"Translation of the article entitled ""El Cónsul General Mexicano rechaza los cargos que le hacen de desacreditar a Coolidge"" concerning Mexican Consul Arturo M. Elías' denying charges that Representative James A. Galivan presented against Mexico arguing that this country has spent 2,000.00 dollars to discredit American President Coolidge. / Traducción del artículo intitulado ""El Cónsul General Mexicano rechaza los cargos que le hacen de desacreditar a Coolidge"", que trata sobre la negación de Arturo M. Elías, Cónsul de México en Nueva York, respecto a los cargos hechos por el diputado James A. Galivan de que México ha gastado 2,000.00 dólares para desacreditar al Presidente norteamericano Coolidge."
The current situation of national minorities, indigenous peoples and the policy of multiculturalism needs to be reconsidered from a legal point of view. The purpose of the article was to investigate the legal regulation of ethnonational policy, using the experience of major democratic states. The article used various methods of scientific knowledge such as cognition. On the basis of the analysis, the legal mechanisms of ethnonational policy regulation are examined in detail through the prism of the main trends of indigenous peoples' rights. In the results, special attention was paid to the practices of multiculturalism and observance of the rights of indigenous peoples. In particular, the founding documents of the UN and the Council of Europe, individual legislative decisions of other international organizations and various national parliaments were studied. Also, using the example of the legislation of modern countries of the Balkan Peninsula, modern trends in the resolution of the rights of national minorities are indicated. The conclusions underline the prospect of using the model of autonomous communities for the legal regulation of the life of national minorities and indigenous peoples in a multicultural society.
Letter from Wirt G. Bowman, employee at the First National Bank of Nogales, AZ to Juan Platt sending five copies of a statement that Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles must sign in presence of the Consul of the United States in Mexico. The document was prepared according to the authorities in Washington and is urgent. Bowman sends a transcription from a friend stating that Jose María Almada will call an assembly of the Commercial Bank in Hermosillo because the new manager is not presenting the reports. He agreed with Arturo Elías that he would be again in charge of the management of the bank. He states that it is a convenient solution because the Calles family does not find their stocks. It is informed that the stocks were kept in a safe at the Bank of Hermosillo before Almada left the management and it is likely he took them. Reply by Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles arguing that such information is not true. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles sends to Mr. Bowman a transcription of the conversation he had with Mr. Williams, Commissioner of the U.S. Treasury, who asked him about the authenticity of a document signed by Gen. PEC. In said document, Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles recognizes that Mr. Bowman lent him 150, 000 dollars. Mr. Williams tells Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles that within six or seven months Bowman will be called by the Tax Board to clarify the matter. Reply thanking for the collaboration. Bowman tells Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles that he can only go to California secretly because the woman related with the land where the hotel and other buildings were constructed filed a lawsuit against the associates of Agua Caliente and he could be arrested. He will arrange things to go during the night. Reply informing that he will go to the Geysers of Cloverdale for an eight-week treatment. Bowman informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles that he will travel soon to Washington to defend a law that allows foreigners to cross the border with merchandise with a value up to $100 dollars. Reply of acknowledgment. Correspondence between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, Wirt C. Bowman, Wade W. Barbee; Vice-president of the First National Bank of Nogales, AZ and Julio Piña Jr. regarding promissory notes that the Banks is deducting from the former. Correspondence between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and Wirt G. Bowman related to politics in Mexico, article by Roberto Piña published in the American Mercury, manifest by Gen. Joaquín Amaro published in some newspapers, health of Gen. Tapia and the return of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles to Mexico due to the favorable political conditions in the country. / Carta de Wirt G. Bowman, funcionario del The First National Bank de Nogales, Ariz., E.U.A. a Juan Platt, informando que le adjunta cinco copias de una declaración que el Gral. PEC debe firmar en presencia del Cónsul de Estados Unidos en México, cuyo contenido es exactamente igual a la declaración que ya hizo a su favor; este