Suchergebnisse

Klimawandel und Migration gehören zu den zentralen Themen der globalen, politischen Diskussion. Der Anstieg der Meeresspiegel, veränderte Niederschlagsmuster, steigende Temperaturen und Wetterextreme, wie Dürren, gefährden die Existenzgrundlage vieler Menschen. Afrika ist ein Hotspot des Klimawandels. Dürren betreffen häufig weite Teile der Bevölkerung, behindern eine nachhaltige Entwicklung und wirken sich auf das Migrationsverhalten der Menschen aus. Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist es anhand von quantitativen Methoden einen Zusammenhang zwischen Dürre und Migration innerhalb Afrikas zu untersuchen.Dürreanalysen auf Grundlage des Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index zeigen, dass in weiten Teilen Afrikas während der letzten Jahrzehnte des 20. Jahrhunderts extreme Trockenheit herrschte. Im Zeitraum zwischen 1980 und 2015 ist es im nördlichen Afrika signifikant trockener geworden, während sich ist Teilen Ost- und Südwestafrikas gegen Ende des Untersuchungszeitraumes eine leichte Verbesserung abzeichnete. Wie die Analyse von Dürre- und Migrationsvariablen für 35 Länder in Afrika und deren 486 Verwaltungseinheiten erster Ebene zeigt, ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Dürre und Migration alles andere als einfach und direkt. Dürre kann einerseits die Bereitschaft insbesondere zu zeitlich und räumlich begrenzter Migration fördern. Andererseits kann sie Migration hemmen oder sogar vereiteln, da hierfür notwendige Ressourcen fehlen. Nationale Fallstudien zeigen, dass Migration kontextspezifisch ist. Migration ist nur eine von vielen Anpassungsmöglichkeiten an Klimawandel und Dürre. Sehr hohe Migrationsraten sind eher auf Konflikte und ökonomische Anreize als auf Umweltbedingungen zurückzuführen.Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Migration ein dynamischer Prozess ist, der von ökonomischen, politischen, sozialen, demographischen und ökologischen Faktoren geprägt ist. Klimawandel und Dürre interagieren mit diesen Faktoren und beeinflussen damit indirekt das Migrationsverhalten. ; Climate change and migration are at the top of the global political agenda. Still, the nexus between the two is only slowly emerging as an issue of concern. Rising sea levels, increasing temperatures, altered precipitation patterns and extreme weather events, such as droughts, impact livelihood security across the globe. Africa is a hotspot of climate change. Drought frequently affects large parts of the population, poses major barriers to sustainable development and alters human migration. Based on quantitative analysis, this thesis aims to discern a relationship between drought and migration within Africa.Drought analyses based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index indicate that extremely dry conditions prevailed over most parts of Africa during the latter decades of the 20th century. Significant climatic drying trends in the period between 1980 and 2015 are observed over large parts of northern Africa, while a slight amelioration of the climate towards the end of the study period is detected in eastern and southwestern Africa. Analyses of drought and migration-related variables for 35 African countries and their 486 first-level administrative divisions between 2001 and 2015 reveal that the relationship between drought and migration is far from simple and direct. Drought can increase mobility, especially short-distance and temporary migration, but it can also decrease mobility or even lead to immobility by eradicating necessary resources. Case study analyses reveal that environmental migration is context specific. Migration is but one strategy employed to adapt to climate change and drought. High rates of migration are largely attributed to conflict and economic incentives, rather than environmental conditions.This thesis provides evidence that migration is a dynamic phenomenon that is shaped by economic, political, social, demographic and environmental factors. Climate change and drought interact with these drivers to cause migration. ; author: Caroline-Anna Achberger, BA ; Zusammenfassungen auf Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)5288187

Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign experiences in the defense planning, including organizing and executing defense reviews, we have expressed views concerning particularities of a capability based — threat informed defense planning and its implementation in the Ministry of Defense, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of defense forces, as well as taking into account the outcomes of the Defense Review — 2019–2020. The article presents a retrospective of defense reviews in the Ministry of Defense and the Armed Forces of Ukraine covering the period of 2002 — 2014. Their procedures were based on, so-called, program-target method of defense planning. In support of this method, the Law of Ukraine "On the Organization of Defense Planning" was developed in 2004 to determine the basics of defense planning. For the first time in the General Staff and the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine the structural units, responsible for the implementation of strategic (defense) planning were established — Military Policy and Strategic Planning Department in the Ministry of Defense, and Main Defense and Mobilization Planning Directorate in the General Staff of Ukraine, respectively. Subsequently, the authors disclosed the processes and analyzed the results of the recent Defense Review — 2019–2020, which was based on the method of capability-based planning — one of the methods, oriented on the development of capabilities of armed forces to effectively counter threats and risks of military, and non-military nature, taking into account the probable scenarios of crisis situations and projection of available resources in the long run (usually 10–15 years). The purpose of the Defense Review conducted in 2019–2020 was to assess the status and readiness of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of defense forces to perform state defense tasks, their personnel, financial, logistical and other types of support, as well as available capabilities to respond effectively to military challenges and threats. Based on the results of this defense review, a prospective model of national defense, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of defense forces was designed, taking into account real and potential threats of military nature and financial and economic capacities of the state. Key words: capability, defense forces, strategic planning, capability-based defense planning, defense review, harmonization of defense and budget planning, Military Security Strategy of Ukraine, Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine. ; За результатами аналізу вітчизняного і зарубіжного досвіду стратегічного (оборонного) планування та проведення оборонних оглядів, а також з урахуванням потреб подальшого реформування сектору безпеки і оборони України наведено погляди на особливості оборонного планування на основі спроможностей та його впровадження в інтересах розвитку Збройних Сил України та інших складових сил оборони, на досвіді проведення Оборонного огляду — 2019–2020. Ключові слова: спроможність, сили оборони, стратегічне планування, оборонне планування на основі спроможностей, оборонний огляд, гармонізація оборонного та бюджетного планування, Стратегія воєнної безпеки України, Стратегічний оборонний бюлетень України.

