Suchergebnisse

International law in general — Sources — Development of rule of customary international law — Taxation of property owned by foreign national resident abroad — Whether contrary to customary international law — Evidence — Usage — State practice — Opinio juris — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyThe individual in international law — Aliens — Position of aliens — Respect for property — Expropriation — Taxation of property situated in the Federal Republic of Germany and owned by a foreign national resident abroad — Whether amounting to expropriation — Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation 1952 — Equalization of Burdens Act 1952 — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyWar and neutrality — War in general — Effects of Treaties of peace — Miscellaneous — Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation 1952 — Taxation of property situatedin the Federal Republic of Germany and owned by a foreign national resident abroad — Equalization of Burdens Act, 1952 — Whether contrary to customary international law — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyJurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation — Taxation in respect of land situated within the jurisdiction and owned by foreign national resident abroad — Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation 1952 — Equalization of Burdens Act 1952 — Imposition upon foreign national of financial liabilities of a war of aggression — Whether prohibited by customary international law — Whether amounting to expropriation — Whether violation of constitutional guarantees — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over property — Recognition of foreign — confiscatory legislation — Whether forum may review validity of foreign legislation — Indonesian confiscatory legislation — The law of Germany.State responsibility — For revocation of concessions — Confiscation — Adequacy of compensation — Conditions of payment — Effect of failure to apply for payment — Effect of unimplemented legislation providing for payment — Discrimination — Former colonial territories — Position of nationals of former colonial authority — Alleged political motivation — Revocation of concessions owned by Netherlands nationals in Indonesia — The law of Germany.State responsibility — Damages — Whether damages exclusive remedy for illegal act — Effect of illegal taking of alien property — Whether open to review by courts of third States — The law of Germany.Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation Adequacy of compensation — Conditions of payment — Effect of failure to apply for payment — Effect of unimplemented legislation providing for payment — Discrimination — Former colonial territories — Position of nationals of former colonial authority — Alleged political motivation — Revocation of concessions owned by Netherlands nationals in Indonesia — The law of Germany.Treaties — Termination of — By act of party — Mutual consent — Round Table Conference Agreements of 1949 between Netherlands and Indonesia.Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Effect of — Whether forum may review validity of foreign legislation — Validity in relation to international law — Constitutional validity — Relevance of public policy of forum — Lex rei sitae — Extraterritorial effect of — Termination of foreign concession — Crop harvested on land formerly subject of concession — Crop exported to country of forum — Indonesian confiscatory legislation against Netherlands nationals — The law of Germany.

Since the appearance of annual estimates of gross national expenditure and its components, their use has dominated the analysis of Canadian business fluctuations. They provide the most comprehensive picture of the value and volume of those goods and services, currently produced and consumed, which have passed through the market place. The national accounts have been adapted to analyses of the relationship between the Canadian economy and the economies of the United Kingdom and the United States, particularly of the latter. Interest in these relationships existed for many years before national income accounting became available, but its development certainly gave the problem new focus.The use of national accounts for cyclical analysis has given rise to two problems. The first is that attention in Canada has focused on the period since 1926. There has been great emphasis accordingly on the Great Depression, its transmission to and impact on the economy. This cyclical experience has dominated the recent thinking of Canadian economists quite apart from the crises and misery which it brought. After all it is the one cyclical movement which stands out clearly in the national accounts. Furthermore, the experience of 1929-32 presented an unusual combination of circumstances. Nothing like it in duration or extent had occurred since the 1870's. To base much of the analysis of Canadian business cycles on this one downturn, however major it might have been, and to draw implications for policy therefrom, could easily put public and private decision-making on an inadequate and misleading foundation.

