The subject of this article is energy security. An in-depth study of the literature on the subject and the analysis of normative documents allowed to formulate the main objective of the work, which is to describe energy security as a component of state security. The goal formulated in such a way creates the need to solve the main research problem of this study, presented in the form of a question: What is the significance of energy security as a component of state security? Achieving the assumed goal and solving the research problem was supported by studying the subject literature and normative documents, as well as the hypothesis that energy security is an important component of state security, and its role is constantly increasing, confirmed in the course of the study.
The aim of the article was to identify the subject areas related to the management of the proposals of some elements and to propose the concept of managing Poland's national security for the purposes of developing the act on national security management announced in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland-2020. The main research problem was the question: What key elements and solutions should be included in the concept of national security management for the purpose of developing a draft act on national security management? The following hypothesis was adopted: The national security system should form a coherent, in terms of organization and functionality, system of interrelated management and executive bodies. Unfortunately, the existing national security system of the Republic of Poland does not fully meet the above requirements, which has already been signaled many times, for example during successive strategic national security reviews and strategic defense reviews. Moreover, the concept of national security management should, in particular, specify the answers to the following questions: 1) What is contemporary national security? 2) What is national security management? 3) What are the key challenges facing national security management? 4) What is the role of policy and strategy in national security management? 5) What should be the architecture of the national security management system during the war. The verification of the above hypothesis and answering the above questions required a critical analysis of legal acts, strategic documents and selected items of literature on the subject. The results of the author's many years of research in this area were also taken into account.
Food is a vital element of the functioning of society. Without food, humans, as a species, simply cannot exist. Ensuring food security of the country is one of the priority directions of state economic policy, the most important factor in the economic security of the nation, one of the main tasks of government bodies. The article analyzes the conceptual regulation of the term "food security". Food security is an important component of the security system of Russia. By ensuring the food security, the inviolability of the state and its sovereignty are ensured, the demographic situation, the socio-economic provisions of the population are maintained, the necessary and sufficient conditions are formed to maintain the health and quality of life of citizens of the Russian Federation. Within the framework of the article, the main directions of ensuring the food security of the Russian Federation and their implementation are considered.
Poland's National Security Council (Rada Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, RBN) is defined in the country's Constitution as organ doradczy Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w zakresie wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego bezpieczeństwa państwa (officially translating into: "the advisory organ to the President of the Republic regarding internal and external security of the State"). Against that background, this article uses analysis of policy practice as it seeks to explain whether the NSC truly plays that role of advisory organ, or is more in the nature of a coordinating-and-consulting body. To address this research topic, three areas have been identified for broader and deeper consideration, i.e. the means of selecting Council Members, the frequency with which Sittings have been convened, and the subject matter addressed at those Sittings.
Education is one of the basic ways of shaping security. Its level depends on values, attitudes and messages, people's awareness as well as the skills necessary to prevent and deal with threats. Information activities in the field of counteracting threats should be supported by properly prepared education, especially for children and young people, which plays a special role in shaping safe behaviors and attitudes. Education for security of young people in Poland is an important and comprehensive undertaking involving state authorities, relevant services, organizations and the whole society. There is a conviction that only permanent and broad-based activities involving the whole society can bring the expected results, and thus raise the level of citizens' awareness of security.