nuevo documento fue preparado de acuerdo a lo que requieren las autoridades de Washington y urge mucho. Bowman envía al Gral. PEC anónimo en el que se transcribe una conversación en la que José María Almada dice que convocará a una asamblea general judicial del Banco Mercantil de Hermosillo porque el nuevo gerente no rinde informes y que ya está de acuerdo con Arturo Elías para que él vuelva a hacerse cargo de la administración. Afirma que esta solución es la conveniente ya que la familia Calles no encuentra sus acciones; se aclara que las mismas estaban en la caja fuerte del Banco en Hermosillo antes de que Almada dejara la gerencia por lo que es probable que él las tenga. Respuesta del Gral. PEC afirmando que tales informes no son verídicos. El Gral. PEC envía al Sr. Bowman transcripción de la conversación que sostuvo con el Sr. Williams, comisionado del Departamento del Tesoro Americano, quien lo interrogó sobre la autenticidad de un documento firmado por el Gral. PEC en el que reconoce que el Sr. Bowman le prestó 150,000.00 dólares sin intereses. El Sr. Williams le dice al Gral. PEC que en seis o siete meses será citado Bowman por la Junta de Impuestos para aclarar el asunto. Respuesta de agradecimiento por su cooperación. Bowman comunica al Gral. PEC que sólo puede ir a California en secreto porque la señora relacionada con los terrenos donde está construido el hotel y demás edificios demandó a los socios de Agua Caliente y él puede ser aprehendido; que arreglará las cosas para hacerle una visita nocturna y anónima. Respuesta de conformidad y avisándole que va a ir a los Geysers de Cloverdale, para un tratamiento de ocho semanas. Bowman avisa al Gral. PEC que pronto irá a Washington para presentarse en el Senado en defensa de la ley que permita a los extranjeros cruzar la frontera con 100.00 dólares de mercancías; que antes quisiera visitarlo para discutir el asunto que los ocupa. Respuesta de enterado. Correspondencia entre el Gral. PEC, Wirt C. Bowman, Wade W. Barbee, Vicepresidente del First National Bank de Nogales, Ariz., E.U.A. y Julio Piña Jr., Subgerente, relativa a unos pagarés que el Banco le descuenta al primero con tasa preferencial. Correspondencia entre el Gral. PEC y Wirt G. Bowman relativa a la política de México, el artículo de Roberto Piña que apareció en el AMERICAN MERCURY, al manifiesto que publicó en los periódicos el Gral. Joaquín Amaro, a la salud del Gral. Tapia y al inminente regreso del Gral. PEC a México en vista de las favorables condiciones políticas del país.
Die verbindliche Letztentscheidung über die Auslegung von Unionsrecht obliegt dem EuGH. Regelmäßig wirkt sich eine solche auf die nationalen Rechtsordnungen aus. Oftmals hat der EuGH im Rahmen eines Vorabentscheidungsverfahrens über die Auslegung von Richtlinien zu entscheiden, die das nationale Privatrecht betreffen. Folge einer solchen Entscheidung ist regelmäßig die Änderung der Rechtslage in den Mitgliedsstaaten. Die Änderung des nationalen Privatrechts kann sich dabei auf unterschiedlichen Wegen vollziehen. In Frage kommt etwa die Änderung nationaler Rechtsprechung oder der Gesetze in den Mitgliedsstaaten. Der vorliegende Band zeigt exemplarisch auf, dass und auf welche Art sich die Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs auf verschiedene Rechtsgebiete aus dem spanischen und deutschen Privatrecht ausgewirkt hat (z. B. Kaufrecht, AGB-Recht und Wettbewerbsrecht.Mit Beiträgen von Tatiana Arroyo Vendrell(Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), Markus Artz (Universität Bielefeld), Beate Gsell(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), Carmen Jerez Delgado (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Johann Kindl (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster), Julia Ludwigkeit (Universität Bielefeld), Natalia Mato Pacín (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), David Ramos Munoz (Universidad Carlos III de Madrdi), Reiner Schulze (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster)
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The study is relevant as the category of "national security" is multilevel. The work reveals the characteristics and components of this system. The concept of national security exists all over the world. It is one of the most important types of security and is studied by academics from different countries. Furthermore, the concept of national security means a set of scientific and theoretical ideas, opinions and views that dominate in each society and is a subjective reflection of objective ties and national security relations in the public consciousness. From a documentary methodology the article aims to study the legal nature and essence of national security. It is concluded that the genesis of this concept tracks the dialectical interaction of objective and subjective factors. The legal regulation of national security is a comprehensive and multifaceted process based on a complex system of legal rules and regulations. The most significant ones are analyzed in this study. However, academics have not considered all the legal components of national security.