Анализируется процесс геополитической и геокультурной трансформации современной системы международных отношений в начале XXI столетия. Данный процесс связан с все более отчетливым кризисом «вестфальской» геополитической конструкции, формированием принципиально новой глобальной повестки дня, включающей в себя множество политико-культурных вызовов современности (кризис национального государства, этносепаратизм, международный терроризм и т.д.). Автор выделяет три наиболее характерные черты глобальных политических и социокультурных процессов современности: нелинейность и аритмичность; «презентативность» акцент на информационно-психологические эффекты, достигаемые через использование новых форм массовой коммуникации и кризис национально-государственной идентичности. Последний рассматривается в контексте сложившихся и наиболее востребованных концепций трансформации системы мировой политики: «давосского мира», «вестфальского ренессанса» и «нового средневековья». Делается вывод, что при всех методологических ограничениях каждой из указанных концепций именно «новое средневековье» наиболее детально отражает процесс разрушения национально-государственной идентичности, ситуацию наступающего глобального беспорядка и «битвы» этнокультурных, национально-государственных, транснациональных идентичностей в современном мировом политико-культурном пространстве ; In the article the author analyzes the process of geopolitical and geo-cultural transformation of contemporary international relations' system at the beginning of the XXI century. This process is connected with distinct crisis of the «Westphalian» geopolitical design, formation of essentially new global agenda including a multitude of political and cultural challenges of present time (crisis of the national state, ethnic separatism, the international terrorism, etc.). The author outlines three main characteristic features of global political and socio-cultural processes: non-linearity and arrhythmia; «presentational character»emphasis on information and psychological effects, reached through usage of new forms of mass communication; and crisis of the national-state identity. This crisis is analyzed in the context of the developed and most popular concepts of transformation of the world political system: «Davos world», «Westphalian Renaissance» and «New Middle Ages». The conclusion is drawn that (at all methodological restrictions of each of the concepts) the «New Middle Ages» distinctly reflect the process of the national-state identity destruction, a situation of global disorder and «battle» of ethno-cultural, national-state, transnational identities in contemporary world of political and cultural space

В статье рассматривается проблема потерь, с которыми может столкнуться лидер, если проводимая им внешняя политика не получит поддержки населения страны. Представлены результаты эмпирического исследования, направленного на изучение связи между реализацией интересов в области безопасности, экономического благополучия, поддержания национальной идентичности и отношением граждан к проводимой политике. Установлено, что последнее определяется, прежде всего, успехами и неудачами в экономике. При этом наиболее вероятные потери, с которыми столкнется лидер, связаны с отсутствием его поддержки в ходе выборов. ; In the article the issue of losses, encountered by a political leader when his foreign policy does not find public support, is considered. The results of empirical research, aimed to investigate the relationship between the realization of national interests in the spheres of security, economic prosperity, maintenance of national identity, on the one hand, and the attitude of citizens to the political course, their readiness to support it, on the other hand, are presented. The main method of research was quasi experiment. The respondents looked through the texts, which describe foreign policy decisions and their consequences in implementation of national interests. Then they answer the questions to reveal a) attitude to the described the foreign policy, b) readiness to support it and perform political actions, resulting in lossess for the leader (protest behavior, resignation, elections' failure). The attitude to the foreign policy course and the readiness to its support are connected mainly with the consequent effects in the economy. The most likely losses, which the leader faces, concern the absence of his support during elections by the public. At the same time, it is found that the relationship between the realization of national interests and the perception of the adopted foreign policy are estimated as moderate ones (measured by the Cramer's V-criterion). In such a way, the losses could hardly be treated as sufficient condition to deny support to the leader. Their influence is mediated by the other variables, and its further research constitutes perspective for the nearest future.

Muslim culture and society has been a part of the Philippine islands in spite of nearly ninety-five percent of the population being Christian (a majority Catholic), yet did not become a separatist movement until the 1970's. Since then, the two main separatist groups the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) have been battling the Philippine government. The parties entered truces in 1996 and 2001, yet there has been a cycle of violence continues. The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), linked to Al Qaeda, emerged in 1990 and has launched many attacks on the Christian Philippine majority. The prolonged Muslim unrest in the ARMM has left thousands dead and hundreds of thousands displaced. The main objective of this research paper is to examine Philippine economic and political development and its impact on Philippine Muslim unrest. This paper presents a critical analysis of the economic and political development and Philippine Muslim unrest by examining six major features of the Philippines; they are: The historical evolution, economic development, political development, socio-cultural setting, geographic setting, and the quality of life of the Filipino people. This research also examines Fareed Zakaria's illiberal democracies theory, liberal institutionalism, and the Marxist theory of class revolution and primarily relies on research conducted at the University of the Philippines and from Philippine and Asian scholars. By taking a holistic comprehensive approach and by using international relations theory, this research fills two gaps in the literature about Philippine Muslim unrest. The research concludes with a look at future challenges, both short term and long term that face the country, as well as, possible future scenarios. The findings of this research are that the economic and political development and the historical evolution, though major contributory factors, are not the sole reason for the prolonged Philippine Muslim unrest. The most pervasive causal factor to Muslim unrest was the socio-cultural setting. Because of the all-pervasive nature of culture; at first glance, the socio-cultural setting was not a major apparent cause. At almost all times examined throughout this research, certain cultural tendencies guided decisions and altered the course of events more so than any other single variable. Corruption, crony capitalism, patrimonialism, and irrational institutions all stem from the tendencies of Philippine culture must be addressed