The education sector has historically been plagued by ideological clashes between various pressure groups. These groups only agree on one thing: the urgency for initiating far-reaching reforms. The aims of the reforms are at the heart of the dispute. For some, education is seen as too elitist and thereby contributes to reproducing social inequalities. Therefore, more equitable educational policies should be urgently developed. Others, on the contrary, believe that educational differentiation and efforts to make education more inclusive and humane have gone too far. Refocusing would be necessary. In this enlightening book, education academics Roger Openshaw and Margaret Walshaw set out to critically examine the dynamic relationship between the poles of attraction around which the apostles of educational reform usually gravitate namely, excellence and equity. The authors' choice to specifically focus their study on mathematics and science is not accidental. Since the establishment of public education systems in the 19th century, these curriculum areas have always occupied a prominent place in the school curriculum. Indeed, mathematics and science are seen as essential to national economic security and military predominance in an increasingly competitive environment. Consequently, any perceived underachievement – whether real or presumed – in these academic subjects tends to provoke the most heated debate over the nature and intent of school curricula, The chapters of this book are structured chronologically. The authors address five pivotal periods during which the prevailing public discourse in education was that of insufficient academic performance, particularly in mathematics and science. These are: • The interwar years (1929–1938); • Post-SecondWorldWar (1950s/1960s); • The economic crisis and its impact on education (1970s); • The market-driven reforms on education (1980s/1990s); • The accountability years of the twenty-first century (2000–2020). Openshaw and Walshaw innovate by examining these periods through the prism of transnationality. The researchers tried to better understand the mechanisms by which the concerns expressed in one country amplify those existing in another. Given the magnitude of the task, the two researchers had to limit the scope of their study to four liberal, English-speaking democracies - namely, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Their analysis suggests that, in terms of public education policies, political and economic power is a catalyst for transnational borrowing. Small nations like New Zealand and Australia tend to spontaneously grant the most powerful players in the global economy like the United States and the United Kingdom some form of intellectual superiority. The radical curriculum innovations developed by big nations in response to an impression of an educational crisis are often mechanically seen as inspiring pedagogical breakthroughs that the small nations hasten to borrow and adapt to their own cultural context. Transnational Synergies in School Mathematics and Science Debates does not present groundbreaking research discoveries. Yet it is rich enough in unpublished scholarly content to interest educational specialists, while remaining accessible to a wider readership including mathematicians and scientists but also, hopefully, policymakers.

Indonesia is well-known as a Muslim majority. However, this does not make Indonesia as an Islamic country. The relationship between religion and state in Islam is fairly interpretive and it nowadays still becomes a debate. The government system applied in this country is democratic. Besides, there has to freedom for the ulama in preaching without being limited by space and time. A number of ulama are currently being persecuted and intimidated that impacts to the lecture to be either stopped, postponed, or even canceled. At this part, the role of the umara (government) is required in enforcing the applicable law and also maintaining security and order in society. This paper aims to highlight the relationship between religion and state in Indonesian by observing the position of the ulama and the role of the umara in terms of Indonesian government. This paper used a qualitative approach to literature research. The data in this study was obtained from library materials. Data analysis methods used in this study were data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of the analysis showed that in Indonesia there is a separation between religion and state as the secularistic paradigm. However, it is not completely secularistic because in national legal system there is also a transformation of Islamic law. Religious and state affairs are not able to be separated, so are ulama and umara. It is because the state will experience a crisis in religious knowledge without ulama. Otherwise, without umara, religion cannot be implemented correctly within the country.Indonesia merupakan negara yang berpenduduk mayoritas Islam. Namun bukan berarti Indonesia adalah negara Islam. Hubungan agama dan negara dalam Islam cukup banyak penafsiran. Dalam Islam, hal ini masih menjadi perdebatan sampai saat ini. Sistem pemerintahan yang diterapkan di Indonesia saat ini adalah sistem demokrasi. Terlepas dari sistem tersebut, tentu harus memberikan kebebasan para ulama dalam berdakwah tanpa dibatasi oleh ruang dan waktu. Saat ini, ada ulama yang dipersekusi dan diintimidasi sehingga ceramah yang hendak dilaksanakan terpaksa dihentikan, ditunda, bahkan dibatalkan. Disinilah diperlukan peran umara (pemerintah) dalam menegakkan hukum yang berlaku dan juga menjaga keamanan serta ketertiban di masyarakat. Tulisan ini bertujuan menyoroti relasi agama dan negara dalam konteks Indonesia dengan melihat kedudukan ulama dan peran umara dalam pemerintahan Indonesia. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat penelitian pustaka. Data-data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari bahan-bahan yang bersifat pustaka Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan di Indonesia terjadi pemisahan antara agama dan negara sebagaimana paradigma sekuleristik. Tetapi disini tidak sepenuhnya sekularistik karena pada hukum nasional Indonesia juga terjadi transformasi hukum Islam. Urusan agama dan negara tidak dapat dipisahkan. Begitu juga dengan ulama dan umara tidak dapat dipisahkan karena tanpa ulama maka negara akan mengalami krisis ilmu agama dan tanpa umara maka agama tidak bisa diterapkan secara sempurna dalam suatu negara.