Traditionally, drought effects in Mexico have been attended through governmental reactive efforts directed to provide water and food, to assure health protection, and to restore economic impact once the phenomena occurred. The Mexican Government through National Water Commission (CONAGUA, for its acronym in Spanish), interested in changing the paradigm for preventive actions to cope with droughts in Mexico in the past, decided to launch in 2013 the National Program Against Drought (PRONACOSE, for its acronym in Spanish) and created the Intersecretarial Commission on Droughts and Floods (CIASI, for its acronym in Spanish) to take charge of coordinating, implementing and following-up of the PRONACOSE. This program has its main focus on reducing vulnerability through the implementation of planned preventive actions under a comprehensive and participative approach. As key part of the program, Programmes of Preventive and Mitigation Drought Measures (PMPMS, for its acronym in Spanish) for each one of the 26 river basin councils established in the country and for the principal cities of Mexico were developed. These programmes include the measures that can be implemented within the river basin councils and the cities to cope with drought in three ways: before the phenomenon occurs (strategic measures), when it is starting (tactical measures) or when it is already happening (emergency measures). Also, since 2014, the National Meteorological Service (SMN, for its acronym in Spanish) releases timely alerts and monitors the evolution of the drought including affected areas and level of severity of the phenomenon at a basin, state and municipality level. It is noteworthy that in all these activities the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA, for its acronym in Spanish) has played an important role, as this institute has provided the necessary technical support for the designing and implementation of the PRONACOSE. It is concluded that drought risk cannot be fully eliminated, nevertheless the actions that are implemented as part of this program are useful to mitigate its effects.
La mejora del gobierno se encuentra arraigada con frecuencia en los niveles descentralizados. En este artículo es el cambio dentro del gobierno mismo, principalmente la emergencia de la "gobernanza" y el cambio en el tamaño administrativo. Las reformas estructurales adoptan formas diversas: el aumento del tamaño para mejorar la capacidad del sistema, el aumento del tamaño para favorecer la participación ciudadana, y la reducción del tamaño para favorecer asimismo la participación ciudadana. Además, se advierten nuevas formas de acción dentro de los mismos gobiernos: cooperación transfronteriza, cooperación intermunicipal y nuevas formas de evaluación del rendimiento y de la gestión financiera. Los autores concluyen el artículo mencionando algunos desafíos para los académicos y para los gobiernos. ; Improvement in government is often rooted in decentralised layers of government. In this article the authors discuss the recent history of innovations in sub-national government in Europe. They focus on two general trends and developments. Cases of interesting practices and developments illustrate the general trends. For each general trend a distinction is made between two kinds of innovations: structural reforms and new ways of working within existing institutional settings. The first trend concerns changing relations between government, civil society and citizens, in response to the increased contestation of the nature of traditional representative democracy. Examples of structural reforms are: increased citizen participation, the expanded use of referenda and the introduction of the directly elected mayor. New ways of working are: forms of coproduction between the public sector and the third sector. The second trend described in this article is change within government itself, mainly the rise of 'governance' and changing administrative scales. Structural reforms take several forms: scale enlargement to enhance system capacity, scale reduction to enhance system capacity, scale enlargement to enhance citizen effectiveness, and scale reduction to enhance citizen effectiveness. Next to them, new ways of working can be observed within governments: cross-boarder co-operations, inter-municipal co-operations, and new forms of performance assessment and fiscal management. The authors conclude the article with a few challenges to both academics and governments.
La promoción de la democracia es uno de los pilares de la política exterior de los Estados Unidos, terminada la Guerra Fría ésta se convirtió en el leitmotiv de sus acciones en la esfera internacional. En este contexto, la Fundación Nacional para la Democracia (National Endowment for Democracy, NED) ha sido una de las instituciones de política exterior estadounidense encargada de apoyar el crecimiento y fortalecimiento de la democracia, así como de la libertad económica; en el mundo. Aunque en el 2013 la Fundación celebró tres décadas de actividad en más de 120 naciones, la literatura académica sobre esta organización sigue siendo exigua. La tesis propone a Colombia como un caso de estudio idóneo para analizar la naturaleza política de la Fundación e indagar sobre el impacto de sus actividades en la política doméstica de los países en los que ésta tiene presencia. En ese camino, los dos primeros capítulos sientan las bases para este estudio, al examinar las características jurídicas de la NED, su pertinencia histórica y algunos antecedentes de sus actividades en el Tercer Mundo. Palabras clave: Fundación Nacional para la Democracia, Promoción de la democracia, Poder Blando, Relaciones bilaterales Estados Unidos-Colombia, América Latina, Fundaciones de Partido, Democracia de baja intensidad, Colombia. ; Abstract. The promotion of democracy is one of the cornerstones of United Sates foreign policy. By the end of the Cold War, democracy became the leitmotiv of U.S. initiatives in the international sphere. In this context, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) has been one of the instruments of U.S. foreign policy responsible for fostering the growth of pro-democracy institutions and promoting economic freedom around the world. Although in 2013 the Foundation celebrated its thirtieth anniversary of activities in more than 120 nations, the academic literature on this organization is still scant. This thesis proposes Colombia as case study relevant to analyzing the political nature of the Foundation as well as to addressing the impact of NED's activities on the domestic politics of the countries in which it has operated. The first two chapters of the present work lay the foundations for this study, digging into the political nature of the NED, its historical specificity, and NED's background working in the Third World. ; Maestría