to find lasting peace in the country. A move toward rational legal institutions and liberal constitutionalism, will lead the way to the creation of a liberal democracy and break the cycle of violence occurring in the Philippines. ; 2008-12-01 ; M.A. ; Sciences, Department of Political Science ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Dada a importância que vêm assumindo os sistemas de inovação nacional, regional, setorial e tecnológico, como mecanismos para promover as políticas de ciência e tecnologia nas diferentes zonas geográficas, é pertinente identificar os desenvolvimentos teóricos mais destacados no estudo do fenômeno, para examinar sua utilidade no momento de analisar o caso dos países menos desenvolvidos, que têm tido diferentes pontos de partida com relação aos desenvolvidos, neste processo.Os sistemas de inovação têm sido estudados desde diferentes perspectivas: a teoria econômica, o conceito dos distritos industriais, a sociologia industrial e, principalmente, o enfoque dos sistemas. Este artigo concentra-se especificamente no enfoque dos sistemas, como um marco analítico alternativo para o estudo dos processos de inovação. ; Considérant l'importance croissante des systèmes d'innovation nationale, régionale, sectorielle et technologique, en tant que mécanismes pour la promotion de politiques de science et technologie dans les différentes zones géographiques, il est nécessaire d'identifier les développements théoriques les plus importants dans l'étude de ce phénomène, afin d'examiner leur utilité pour l'analyse du cas des pays moins développés ayant eu différents points de départ par rapport auxpays développés, dans ce processus.Les systèmes d'innovation ont été étudiés à partir de perspectives différentes : la théorie économique, le concept de districts industriels, la sociologie industrielle et principalement l'approche de systèmes. Cet article se centre spécifiquement sur l'approche de systèmes, cadre analytique alternatif pour l'étude de processus d'innovation. ; Dada la importancia que han venido tomando los sistemas de innovación nacional, regional, sectorial y tecnológico como mecanismos para promover las políticas de ciencia y tecnología en las diferentes zonas geográficas, es pertinente identificar los desarrollos teóricos más sobresalientes en el estudio del fenómeno para examinar su utilidad a la hora de analizar el caso de los países menos desarrollados, que han tenido diferentes puntos de partida con relación a los desarrollados, en este proceso.Los sistemas de innovación han sido estudiados desde diferentes perspectivas: la teoría económica, el concepto de los distritos industriales, la sociología industrial y el enfoque de los sistemas, principalmente. Este artículo se va a centrar específicamente en el enfoque de los sistemas, como un marco analítico alternativo para el estudio de los procesos de innovación. ; Given the importance that national, regional, sectorial and technological innovation has been gaining as a mechanism to promote science and technology policies in diverse geographical zones, it is important to identify the most outstanding theoretical developments in the study of this phenomenon, examine its usefulness and analyze the case of less developed countries, which have had different starting points in this process compared to the developed countries.Innovation systems have been studied from different perspectives: mainly economic theory, the concept of industrial districts, industrial sociology and the systems approach. This article specifically addresses the systems approach as an alternative theoretical framework for studying innovation processes.

Geopolitical processes in the modern world require from the states to form national strategies that are orientated to the successful functioning of the nations under the conditions of transnational systems basing on the diasporas abroad. The mechanism of state policy management in regard to the Bulgarian communities abroad has been formed in the Republic of Bulgaria during two decades. The institutional system of the Bulgarian state bodies, which hold jurisdiction over the policy on Bulgarians abroad, includes the highest governing bodies, bodies with general power and specialized bodies. This article considers the process of formation of the Republic of Bulgaria's policy on the Bulgarian diaspora in Ukraine, that is considered on the basis of analysis of state laws and political programmes, and the system of state bodies and their activity. On the basis of the conducted analysis, conclusions have been made that the national strategy of the Republic has developed in the direction of the integration of all persons of Bulgarian origin in the united nation that exists outside of territories and borders. The state supports the idea of the creation of the supranational body with representative authority. Bulgaria is interested in resources belonged to the ethnic diaspora of compatriots (demographical and intellectual potential, institutional and social abilities) in the environment of the state of residence. Herewith, the Republic of Bulgaria demonstrates the readiness to create mechanisms of attraction of the abroad compatriots to participate in the national-development of Bulgaria. ; В Республике Болгария на протяжении двух десятилетий формируется механизм государственного управления политикой в отношении болгарских общностей за рубежом. Институциональная система государственных органов Болгарии, в ведении которых находится политика в отношении болгар за рубежом, включает высшие руководящие органы, органы общей компетенции и специализированные органы. В работе на основании анализа государственных законов и политических программ, системы государственных органов и проводимой ими работы рассматривается процесс формирования политики Республики Болгарии в отношении болгарской диаспоры в Украине. Национальная стратегия Республики развивается в направлении интегрирования всех лиц болгарского происхождения в единую нацию, которая трактуется вне территории и границ. Государство поддерживает идею создания наднационального органа с представительскими полномочиями. Республика Болгария заинтересована в ресурсах, которыми обладает этническая диаспора соотечественников и демонстрирует готовность создавать механизмы привлечения зарубежных соотечественников к участию в национально-государственном развитии. ; У Республіці Болгарії протягом двох десятиліть формується механізм державного управління політикою щодо болгарських спільнот за кордоном. Інституційна система державних органів Болгарії, яка опікується болгарськими громадами за кордоном, включає вищі керівні органи, органи загальної компетенції та спеціалізовані органи. У представленій роботі на підставі аналізу державних законів і політичних програм, системи державних органів і проведеної ними роботи розглядається процес формування політики Республіки Болгарії щодо болгарської діаспори в Україні. Національна стратегія Республіки Болгарії розвивається в напрямку інтегрування всіх осіб болгарського походження в єдину націю, яка трактується поза територією і кордонами. Держава підтримує ідею створення наднаціонального органу з представницькими повноваженнями. Республіка Болгарія зацікавлена в ресурсах, якими володіє діаспора співвітчизників, і демонструє готовність створювати механізми залучення зарубіжних співвітчизників до участі в національно-державному розвитку.