The future shape of European trade policy and the right stance to take in security and climate matters are currently the subject of fierce Franco-German debate. These issues are also relevant to development policy in the context of the overarching 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Despite the opportunities afforded to them as strong donor countries to pursue joint approaches, Germany and France often tend to cooperate on an ad hoc basis rather than as part of a strategy (Krüger & Vaillé, 2019). Signed on 22 January 2019, the Aachen Treaty serves to renew the cooperation on Franco-German development cooperation (DC) formalised in the Élysée Treaty and offers the two countries a way to overcome differences and contribute jointly to global sustainable development (Aachen Treaty, Chapter 2, Article 7). Against this backdrop, this paper discusses challenges and opportunities for Franco-German DC based on two case studies in Cameroon and Morocco, which illustrate how differing mandates and methods being applied by the implementing organisations are preventing closer cooperation on the ground. Diverging political priorities, including within the national donor administrations, are also making it harder to engage in dialogue with the partner countries, especially if these have only limited capacity for donor coordination. If Germany and France succeed in overcoming their current differences, they will be able to attract other donors, particularly EU actors, for joint initiatives. Four policy recommendations can be derived from this: Improving coherence between DC systems: Even if the donor countries continue to maintain different political structures, the functional cooperation between the relevant actors will need to be supported at upper political levels. Coherence within the German and French DC systems should also be increased. 2. Germany and France should make it easier to launch joint projects: Programming cycles need to be better coordinated in the interests of the political dialogue on DC. At the same time, the mutual recognition of procedures that form part of both countries' technical cooperation (TC) and financial cooperation (FC) should be afforded greater political support. 3. Selecting partner countries and sectors strategically: Focusing on common priorities and sectors is advisable, especially in partner countries with limited capacity for coordination. Franco-German cooperation with middle-income countries should also be strengthened strategically in order to support projects requiring substantial financing in sectors such as renewable energy. 4. Structuring Franco-German cooperation so as to be open to other partners: Germany and France should commit to a common Europe-wide implementation approach and promote its application in partner countries through pilot projects. Franco-German DC should also be structured so as to be open to other actors and should campaign for the preservation of global public goods in international organisations in which both donors play an active part (e.g. in the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria).

Scientific research consists of the theoretical substantiation and development of practical recommendations for rationalization of the organization process of the state financial control based on the efficient use of state budget funds.The purpose of the study is to study the processes of organization and conduct of state financial control of economic activity in Ukraine and at the regional level, substantiation of directions and practical recommendations based on the efficient of state budget resources using.Applied aspects of the state financial control of economic activity are investigated on the basis of legislative and economic-legal support of activity of subjects of management, international and national requirements and standards concerning financial control. The scientific results and practical recommendations provided in the work provide an opportunity to improve the state financial control of economic activity in Ukraine and to substantiate directions and practical recommendations for improving its efficiency.The author offers the conceptual vision of the process of forming a methodology for analyzing the effectiveness and efficiency of functioning of institutions of public financial control on the basis of compliance with high quality standards, in-depth study of the dynamics of performance indicators, as well as considering the need for full implementation by the institution of individual control functions.The conducted analysis on the selected research issues provides the conceptual basis for the process modelling of the budgetary management mechanism in the economic security system coordinates; forms the platform for developing budget and tax mechanisms. The prospect of further research is to improve the issues of the mechanism of effective functioning of the budgetary sphere and the implementation of integrated management analysis. ; Наукове дослідження полягає у теоретичному обґрунтуванні та розробці практичних рекомендацій щодо раціоналізації процесу організації державного фінансового контролю за ефективністю використання коштів державного бюджету. Метою роботи є дослідження процесів організації та проведення державного фінансового контролю господарської діяльності в Україні та на регіональному рівні, обґрунтування напрямів і практичних рекомендацій щодо ефективності використання бюджетних коштів.Прикладні аспекти державного фінансового контролю господарської діяльності досліджено на основі законодавчого та економіко-правового забезпечення діяльності суб'єктів господарювання, міжнародних та національних вимог і стандартів щодо фінансового контролю. Викладені у роботі наукові результати та практичні рекомендації надають можливість удосконалення проведення державного фінансового контролю господарської діяльності в Україні та обґрунтування напрямів і практичних рекомендацій щодо підвищення його ефективності. Автор пропонує концептуальне бачення процесу формування методології аналізу результативності та ефективності функціонування органів (інституцій) державного фінансового контролю на основі дотримання високих стандартів якості, поглибленого дослідження динаміки результатних показників, а також з огляду на необхідність повноцінної реалізації органом (інституцією) окремих функцій контролю. Проведений аналіз за обраною проблематикою дослідження забезпечує концептуальною базою процесне моделювання механізму бюджетного управління в координатах системи економічної безпеки; формує платформу розбудови бюджетного та податкового механізмів. Перспективами подальших досліджень виступає вдосконалення питань щодо механізму ефективного функціонування бюджетної сфери та здійснення інтегрованого управлінського аналізу.

