its members and to how the exigencies of living under an oppressive regime compelled the leadership as well as the members of the organization to shift certain emphases in their proclamation and ministry. ; http://apps.ufs.ac.za/journals/dl/system/docs/5/142/1155/Acta%20Theologica%2031%282%29_Hale.pdf ; http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/actat.v31i2.4

De 1933 à 1939, de nombreux intellectuels occidentaux se rendirent en Allemagne afin de se confronter à une expérience politique nouvelle : le national-socialisme. Modèle théorique atypique, le nazisme se pose comme le successeur d'un idéal démocratique libéral vieillissant et intrigue autant qu'il inquiète. Entre bienveillance et rejet profond, l'intelligentsia internationale ayant effectué le voyage d'Allemagne livra une littérature féconde et riche d'enseignements sur la perception et la construction d'une nouvelle image du national-socialisme allemand. Dans la lignée des travaux de François Hourmant sur la Chine populaire et Cuba, ou de Rachel Mazuy et Sophie Coeuré sur la Russie soviétique, une étude sur le phénomène du voyage dans l'Allemagne totalitaire s'imposait. Grâce à une mémoire du nazisme décomplexée depuis les travaux de Peter Reichel au début des années quatre-vingt dix, la mise en lumière d'une fascination du nazisme à l'échelle internationale est dès lors envisageable. Ainsi, la pratique du voyage ne relève plus de l'anecdote personnelle mais s'envisage dans une contribution au parcours politique et idéologique de chacun, véritable vecteur d'éveil au sein des consciences collectives.

De 1933 à 1939, de nombreux intellectuels occidentaux se rendirent en Allemagne afin de se confronter à une expérience politique nouvelle : le national-socialisme. Modèle théorique atypique, le nazisme se pose comme le successeur d'un idéal démocratique libéral vieillissant et intrigue autant qu'il inquiète. Entre bienveillance et rejet profond, l'intelligentsia internationale ayant effectué le voyage d'Allemagne livra une littérature féconde et riche d'enseignements sur la perception et la construction d'une nouvelle image du national-socialisme allemand. Dans la lignée des travaux de François Hourmant sur la Chine populaire et Cuba, ou de Rachel Mazuy et Sophie Coeuré sur la Russie soviétique, une étude sur le phénomène du voyage dans l'Allemagne totalitaire s'imposait. Grâce à une mémoire du nazisme décomplexée depuis les travaux de Peter Reichel au début des années quatre-vingt dix, la mise en lumière d'une fascination du nazisme à l'échelle internationale est dès lors envisageable. Ainsi, la pratique du voyage ne relève plus de l'anecdote personnelle mais s'envisage dans une contribution au parcours politique et idéologique de chacun, véritable vecteur d'éveil au sein des consciences collectives.

The German occupation of Norway during the Second World War caused unprecedented problems for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway and other Christian denominations. The subordination of the church to the de facto Nazi state eventually led its bishops and most of its pastors to sever their ties to the government while remaining in their ministries. Churchmen and scholars have explored dimensions of this challenging episode in Norwegian church history, but little has been published about the plight of most of the para-church organizations. This article explores crucial dimensions of the ministry of the Norwegian Christian Student Association. Particular attention is paid to how both its pietistic heritage and tradition of social ministry continued to nurture its members and to how the exigencies of living under an oppressive regime compelled the leadership as well as the members of the organization to shift certain emphases in their proclamation and ministry.

International audience ; The central question of this chapter is about socio-historical implications of colonialism for ways of dealing with deviance in the metropoles. Postcolonial studies metaphorically talk about the colonies as "laboratories" of modern societies. Indeed, a series of political reforms and interventions aiming at society as a whole or, to put it more strongly, at creating the "ideal society", have been experimented with in the colonies. The historical development of the European metropole was heavily affected by the colonial experience (either simultaneously or with some time-delay), an insight that leads to rejecting any assumption of a uni-directional "modernisation"-flow.We will see that there are obvious continuities in terms of social thought. Concrete connections between organizational, institutional and juridical forms of dealing with deviance are more difficult to describe in clear-cut terms, if we do not want to fall into simplistic accounts of a complex story. In the conclusion, we will have to reconsider Baumann's claim that the Holocaust has to be understood as the product of modern society and of a highly developed civilization.