BACKGROUND: The Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA) is an ongoing, global, community-driven effort to evaluate and improve the computational annotation of protein function. RESULTS: Here, we report on the results of the third CAFA challenge, CAFA3, that featured an expanded analysis over the previous CAFA rounds, both in terms of volume of data analyzed and the types of analysis performed. In a novel and major new development, computational predictions and assessment goals drove some of the experimental assays, resulting in new functional annotations for more than 1000 genes. Specifically, we performed experimental whole-genome mutation screening in Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aureginosa genomes, which provided us with genome-wide experimental data for genes associated with biofilm formation and motility. We further performed targeted assays on selected genes in Drosophila melanogaster, which we suspected of being involved in long-term memory. CONCLUSION: We conclude that while predictions of the molecular function and biological process annotations have slightly improved over time, those of the cellular component have not. Term-centric prediction of experimental annotations remains equally challenging; although the performance of the top methods is significantly better than the expectations set by baseline methods in C. albicans and D. melanogaster, it leaves considerable room and need for improvement. Finally, we report that the CAFA community now involves a broad range of participants with expertise in bioinformatics, biological experimentation, biocuration, and bio-ontologies, working together to improve functional annotation, computational function prediction, and our ability to manage big data in the era of large experimental screens. ; The work of IF was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation award DBI-1458359. The work of CSG and AJL was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation award DBI-1458390 and GBMF 4552 from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The work of DAH and KAL was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation award DBI-1458390, National Institutes of Health NIGMS P20 GM113132, and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation CFRDP STANTO19R0. The work of AP, HY, AR, and MT was funded by BBSRC grants BB/K004131/1, BB/F00964X/1 and BB/M025047/1, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología Paraguay (CONACyT) grants 14-INV-088 and PINV15-315, and NSF Advances in BioInformatics grant 1660648. The work of JC was partially supported by an NIH grant (R01GM093123) and two NSF grants (DBI 1759934 and IIS1763246). ACM acknowledges the support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2155 "RESIST" - Project ID 39087428. DK acknowledges the support from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM123055) and the National Science Foundation (DMS1614777, CMMI1825941). PB acknowledges the support from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM60595). GB and BZK acknowledge the support from the National Science Foundation (NSF 1458390) and NIH DP1MH110234. FS was funded by the ERC StG 757700 "HYPER-INSIGHT" and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities grant BFU2017-89833-P. FS further acknowledges the funding from the Severo Ochoa award to the IRB Barcelona. TS was funded by the Centre of Excellence project "BioProspecting of Adriatic Sea", co-financed by the Croatian Government and the European Regional Development Fund (KK.01.1.1.01.0002). The work of SK was funded by ATT Tieto käyttöön grant and Academy of Finland. JB and HM acknowledge the support of the University of Turku, the Academy of Finland and CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd. TB and SM were funded by the NIH awards UL1 TR002319 and U24 TR002306. The work of CZ and ZW was funded by the National Institutes of Health R15GM120650 to ZW and start-up funding from the University of Miami to ZW. The work of PWR was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01CA198942. PR acknowledges NSF grant DBI-1458477. PT acknowledges the support from Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences. The work of AJM was funded by the Academy of Finland (No. 292589). The work of FZ and WT was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671367, 31471245, 91631301) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1000505, 2017YFC0908402]. CS acknowledges the support by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) PRIN 2017 project 2017483NH8. SZ is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61872094 and No. 61572139) and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2017SHZDZX01). PLF and RLH were supported by the National Institutes of Health NIH R35-GM128637 and R00-GM097033. JG, DTJ, CW, DC, and RF were supported by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/N019431/1, BB/L020505/1, and BB/L002817/1) and Elsevier. The work of YZ and CZ was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health award GM083107, GM116960, and AI134678; the National Science Foundation award DBI1564756; and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) award MCB160101 and MCB160124. The work of BG, VP, RD, NS, and NV was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Project No. 173001. The work of YWL, WHL, and JMC was funded by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (106-2221-E-004-011-MY2). YWL, WHL, and JMC further acknowledge the support from "the Human Project from Mind, Brain and Learning" of the NCCU Higher Education