A partir de um diagnóstico da singularidade da crise do Rio de Janeiro na área da Segurança Pública, dois pontos críticos tidos como causas do fenômeno são observados: a crise de autoridade local, que leva a um entrecruzamento de competências, e, por conseguinte, as consequências de um federalismo impróprio. O impasse federativo é explicado pelas reiteradas formas de intervenção por parte de entes da União Federal no âmbito estadual. A fim de enfrentar esse dilema, o texto discute a ideia de uma ação permanente da União no Rio de Janeiro, a partir de uma hipotética autodeclaração de impotência local, e, de outro lado, do reconhecimento da particularidade de determinado ente, em que o local se confunde com o nacional. Em termos práticos, o resultado da pesquisa traz entrevistas, que refletem um prognóstico de organização das polícias num novo desenho federativo. Observa-se ainda como a Intervenção Federal decretada em 2018 acaba reiterando as presunções apontadas na pesquisa.

Based on a diagnosis of the uniqueness of the Rio de Janeiro crisis in the Public Security, this paper presents two critical points as causes of the phenomenon: the crisis of local authority, which leads to a cross-linking of public competencies, and, consequently, the aftereffects of the Brazilian constitutional federalism. The federative impasse is explained by the repeated forms of intervention by Union entities at the state. In order to address this problem, the text discusses the idea of a permanent action by the Union in Rio de Janeiro, based on a hypothetical self-declaration of local impotence, and, on the other hand, the recognition of a particularity in Rio, where the local is confounded with the national. Finally, the research results bring interviews, which reflect a prognosis of police organization in a new federative design. In addition, the paper analyzes how the Federal Intervention decreed in 2018 reinforces the assumptions pointed out in this research.]
A partir de un diagnóstico de la singularidad de la crisis de Río de Janeiro en la Seguridad Pública, la violencia, los crímenes, etc., se observa dos puntos críticos que son como causas del fenómeno: la crisis de autoridad local, que conduce al entrecruzamiento de competencias, y, por consiguiente, las consecuencias de un federalismo inapropiado. El bloqueo federativo se explica por las reiteradas maneras de intervención de la Unión en el ámbito estadual. Con el fin de enfrentar este dilema, el texto discute la idea de una acción permanente de la Unión Federal en Río de Janeiro, a partir de una hipotética auto declaración de impotencia local, y, por otro lado, del reconocimiento de la particularidad de determinado ente, en que lo local se confunde con lo nacional. En términos prácticos, el resultado de la investigación trae entrevistas que reflejan un pronóstico de organización de las policías en un nuevo diseño federativo. Es oportuno observar que la Intervención Federal decretada en 2018 fortalece el diagnostico desarrollado en esta investigación.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has advocated for sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes as part of a broader non-communicable disease prevention strategy, and these taxes have been recently introduced in a wide range of settings. However, much is still unknown about how SSB taxes operate in various contexts and as a result of different tax designs. In 2015, the Government of Barbados implemented a 10% ad valorem (value-based) tax on SSBs. It has been hypothesized that this tax structure may inadvertently encourage consumers to switch to cheaper sugary drinks. We aimed to assess whether and to what extent there has been a change in sales of SSBs following implementation of the SSB tax. METHODS: We used electronic point of sale data from a major grocery store chain and applied an interrupted time series (ITS) design to assess grocery store SSB and non-SSB sales from January 2013 to October 2016. We controlled for the underlying time trend, seasonality, inflation, tourism and holidays. We conducted sensitivity analyses using a cross-country control (Trinidad and Tobago) and a within-country control (vinegar). We included a post-hoc stratification by price tertile to assess the extent to which consumers may switch to cheaper sugary drinks. RESULTS: We found that average weekly sales of SSBs decreased by 4.3% (95%CI 3.6 to 4.9%) compared to expected sales without a tax, primarily driven by a decrease in carbonated SSBs sales of 3.6% (95%CI 2.9 to 4.4%). Sales of non-SSBs increased by 5.2% (95%CI 4.5 to 5.9%), with bottled water sales increasing by an average of 7.5% (95%CI 6.5 to 8.3%). The sensitivity analyses were consistent with the uncontrolled results. After stratifying by price, we found evidence of substitution to cheaper SSBs. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the Barbados SSB tax was associated with decreased sales of SSBs in a major grocery store chain after controlling for underlying trends. This finding was robust to sensitivity analyses. We found evidence to suggest that consumers may have changed their behaviour in response to the tax by purchasing cheaper sugary drinks, in addition to substituting to untaxed products. This has important implications for the design of future SSB taxes. ; MA is funded through a Gates Cambridge PhD Scholarship, and received travel funding from Robinson College, the Global Food Security Fund, the Luca D'Agliano Scholarship, the Yates Unilever Fund and the Smuts Memorial Fund. JA is funded by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged.