The article is a brief introduction to the use of game theory models in studies of national security. It is divided into four parts. The first part discusses basic theoretical issues, i.e. the division of game theory into analytical and behavioural, the concept of the rationality of players, the assumption that the rationality of players is common knowledge, the Nash equilibrium, Pareto efficiency and the classification of games. The second part briefly describes the evolution of game theory analyses in national security. Attention is drawn to the relationship between the development of game theory and military requirements. The third part provides an example of how game theory models can be used in national security studies. Trade relations, which adopt the schema of interactions of the prisoner's dilemma, are discussed in detail. During the analysis, the general model of the prisoner's dilemma, the initial game defining the problem under consideration, and its solutions in the form of an iterated game and metagame are presented. The entire discussion concludes with a summary.The analyses indicate the following advantages of the application of game theory models to the study of national security: 1) game theory models significantly simplify the analysed interactions, thus, allowing to penetrate the processes, bringing out features and relations which have hitherto escaped researchers; 2) the application of game theory models does not require researchers to be familiar with complex mathematical formalisms; 3) game theory models enable the identification of social dilemmas, i.e. situations where the short-term interests of an individual are at odds with the long-term interests of society. ; Artykuł jest zwięzłym wprowadzeniem w problematykę wykorzystania modeli teoriogrowych w badaniach bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Podzielono go na cztery części. W części pierwszej omówiono podstawowe zagadnienia teoretyczne, tj.: podział na analityczną i behawioralną teorię gier, pojęcie racjonalności graczy, założenie o wspólnej wiedzy graczy o ich racjonalności, pojęcie równowagi Nasha, pojęcie efektywności w sensie Pareto oraz klasyfikacje gier. W części drugiej opisano pokrótce ewolucję teoriogrowych analiz bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Zwrócono uwagę na związki między rozwojem teorii gier a potrzebami militarnymi. W części trzeciej wskazano przykładowy sposób użycia modeli teorii gier w badaniach bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Szczegółowo omówiono stosunki handlowe przyjmujące schemat interakcji dylematu więźnia. W toku analiz przybliżono ogólny model dylematu więźnia, grę wyjściową definiującą rozpatrywany problem oraz jego rozwiązania w postaci gry iterowanej oraz metagry. Całość rozważań zwieńczyło podsumowanie.Analizy wskazują następujące zalety stosowania modeli teoriogrowych w badaniach bezpieczeństwa narodowego: 1) modele teoriogrowe znacznie upraszczają analizowane interakcje, przez co pozwalają wniknąć w głąb procesów, wydobywając te cechy i związki, które do tej pory umykały badaczom; 2) stosowanie modeli teorii gier nie wymaga od badaczy znajomości skomplikowanych formalizmów matematycznych; 3) modele teorii gier umożliwiają identyfikację dylematów społecznych, czyli sytuacji, w których zachodzi sprzeczność krótkoterminowego interesu jednostki z długoterminowym interesem społecznym.
Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Właściwym do zapewnienia powszechnej i przestrzennej gotowości obronnej państwa, a jednocześnie realizacji zadań w ramach obrony kolektywnej Sojuszu, jest system obronny, dysponujący efektywnym potencjałem odstraszania w którym ważne miejsce zajmuje obrona terytorialna, włączona w proces powszechnego wychowania i szkolenia wojskowego młodzieży, szkolenia rezerw, wsparcia lokalnych społeczności i układu pozamilitarnego w działaniach zapewniających ochronę ludności i mienia w sytuacji zaistnienia kryzysu (militarnego lub niemilitarnego), a w okresie wojny i ewentualnej okupacji prowadzenia ochrony i obrony ważnych obiektów i rejonów na całym terytorium kraju, współdziałania z wojskami operacyjnymi oraz wsparcia, a także elementami układu pozamilitarnego. ; In order to provide effective, universal and spatial defense of the Polish State, and at the same time to carry out the collective defence tasks of the Alliance, it is indispensable to create a defense system with an effective deterrence potential. Effective defence requires effective coordination between the military and other state institutions. Territorial Defence as a component of a genuinely effective, modern military structure – included in the process of universal youth education and training, Polish Army reserve training, support to local communities and non-military cells in the event of a crisis (military or non-military), and during the war and possible occupation, protection and defence of important facilities and areas throughout the territory of the country, cooperation with regular operational units, and support units and civilian defence and defence structures, provide an effective and up-to-date defence of both military and non-military threats to national security.