Sprout Project by the Taiwan Ministry of Education and the National Center for High-performance Computing for computer time and facilities. The work of IK and AB was funded by Montana State University and NSF Advances in Biological Informatics program through grant number 0965768. BR, TG, and JR are supported by the Bavarian Ministry for Education through funding to the TUM. The work of RB, VG, MB, and DCEK was supported by the Simons Foundation, NIH NINDS grant number 1R21NS103831-01 and NSF award number DMR-1420073. CJJ acknowledges the funding from a University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Cancer Center award, a UIC College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Faculty Award, and a UIC International Development Award. The work of ML was funded by Yad Hanadiv (grant number 9660 /2019). The work of OL and IN was funded by the National Institute of General Medical Science of the National Institute of Health through GM066099 and GM079656. Research Supporting Plan (PSR) of University of Milan number PSR2018-DIP-010-MFRAS. AWV acknowledges the funding from the BBSRC (CASE studentship BB/M015009/1). CD acknowledges the support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (150654). CO and MJM are supported by the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute core funds and the CAFA BBSRC BB/N004876/1. GG is supported by CAFA BBSRC BB/N004876/1. SCET acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 778247 (IDPfun) and from COST Action BM1405 (NGP-net). SEB was supported by NIH/NIGMS grant R01 GM071749. The work of MLT, JMR, and JMF was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National of Health, grant numbers U41 HG007234. The work of JMF and JMR was also supported by INB Grant (PT17/0009/0001 - ISCIII-SGEFI / ERDF). VA acknowledges the funding from TUBITAK EEEAG-116E930. RCA acknowledges the funding from KanSil 2016K121540. GV acknowledges the funding from Università degli Studi di Milano - Project "Discovering Patterns in Multi-Dimensional Data" and Project "Machine Learning and Big Data Analysis for Bioinformatics". SZ is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61872094 and No. 61572139) and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2017SHZDZX01). RY and SY are supported by the 111 Project (NO. B18015), the key project of Shanghai Science & Technology (No. 16JC1420402), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2018SHZDZX01), and ZJLab. ST was supported by project Ribes Network POR-FESR 3S4H (No. TOPP-ALFREVE18-01) and PRID/SID of University of Padova (No. TOPP-SID19-01). CZ and ZW were supported by the NIGMS grant R15GM120650 to ZW and start-up funding from the University of Miami to ZW. The work of MK and RH was supported by the funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) under Award No. URF/1/3454-01-01 and URF/1/3790-01-01. The work of SDM is funded, in part, by NSF award DBI-1458443 ; Sí

BACKGROUND: The Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA) is an ongoing, global, community-driven effort to evaluate and improve the computational annotation of protein function. RESULTS: Here, we report on the results of the third CAFA challenge, CAFA3, that featured an expanded analysis over the previous CAFA rounds, both in terms of volume of data analyzed and the types of analysis performed. In a novel and major new development, computational predictions and assessment goals drove some of the experimental assays, resulting in new functional annotations for more than 1000 genes. Specifically, we performed experimental whole-genome mutation screening in Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aureginosa genomes, which provided us with genome-wide experimental data for genes associated with biofilm formation and motility. We further performed targeted assays on selected genes in Drosophila melanogaster, which we suspected of being involved in long-term memory. CONCLUSION: We conclude that while predictions of the molecular function and biological process annotations have slightly improved over time, those of the cellular component have not. Term-centric prediction of experimental annotations remains equally challenging; although the performance of the top methods is significantly better than the expectations set by baseline methods in C. albicans and D. melanogaster, it leaves considerable room and need for improvement. Finally, we report that the CAFA community now involves a broad range of participants with expertise in bioinformatics, biological experimentation, biocuration, and bio-ontologies, working together to improve functional annotation, computational function prediction, and our ability to manage big data in the era of large experimental screens. ; The work of IF was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation award DBI-1458359. The work of CSG and AJL was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation award DBI-1458390 and GBMF 4552 from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The work of DAH and KAL was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation award DBI-1458390, National Institutes of Health NIGMS P20 GM113132, and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation CFRDP STANTO19R0. The work of AP, HY, AR, and MT was funded by BBSRC grants BB/K004131/1, BB/F00964X/1 and BB/M025047/1, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Paraguay (CONACyT) grants 14-INV-088 and PINV15-315, and NSF Advances in BioInformatics grant 1660648. The work of JC was partially supported by an NIH grant (R01GM093123) and two NSF grants (DBI 1759934 and