The dynamics of Salvadoran agribusiness has been changing according to the characteristics of production and business climate, one of the sectors most impacted by changes in the production and processing of milk. This sector is characterized by high production costs and volatile market prices. In addition, the creation of food safety policies and market demands has caused the sector to face difficulties that exceed its technical and investment capabilities. Since dairy products are permanent components of the Salvadoran diet, one of the greatest concerns about the situation in the sector is the imminent decrease in the national supply to meet domestic demand. This situation would have a severe impact on food security in El Salvador, because even if there is a flow of imported products, there is a risk of shortages in the market. The objective of studying the behavior of the milk value chain is to offer, on the basis of an accurat diagnosis, background and recommendations that contribute to correcting the obstacles that impede the economic growth of entrepreneurs in the sector. To this end, the sector's stakeholders were consulted, collecting their opinions for the construction of a SWOT analysis that, subsequently, served as the basis for the creation of recommendations addressed to the Government, private companies and higher education institutions, so that its context generate actions to enhance this economic activity. ; La dinámica de los agronegocios salvadoreños se ha venido modificando de acuerdo a las características de la producción y al clima empresarial, siendo uno de los sectores más impactados por los cambios el de la producción y procesamiento de la leche. Este rubro se caracteriza por altos costos de producción y precios de mercado volátiles, además, de la creación de políticas de inocuidad alimentaria y las exigencias del mercado han ocasionado que el sector se enfrente a dificultades que sobrepasan sus capacidades técnicas y de inversión. Siendo los lácteos componentes permanentes de la dieta salvadoreña, una de las mayores preocupaciones sobre la situación del sector es la inminente disminución de la oferta nacional para suplir la demanda interna.Esta situación impactaría duramente a la seguridad alimentaria de El Salvador, pues, aunque exista un flujo de producto importado, se corre el riesgo de desabastecer el mercado. El objetivo de estudiar el comportamiento de la cadena de valor de la leche es ofrecer, a partir de un diagnóstico certero, antecedentes y recomendaciones que contribuyan a subsanar los obstáculos que impiden el crecimiento económico de los empresarios del rubro. Para ello, se consultó a los protagonistas del sector, recolectando sus opiniones para la construcción de un análisis FODA que, posteriormente, sirvió como base para le creación de recomendaciones dirigidas al Gobierno, la empresa privada y las instituciones de educación superior, para que desde su contexto generen acciones para potenciar esta actividad económica.

The results showed that the strategy of the development of Mts in Kec. Tellulimpoe as a sub-national education where sisitem madrasa has a great role in feeding children Nations both in terms of his knowledge or knowledge for his religion, by entering the charge of education and education of social behavior based on Islamic values. Madrasah education issues in General can be seen from the two establishments, i.e. internal and external nature. Problems that are external such as the question of the political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security. In addition to the problem that is the external call, education also faced internal problems to management, such as institutional, educational personnel, curriculum, learning strategies, the quality of graduates and funds. Strategy for the development of formal education through establishing the madrasa-based management development and flagship madrasa. Quality Islamic education in Tellulimpoe can be seen from the construction and development of increased private Regency Sinjai madrasah in the planning of the construction of teacher competence, educational enhancement madrasa has been the planned construction of the competence of educators and educational so that run educational activities in madrasah in an efficient and effective manner. The strategy of development of Mts in improving the quality of Islamic education in district Tellulimpoe through increased competence of teachers has been planned through the work plan budget and plan of the madrasa serious madrasa. Every year discussed jointly by the head of the madrasa together stakeholders and form its activities namely conducting training, comparative study, seminars, workshops, and field of study as well as the MGMP do istighatsah.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi pengembangan Mts di Kec. Tellulimpoe sebagai pendidikan daerah di mana sisitem madrasah memiliki peran besar dalam memberi makan anak-anak Bangsa baik dari segi pengetahuan atau pengetahuan untuk agamanya, dengan memasukkan biaya pendidikan dan pendidikan perilaku sosial berdasarkan nilai-nilai Islam. Persoalan pendidikan madrasah secara umum dapat dilihat dari dua pendirian, yaitu sifat internal dan eksternal. Masalah yang bersifat eksternal seperti masalah politik, ekonomi, sosial, budaya, pertahanan dan keamanan. Selain masalah panggilan eksternal, pendidikan juga menghadapi masalah internal manajemen, seperti kelembagaan, tenaga kependidikan, kurikulum, strategi pembelajaran, kualitas lulusan dan dana. Strategi untuk pengembangan pendidikan formal melalui pembentukan pengembangan manajemen berbasis madrasah dan madrasah unggulan. Pendidikan Islam yang berkualitas di Tellulimpoe dapat dilihat dari pembangunan dan pengembangan madrasah swasta Kabupaten Sinjai yang semakin meningkat dalam perencanaan pembangunan kompetensi guru, peningkatan mutu pendidikan madrasah telah menjadi rencana pembangunan kompetensi pendidik dan pendidikan sehingga menjalankan kegiatan pendidikan di madrasah dengan cara yang efisien dan efektif. Strategi pengembangan MTs dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan Islam di kabupaten Tellulimpoe melalui peningkatan kompetensi guru telah direncanakan melalui anggaran rencana kerja dan rencana madrasah madrasah yang serius. Setiap tahun dibahas bersama oleh kepala madrasah bersama para pemangku kepentingan dan bentuk kegiatannya yaitu melakukan pelatihan, studi banding, seminar, lokakarya, dan bidang studi serta MGMP melakukan istighatsah.