The article investigates the factors which determined the evolution of the national security concept in the Republic of Croatia during the period 1995-2013, as viewed by the political elite as well as the Croatian society. The Croatian public discourse approaches the national security in the context of either a multi-faceted reform of the country's security sector or an improvement of both the democratic control over the military and security forces. Among the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia accomplished major goals in its pursuit of the national security policy. After a period of arduous reforms and reconstruction, the country has become a member of both the NATO and the European Union. The issues which are still disputed among the researchers are the legal bases for the security policy and the process of the internalization of values lying at the foundation of the security sector reform. It is questionable whether or not the newly established system of legal and institutional references is likely to consolidate in the social, political and economic reality of modern Croatia. ; The article investigates the factors which determined the evolution of the national security concept in the Republic of Croatia during the period 1995-2013, as viewed by the political elite as well as the Croatian society. The Croatian public discourse approaches the national security in the context of either a multi-faceted reform of the country's security sector or an improvement of both the democratic control over the military and security forces. Among the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia accomplished major goals in its pursuit of the national security policy. After a period of arduous reforms and reconstruction, the country has become a member of both the NATO and the European Union. The issues which are still disputed among the researchers are the legal bases for the security policy and the process of the internalization of values lying at the foundation of the security sector reform. It is questionable whether or not the newly established system of legal and institutional references is likely to consolidate in the social, political and economic reality of modern Croatia.
Although nowadays the idea of direct democracy has been dominated by the system of representative government, in modern countries a tendency to trust some power to the hands of citizens still can be observed. This solution guarantees each of the interest groups active involvement in political life and thanks to that they are able to have real impact on producing legal solutions in their country. On the other hand, decisions resulting from using participatory democracy institutions may generate several negative effects, both on the political and social levels. The paramount goal of the article is to present the impact of using tools of direct democracy on national security. Accordingly, the practices of using referendum in Switzerland, Great Britain, Catalonia, as well as legislative initiative in Poland were analyzsed, with special attention given to their impact on safety. ; Chociaż idea demokracji bezpośredniej została zdominowana przez system rządów przedstawicielskich, to współczesne państwa zapewniają stosunkowo szeroki wachlarz instytucji, które w swoim założeniu mają aktywizować obywateli i dawać im realne szanse na formułowanie nowych rozwiązań prawnych. Z drugiej strony przeprowadzona w artykule analiza wykazuje, że stosowanie takich narzędzi jak referendum czy inicjatywa obywatelska może generować szereg negatywnych skutków, które w konsekwencji będą stanowić poważne zagrożenie dla sytuacji politycznej oraz społecznej w państwie. Nadrzędnym celem artykułu stała się zatem analiza wybranych głosowań referendalnych (przykład Szwajcarii, Wielkiej Brytanii oraz Katalonii), a także inicjatywy ustawodawczej (kazus Polski), w wyniku której ukazany zostanie pejoratywny wpływ wyżej wymienionych instytucji na szeroko pojęte bezpieczeństwo w państwie.
Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Celem Autora jest przedstawienie ewolucji percepcji zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na podstawie analizy polskich strategii bezpieczeństwa narodowego wydanych w XXI wieku, w szczególności dokumentu o tym charakterze z 2014 r. Pozwoli to na wyciągnięcie wniosków dotyczących zmian wprowadzanych przez twórców tych strategii wywodzących się z różnych partii politycznych. Ponadto umożliwi ich ocenę i sformułowanie odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące pożądanej polityki bezpieczeństwa państwa i wykorzystywanych przy tym narzędzi. W ten sposób Autor odniesie się do kwestii samowystarczalności obronnej oraz Wojsk Specjalnych RP. ; The aim of this paper is to show the evolution of the perception of the threats to the security of the Republic of Poland. The text is based on an analysis of the Polish national security strategies for the 21st century, and in particular, on the document of 2014. This will allow to draw conclusions about the makers of the Polish security strategies connected with different political parties. Moreover, thanks to this, the Author will be able to evaluate these documents and try to answer the question concerning the right direction of the Polish national security policy and its instruments. In this way, he will refer to the self-sufficiency of defense and the Polish Special Forces.