IIS1763246). ACM acknowledges the support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC 2155 "RESIST" - Project ID 39087428. DK acknowledges the support from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM123055) and the National Science Foundation (DMS1614777, CMMI1825941). PB acknowledges the support from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM60595). GB and BZK acknowledge the support from the National Science Foundation (NSF 1458390) and NIH DP1MH110234. FS was funded by the ERC StG 757700 "HYPER-INSIGHT" and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities grant BFU2017-89833-P. FS further acknowledges the funding from the Severo Ochoa award to the IRB Barcelona. TS was funded by the Centre of Excellence project "BioProspecting of Adriatic Sea", co-financed by the Croatian Government and the European Regional Development Fund (KK.01.1.1.01.0002). The work of SK was funded by ATT Tieto kayttoon grant and Academy of Finland. JB and HM acknowledge the support of the University of Turku, the Academy of Finland and CSC -IT Center for Science Ltd. TB and SM were funded by the NIH awards UL1 TR002319 and U24 TR002306. The work of CZ and ZW was funded by the National Institutes of Health R15GM120650 to ZW and start-up funding from the University of Miami to ZW. The work of PWR was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01CA198942. PR acknowledges NSF grant DBI-1458477. PT acknowledges the support from Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences. The work of AJM was funded by the Academy of Finland (No. 292589). The work of FZ and WT was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671367, 31471245, 91631301) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1000505, 2017YFC0908402]. CS acknowledges the support by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) PRIN 2017 project 2017483NH8. SZ is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61872094 and No. 61572139) and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2017SHZDZX01). PLF and RLH were supported by the National Institutes of Health NIH R35-GM128637 and R00-GM097033. JG, DTJ, CW, DC, and RF were supported by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/N019431/1, BB/L020505/1, and BB/L002817/1) and Elsevier. The work of YZ and CZ was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health award GM083107, GM116960, and AI134678; the National Science Foundation award DBI1564756; and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) award MCB160101 and MCB160124. The work of BG, VP, RD, NS, and NV was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Project No. 173001. The work of YWL, WHL, and JMC was funded by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (106-2221-E-004-011-MY2). YWL, WHL, and JMC further acknowledge the support from "the Human Project from Mind, Brain and Learning" of the NCCU Higher Education Sprout Project by the Taiwan Ministry of Education and the National Center for High-performance Computing for computer time and facilities. The work of IK and AB was funded by Montana State University and NSF Advances in Biological Informatics program through grant number 0965768. BR, TG, and JR are supported by the Bavarian Ministry for Education through funding to the TUM. The work of RB, VG, MB, and DCEK was supported by the Simons Foundation, NIH NINDS grant number 1R21NS103831-01 and NSF award number DMR-1420073. CJJ acknowledges the funding from a University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Cancer Center award, a UIC College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Faculty Award, and a UIC International Development Award. The work of ML was funded by Yad Hanadiv (grant number 9660/2019). The work of OL and IN was funded by the National Institute of General Medical Science of the National Institute of Health through GM066099 and GM079656. Research Supporting Plan (PSR) of University of Milan number PSR2018-DIP-010-MFRAS. AWV acknowledges the funding from the BBSRC (CASE studentship BB/M015009/1). CD acknowledges the support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (150654). CO and MJM are supported by the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute core funds and the CAFA BBSRC BB/N004876/1. GG is supported by CAFA BBSRC BB/N004876/1. SCET acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 778247 (IDPfun) and from COST Action BM1405 (NGP-net). SEB was supported by NIH/NIGMS grant R01 GM071749. The work of MLT, JMR, and JMF was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National of Health, grant numbers U41 HG007234. The work of JMF and JMR was also supported by INB Grant (PT17/0009/0001 - ISCIII-SGEFI/ERDF). VA acknowledges the funding from TUBITAK EEEAG-116E930. RCA acknowledges the funding from KanSil 2016K121540. GV acknowledges the funding from Universita degli Studi di Milano - Project "Discovering Patterns in Multi-Dimensional Data" and Project "Machine Learning and Big Data Analysis for Bioinformatics". SZ is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61872094 and No. 61572139) and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2017SHZDZX01). RY and SY are supported by the 111 Project (NO. B18015), the key project of Shanghai Science & Technology (No. 16JC1420402), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2018SHZDZX01), and ZJLab. ST was supported by project Ribes Network POR-FESR 3S4H (No. TOPP-ALFREVE18-01) and PRID/SID of University of Padova (No. TOPP-SID19-01). CZ and ZW were supported by the NIGMS grant R15GM120650 to ZW and start-up funding from the University of Miami to ZW. The work of MK and RH was supported by the funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) under Award No. URF/1/3454-01-01 and URF/1/3790-01-01. The work of SDM is funded, in part, by NSF award DBI-1458443. ; Sí