The present article provides the analyses of the main factors influencing upon the essence and current of the contemporary Ukrainian European integration activities. The classification of those factors is made with respect to the internal and external influences. The first category comprises the dependant and independent factors concerning actions of Ukrainian State. The second category highlights the groups of political, economic, organisation and legal factors. They are reviewed both in objective and subjective contexts as well as shown from the points of the public authorities and the society. The peculiarities of the essence, ways and means of different factors influence upon European integration process are determined. The characteristics of the European integration development prospects as well as its dynamics, issues and consequences for Ukraine are given. The issues are highlighted on the grounds of analyses of legislation changes and practical results of the current Ukrainian European integration strategies. The European integration is viewed as the most optimal and effective model for Ukrainian ascension towards the progress and development security. Besides, the importance to consider the national peculiarities while choosing the forms and methods for realisation of European integration strategies is emphasized. ; В статті проаналізовані основні чинники, що впливають на зміст та темпи євроінтеграційних дій України на сучасному етапі. Проведена класифікація цих чинників в аспекті зовнішніх та внутрішніх впливів. В першій категорії розглянуті як залежні, так і незалежні від України фактори. В другій категорії виділені групи політичних, економічних та рганізаційно- правових чинників. Вони висвітлені як в об'єктивному, так і в суб'єктивному контексті і показані з позицій влади та суспільства. Визначені особливості змісту та специфіка форм і методів впливу різних факторів на євроінтеграційний процес. Охарактеризовані перспективи розвитку євроінтеграції, її темпи, проблеми та наслідки для України. Проблеми висвітлюються на основі аналізу законодавчої бази та результатів практики реалізації євроінтеграційних стратегій сучасної України. Показано, що євроінтеграція являє собою найбільш оптимальну та ефективну модель просування України шляхом прогресу та безпеки розвитку. Разом з тим, підкреслена важливість врахування національноїспецифіки при виборі форм і методів реалізації євроінтеграційних стратегій. ; В статті проаналізовані основні чинники, що впливають на зміст та темпи євроінтеграційних дій України на сучасному етапі. Проведена класифікація цих чинників в аспекті зовнішніх та внутрішніх впливів. В першій категорії розглянуті як залежні, так і незалежні від України фактори. В другій категорії виділені групи політичних, економічних та рганізаційно- правових чинників. Вони висвітлені як в об'єктивному, так і в суб'єктивному контексті і показані з позицій влади та суспільства. Визначені особливості змісту та специфіка форм і методів впливу різних факторів на євроінтеграційний процес. Охарактеризовані перспективи розвитку євроінтеграції, її темпи, проблеми та наслідки для України. Проблеми висвітлюються на основі аналізу законодавчої бази та результатів практики реалізації євроінтеграційних стратегій сучасної України. Показано, що євроінтеграція являє собою найбільш оптимальну та ефективну модель просування України шляхом прогресу та безпеки розвитку. Разом з тим, підкреслена важливість врахування національноїспецифіки при виборі форм і методів реалізації євроінтеграційних стратегій.

Abstract--- Perum Bulog is a general company of state-owned enterprises in the field of logistics which has a role in maintaining national food availability and security such as prices for government purchases, distribution of rice and management of state-owned rice reserves. To maintain availability, products are stored and placed in a warehouse according to their needs and capacities by calculating how long it takes to store and deliver products to be marketed according to consumer demand. In the Bulog Karawang warehouse activity, there are still problems with poor product placement because irregular distances between the placement and shipping areas are caused by inappropriate product storage flow patterns so that loading and unloading activities become ineffective. Based on the existing problems, layout improvement design is carried out using shared storage methods in order to increase the effectiveness of the distance between the doors to the storage area. The steps to redesign using shared storage begin with knowing the warehouse area, warehouse capacity and other warehouse data, as well as collecting data by determining space requirements, determining space allowances, and distance from the entrance to the storage area by using Euclidean Distance. From the results of distance data processing becomes regular and can be known every distance. Based on the comparison of the initial layout and the proposal it is known that by implementing shared storage loading and unloading activities become better and more effective. Keywords ; Allowance, Euclidean Distance, First In First Out (FIFO), Shared StorageAbstrak--- Perum Bulog adalah perusahaan umum badan usaha milik negara di bidang logistik yang memiliki peran dalam menjaga ketersediaan dan ketahanan pangan nasional seperti harga pembelian pemerintah, penyaluran beras dan pengelolaan cadangan beras milik negara. Untuk menjaga ketersediaan, produk disimpan dan diletakan pada suatu gudang sesuai kebutuhan dan kapasitasnya dengan menghitung waktu berapa lama simpan dan pengiriman produk yang akan dipasarkan sesuai permintaan konsumen. Pada aktifitas gudang Bulog Karawang masih mengalami permasalahan penempatan produk yang kurang baik karena tidak teraturnya jarak antar area penempatan dan pengiriman disebabkan tidak sesuai pola aliran penyimpanan produk sehingga aktifitas bongkar muat menjadi tidak efektif. Berdasarkan permasalahan yang ada, dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan perancangan perbaikan tata letak menggunakan metode shared storage dengan tujuan dapat meningkatkan efektifitas jarak antar pintu ke area penyimpanan. Langkah-langkah perancangan ulang menggunakan shared storage dimulai dengan mengetahui luas area gudang, kapasitas gudang dan data gudang lainnya, serta pengumpulan data dengan menentukan kebutuhan ruang, penentuan allowance ruang, dan jarak dari pintu masuk ke area penyimpanan dengan menggunakan Euclidean Distance. Dari hasil pengolahan data jarak menjadi teratur dan dapat diketahui tiap jaraknya. Berdasarkan perbandingan layout awal dan usulan diketahui dengan menerapkan shared storage aktifitas bongkar muat menjadi lebih baik dan efektif.Kata kunci ; Allowance, Euclidean Distance, First In First Out (FIFO), Shared Storage.

The agrarian sector occupies an important place in the Ukrainian economy. Effective functioning of the whole national economy depends on its development. Investments play a decisive role in ensuring the effective development of the rural economy. The problem of attracting and financing investments, their rational use is especially important in the conditions of a difficult economic situation of the present. The current state of market perinatal conditions in Ukraine requires conditions that would guarantee economic security to investors and ensure the innovative development of the domestic economy. Particular attention should be paid to investing in the agrarian sector and the role of government in regulating investment in agricultural production.The article analyzes the dynamics of capital investments in agriculture in Ukraine, which shows a rapid increase in investments, especially over the past two years.In the conditions of the economic crisis in the agrarian sector of the economy deteriorates investment activity, as evidenced by the index of capital investment, which reflects the change in capital investment. Thus, despite the growth of capital investment, the heterogeneity of the capital investment index is observed.In the course of the study, the growth of regions of Ukraine according to the volume of capital investments per 1 hectare of agricultural land was confirmed by the fact that with an increase in capital investments, the exonymous efficiency of enterprises activity is increasing. As the volumes of investments grow, economic indicators grow.It has been established that stimulation of investment processes in agriculture is one of the priority tasks, which requires solving a number of problems at all levels of management. The investment strategy of Ukraine's development should be systematically directed to agricultural production. ; В умовах реформування відносин власності і форм господарювання виникає гостра необхідність дослідження інвестиційного клімату функціонування сільськогосподарських підприємств з урахуванням регіональних особливостей. Інвестиційна діяльність сільськогосподарських підприємств у значній мірі залежить від ролі і місця цієї галузі у системі агропромислового комплексу, насамперед це стосується характеру економічних відносин між сільським господарством та іншими сферами агропромислового комплексу.Сучасний стан інвестиційного клімату в Україні іноземними інвесторами оцінюється як незадовільний. Сектор кредитних і банківських послуг також не виявляє активного інтересу до проектів інвестицій у сільськогосподарське виробництво, що в умовах слаборозвиненого лізингу призвело до ситуації, коли основним джерелом фінансування інвестицій є власні кошти підприємств та організацій.На інвестиційну привабливість сільського господарства впливає велика кількість різноманітних факторів. Їхній вплив не є однаковим і статичним, а навпаки, в різні періоди часу в тій чи іншій мірі впливає той чи інший набір факторів. Регіональні особливості інвестування сільського господарства України впливають не тільки на оснащення підприємств аграрного сектору матеріально-технічними засобами, а й на результати їх господарської діяльності та інвестиційну привабливість в цілому.У статті проаналізовано стан капітальних вкладень в сільському господарстві України та динаміку галузевої структури освоєних коштів в аграрному секторі. Проаналізовано вплив капітальних вкладень на економічну ефективність діяльності підприємств. Визначено основні чинники, що стримують розвиток інвестиційної діяльності в регіонах.