International audience ; The construction of new nations, in Latin America, involved reflexions on the definition of the national identities. This aided to reconcile the reality of the "mestizaje" with the attribution, inherited the colonial time, of various "qualities" to the individuals and the groups ("Spanish", "Indian", "black", "mulatto", etc.). It was also confronted with the racist connotations contained in the ideas of progress and modernity, at the beginning of the XIX century, and thus complicating the difficulty in legitimizing its own "mestizaje". We tackled these questions starting from the empirical examination of two contexts in Mexico, that of the State and the town of Veracruz, and that of Costa Chica, on the Pacific coast in the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero. The common point of these two case studies is the comprehension of "mestizaje", a culture strongly associated with the Mexican national identity, starting from the African presence, which was important from the beginning of the colonization but not found in the "traditional" designs of the national "mestizaje". This analysis enables us to highlight various ways of incorporating the African origin populations with the nation. One then sees how the local configurations are articulated with the global speech to privilege one dimension or facet of the afro identification more than the other; be it cultural, social, or political. This is what we call "the other mestizaje". ; La construction de nouvelles nations, en Amérique latine, a entraîné des réflexions sur la définition des identités nationales cherchant à concilier la réalité des métissages avec l'attribution, héritée de l'époque coloniale, de différentes « qualités » aux individus et aux groupes (« espagnol », « indien », « noir », « mulâtre », etc.). Elle a également été confrontée aux connotations racistes que comportaient, au début du XIXème siècle, les idées de progrès et de modernité, et donc à la difficulté de légitimer sa propre « fabrique du métissage ». Nous abordons ces questions à partir de l'examen empirique de deux contextes au Mexique, celui de l'Etat et de la ville de Veracruz, et celui de la Costa chica, sur la côte pacifique dans les Etats de Oaxaca et Guerrero. Le point commun de ces études de cas est d'appréhender le métissage, si fortement associé à l'identité nationale mexicaine, à partir de la présence africaine, qui fut importante dès les débuts de la colonisation mais qui ne fut pas incluse dans les conceptions « classiques » du métissage national. Cette analyse nous permet de mettre en évidence diverses modalités d'incorporation des populations d'origine africaine à la nation. On voit alors comment les configurations locales s'articulent avec le discours global pour privilégier une dimension ou facette de l'identification afro (culturelle, ou sociale, ou politique) plutôt qu'une autre. C'est ce que l'on appelle « l'autre métissage ».

"Die klassischen intergrationstheoretischen Paradigmen – das föderale, das funktionalistische und das intergouvernementalistische – betrachten die Legitimationsproblematik europäischer Politik jeweils aus einer input-, output- oder identitätsorientierten Perspektive. Die Fixierung auf einen vorrangigen Legitimationsmodus bei den Vorschlägen zur Reform der EU führt jedoch implizit stets zur Schwächung eines anderen Legitimationsstrangs. Die zur Erhöhung der Legitimität der EU angebotenen Optionen versprechen im Ergebnis daher keinen Legitimitätsgewinn. Aus Sicht neuerer, sehr heterogener Integrationsansätze, wozu insbesondere der Multi-Level Governance-Ansatz gehört, wird für die Reform der EU hingegen ein mehrdimensionales Konzept benötigt, das alle drei Dimensionen von Legitimität berücksichtigt und diese entsprechend dem spezifischen Charakter der EU als Gebilde sui generis gegenseitig ausbalanciert. Speziell die soziale Legitimität des europäischen Regierens hängt jedoch nicht nur von der Rückkoppelung der europäischen Politik an die Strukturen und Prozesse der nationalen Demokratien ab, sondern vielmehr kann sich diese auch auf einen eigenen Demos, der allerdings erst in Ansätzen vorhanden, aber entwicklungsfähig ist, stützen. Die Anforderungen, die dabei konkret an eine kollektive Identität der europäischen Bürger als Funktionsbedingung europäischer Demokratie zu stellen sind, sind aber geringer als im Nationalstaat, da ein solcher – entsprechend dem Multi-Level Governance-Ansatz – auf europäischer Ebene nicht angestrebt wird. Die nicht zu leugnende empirische Änderungsresistenz der historisch gewachsenen (vor allem nationalen) Identitäten hat dazu geführt, das typische Charakteristikum einer möglichen EU-Identität in der Heterogenität und Pluralität der europäischen Staaten und Kulturen ('Vielfalt in der Einheit') zu sehen. Jedoch erscheint eine europäische Identität als offene, post-national-universalistische Identität – so sympathisch sie auch sein mag – kaum denkbar, ist doch auf der Grundlage sozialpsychologischer Ansätze stets auch eine Abgrenzung nach außen als konstitutives Merkmal erforderlich. Die Kongruenz gemeinsamer Wertvorstellungen im EU-Binnenverhältnis kann daher nicht als ausreichend angesehen werden. Andererseits ist eine scharfe Außenabgrenzung im Sinne eines festen Feindbildes zur kollektiven Identitätsbildung bei multiplen Identitäten, wie sie in der EU im Entstehen begriffen sind, nicht notwendig. Diese Anforderungen gilt es zu beachten, wenn über politische Maßnahmen und Strategien zur Herausbildung bzw. Verstärkung einer europäischen Identität nachgedacht wird." (Autorenreferat)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review national experiences and policy initiatives within worksite eating in four Nordic countries, in order to compare the experiences and identify important lessons and needs for future research, experiments and governmental regulation. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on national reviews of analyses of worksite eating and initiatives regarding policy, research and experiments in relation to worksite eating. The national experiences are compared. Findings – The paper shows awareness in all four countries about the role of the worksite in the shaping of dietary habits of the employees and some experiments with healthier worksite eating schemes. Blue-collar employees, employees with working hours outside normal working hours and employees with shifting worksites are likely to be offered less organised and less healthy food schemes. Worksites' experiments with healthier worksite eating schemes based on employee participation can change worksite eating substantially, including at blue-collar worksites. However, the generalising of findings to other worksites not participating in the experiments seems limited. There is need for more research in the embedding of experiments. Originality/value – The paper has value as the first cross-national review covering four of the Nordic countries in the area of worksite eating and attempts to create healthier worksite eating. By combining research findings and policy initiatives from four countries, the paper gives access to a big pool of knowledge, which can inspire future research and policy initiatives, including future experiments and future governmental regulation. Keywords Diet, Workplace, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden

The welfare impact of a disaster does not depend only on the physical characteristics of the event or its direct impacts in terms of lost lives and assets. Depending on the ability of the economy to cope, recover, and reconstruct, the reconstruction will be more or less difficult, and the welfare effects smaller or larger. This ability, which can be referred to as the macroeconomic resilience of the economy to natural disasters, is an important parameter to estimate the overall vulnerability of a population. Here, resilience is decomposed into two components: instantaneous resilience, which is the ability to limit the magnitude of the immediate loss of income for a given amount of capital losses, and dynamic resilience, which is the ability to reconstruct and recover quickly. The paper proposes a rule of thumb to estimate macroeconomic resilience, based on the interest rate (a higher interest rate decreases resilience and increases welfare losses), the reconstruction duration (a longer reconstruction duration increases welfare losses), and a "ripple-effect" factor that increases or decreases immediate losses (negative if enough idle resources are available to cope; positive if cross-sector and supply-chain issues impair the production of non-affected capital). An optimal risk management strategy is very likely to include measures to reduce direct impacts (disaster risk reduction actions) and measures to reduce indirect impacts (resilience building actions).

'Sacha (Jakutien), eine weit vom Zentrum gelegene Republik mit geringer Bevölkerungszahl und einer einseitigen Wirtschaftsstruktur, von der man auch in der ehemaligen Sowjetunion oft nur eine schwache Vorstellung hatte, rückt zu den sich äußerst dynamisch entwickelnden Regionen der Rußländischen Föderation (RF) auf. Die Republik Sacha (Jakutien) ist ein deutliches Beispiel für die neue Rolle der rußländischen Peripherie, die ihre Bedeutung für die RF erkannt hat und die sich dank der verkündeten Souveränität nicht nur im vollen Umfang in das 'Spiel' der neuen Realien eingeschaltet hat, sondern auch das ehrgeizige Ziel erklärt hat, in diesem Prozeß die Führung zu übernehmen. Das gestrige 'Aschenputtel' strebt danach, entsprechend seiner geopolitischen Lage und seinen reichen Naturschätzen einen gebührenden Platz in der rußländischen Gemeinschaft und in der Welt einzunehmen. In oft widersprüchlichen Einschätzungen und Prognosen rußländischer und ausländischer Analytiker erscheint Jakutien bald als stabile Region, die sich in der Mitte der Skala der Souveränitäten befindet und ihre souveränen Ansprüche nur im wirtschaftlichen Bereich realisiert. Sie wird sogar als mögliches Modell für die Zentrum-Peripherie-Beziehung angesehen. Bald wird sie zu jenen nationalstaatlichen Gebilden gezählt, die die volle Unabhängigkeit von der RF fordern können. In jedem Fall bleibt die politisch-ökonomische und nationale Souveränität, die heute in ihren Forderungen bedeutend gemäßigt ist, dennoch aktuell für die Republik und zeigt auf dem sibirischen Boden verschiedene Ausprägungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Dynamik der Entstehung und Entwicklung der jakutischen Souveränität und analysiert die gegenwärtigen politischen, ökonomischen und nationalen Probleme Jakutiens. Die Untersuchung stützt sich auf Publikationen offizieller Dokumente, auf Ergebnisse von soziologischen Umfragen, auf wissenschaftliche Literatur, Pressematerialien und Agenturmeldungen. Während eines vierwöchigen Aufenthalts im August 1996 in der Republik Sacha traf sich die Autorin mit Politikern, Wissenschaftlern und Führern nationaler Vereine.' (Autorenreferat)