ABSTRACTPictorial health warnings already implemented for more than two years since June 24, 2014, however, there are no changes made following the Minister of Health Regulation No. 28 of 2013 until now. According to the results of the National Survey of Assessment of the Implementation of Pictorial Health Warning (PHW) in Indonesia in 2015 towards the compliance of the tobacco industry, it is known that the cigarette industry has not yet adhered to pictorial health warnings. The Government hopesthat the existence of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 28 can reduce the prevalence of smokers, but data from 2016 SIRKERNAS shows that the prevalence of smoking is increasing. The purpose is to dig deeper towards the implementation of the inclusion of health warnings and health information policy on cigarette packaging, henceforth it can be input into the formulation of tobacco control strategies. This study uses descriptive studies with qualitative analysis through in-depth interviews and document review. Aspects of the process (communication, bureaucratic structure and disposition), aspects of the actor (commitments and relationships) aspects of the content (level, benefits and policy objectives) as well as aspects of the context (political culture and socio-economic) are interrelated and influence each other in the implementation of the inclusion of warnings and health information on the cigarette packs. The implementation of the inclusion of warnings and health information on cigarette packaging has been carried out, and the level of industry compliance in including the PHW at the retail level has reached 99.91%. However, the cigarette industry is not compliant in fulfilling the provisions because the size is not appropriate, PHW images covered by excise tapes, and some terms indicate quality, superiority, security, and imaging. ABSTRAKPeringatan kesehatan bergambar sudah diterapkan lebih dari dua tahun sejak 24 Juni 2014, akan tetapi sampai saat ini belum dilakukan pergantian sesuai dengan Permenkes No 28 Tahun 2013. Hasil Survei Nasional Penilaian Implementasi Peringatan Kesehatan Bergambar di Indonesia tahun 2015 terhadap kepatuhan industry rokok, diketahui bahwa industry rokok belum patuh terhadap peringatan kesehatan bergambar. Harapan Pemerintah dengan adanya Permenkes 28 dapat menurunkan prevalensi perokok akan tetapi data Sirkernas 2016 menunjukan prevalensi merokok semakin menningkat. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah ntuk menggali lebih dalam terhadap implementasi kebijakan pencantuman peringatan kesehatan dan informasi kesehatan pada kemasan rokok untuk selanjutnya dapat menjadi masukan dalam perumusan strategi pengendalian tembakau. Metode yang digunakan merupakan studi deskriptif dengan analisis kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen. Aspek proses (komunikasi, struktur birokrasi dan disposisi), aspek aktor (komitmen dan hubungan), aspek konten (level, manfaat dan tujuan kebijakan) serta aspek konteks (budaya politik dan social ekonomi) memiliki keterkaitan dan saling mempengaruhi dalam pelaksanaan pencantuman peringatan kesehatan dan informasi kesehatan pada kemasan rokok. Kesimpulannya bahwa pelaksanaan pencantuman peringatan kesehatan dan informasi kesehatan pada kemasan rokok sudah terlaksana dan tingkat kepatuhan industri dalam mencantumkan PHW ditingkat ritel telah mencapai 99.91%.

The United Nations (UN) – an atypical organization with its own legal personality unlike other international organizations, has the power to define its relationships with all its stakeholders and is acting within a system of governance at two levels: one of "external governance" (for coordination between different actors such as governments, other international institutions, international funds, businesses and non-governmental organizations) and one of internal governance (Bouquin, Kuszla, 2014) which frames the various UN bodies. The articulation of those two forms of governance ensures the implementation of international policies at the national level. These policies take the form of plans or programs of action in various fields, especially in the environmental field. Although this axis is not part of the historic UN missions such as peace and international security, it gradually took on some importance in 1972 with the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP. Although its missions and its organizational control model have progressively changed, UNEP's governance has never been that weak. Analysis of UNEP's control configurations requires a sociological approach that captures the interactions between actors and structure (structuration and metaorganizations theory). The comparison of two case studies carried out in a situation of participant observation revealed three universal's organizational control configurations and a grid of factors to be considered in order a coherent articulation of these organizations' two forms of governance. ; L'Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – une organisation unique à vocation universelle possédant sa propre personnalité juridique contrairement aux autres organisations internationales soumises, elles, au droit international, et disposant du pouvoir de définir ses relations avec les tiers ou parties prenantes, agit dans le cadre d'un système de gouvernance à deux niveaux. Ce système est composé d'une part de mécanismes de « gouvernance externe » (pour une coordination entre différents acteurs comme les États, les Ministères, les autres institutions internationales, les entreprises et les Organisations non gouvernementales) et d'autre part de dispositifs de « gouvernement interne » (cf. Bouquin & Kuszla, 2014), qui encadrent les différents organes de l'ONU. L'articulation de ces deux formes de gouvernance doit assurer la mise en œuvre des politiques internationales. Ces politiques prennent la forme de plans ou programmes d'action dans différents domaines, en particulier dans le domaine environnemental. Même si cet axe ne fait pas partie des missions historiques de l'ONU comme la paix et la sécurité internationale, il a pris de l'importance à partir de 1972 avec la création du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'environnement – PNUE. Bien que ses missions aient évolué, le PNUE n'a jamais été aussi faible. L'analyse des configurations de contrôle du PNUE nécessite une approche sociologique prenant en compte les interactions entre les acteurs et la structure (théorie de la structuration et des métaorganisations). La comparaison de deux études de cas mit au jour trois configurations de contrôle des organisations à vocation universelle et une grille d'analyse des facteurs à prendre en compte pour assurer une articulation cohérente de leurs deux formes de gouvernance.