Suchergebnisse

Recognizing the high value of information and knowledge, as well as the need for a safe and efficiently retrievable storage of the records of such knowledge, the Congress of the United States established some years ago an independent agency known as the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. This agency was entrusted with the responsibility of developing and recommending a plan leading to the improvement of library and information services in the United States. Its work has progressed slowly. Various committees and task forces have been appointed, and they are in the process of conducting their investigations and preparing their reports.

The borrowing of materials by one library from another library, i. e., interlibrary loan, has been the traditional means of increasing patron access to items not available locally. The explosion of publications and other informational materials in recent years, as well as the continuing inflationary spiral in costs have played havoc on libraries in the United States. There is now almost universal recognition that more drastic changes to provide effective library services are needed. Although complete statistics of national interlibrary loan traffic for all libraries are not available, the number of interlibrary loans probably exceeds 10 million annually. Statistics published by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) show that its 99 member libraries made 2,158,000 interlibrary loans during the year 1974–75, whereas in the same period, these same large university, national, and special research libraries borrowed 477,000 items from other libraries. While interlibrary loan, as viewed by librarians, was intended to be approximately an evenly balanced reciprocal lending and borrowing operation among libraries – achieving a quid pro quo – these statistics indicate that balanced reciprocity is not often achieved.

The article shows the influence of Muslim democratic periodicals on the formation of the ideological background for the Turkic youth political activity within the Russian provincial territories during the political crisis of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century. The information contained in periodicals is of exceptional value as a historical source for studying the formation of public opinion in the Russian province at the beginning of the twentieth century. The article is based on a historiographic review of materials on local history. The particular value to the work is given by the authors' reference to factual material from the provincial Muslim press which testifies for the interaction of the Tatar and Azerbaijani democratic movements in the issues of equal rights of nations within a single state with wide autonomy, in the context of understanding the concepts of "nation" and "national selfdetermination". The national periodical press of that period, covering acute and topical issues of all aspects of the socio-political and socio-economic life of the society, was certain to influence the formation of public opinion in the Russian provincial territories.

O tempo de circulação (longevidade) e o alcance geográfico (dispersão) constituem dois dentre os aspectos relacionados com a consolidação de um periódico. Por outro lado, os primeiros cinco anos de uma revista podem ser considerados como período probatório para sua sobrevivência. Com base no Catálogo Coletivo Nacional de Publicações Seriadas do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia, foram identificados 34 periódicos sobre Pesquisa, 42 sobre Ensino e 253 sobre Educação, que têm algum fascículo editado no corrente qüinqüênio. Destes, 73,5%, 31,0% e 36,4%, respectivamente, correspondem a periódicos que têm 5 ou menos anos decorridos desde sua implantação até a edição do fascículo mais recente. Dos que apresentam edições por mais de cinco anos, a mediana de vida é de 11 anos (Pesquisa), 15 anos (Ensino) e 11 anos (Educação). Cerca da metade dos títulos de cada área são encontrados em bibliotecas institucionais de 5 ou mais Estados da Federação, sendo que 5,9% (Pesquisa), 21,4% (Ensino) e 13,4% (Educação) fazem parte do acervo de bibliotecas de 10 ou mais Estados. Como resultado desse trabalho, é apresentado o perfil etário e de dispersão dos periódicos, além de sua identificação pelo título e ISSN, dados que favorecem sua localização em sistemas de busca eletrônica ou física.

Journalist is a special subject of law to whom is given freedom of self-expression to publish news, opinions, and other information to the public. That freedom is delegated with responsibility. Sanctions will be invoked when the permissible boundaries are crossed. International treaties, Lithuanian legislation, and the Code of Professional Ethics determine liberties of self-expression, professional duties, and ethical boundaries. Unfortunately, the boundaries of responsibility, use of documents, journalist's professional ethics are often crossed to the expense of other individuals' rights and liberties. Provided freedom becomes privilege that does not justify the goal. Practice of self-administrative institutions shows that when in hurry and competing for higher ratings or quantity of readers, the journalists of "Lietuvos Rytas" and lrytas.lt violate other individuals' rights by implementation the freedom of self-expression that is given to them. Communication between self-administrative institutions is still poor, that is why those same inferences of publications vary. It is understandable and justifiable if speaking of particular violations, i.e. the competence and functions of Inspector of Journalist Ethics and Journalists and Publishers Ethics Commission are different. But the principles of provision of information to the public are common. The practice of The Supreme Court of Lithuania analyzing newspaper "Lietuvos rytas" and internet portal lrytas.lt showed that there is no unanimous evaluation system which could be applied to the work of a journalist. Investigation of cases continues for many years, they are then returned again for initial investigation. Public opinion polls show that people do not trust those institutions that can defend their private rights, protect personal information, honour and dignity. The accomplished research revealed journalistic work tendencies of one of the biggest Lithuanian newspapers "Lietuvos rytas" and internet portal lrytas.lt. Those tendencies are worrying for their influence on other smaller mass media, and people that read the paper. The culture of press is shaped by work of this newspaper too. The research shows that if those problems were sold, the influence of this public information means would get better, and by this, the whole culture of public information would be lifted up.

Journalist is a special subject of law to whom is given freedom of self-expression to publish news, opinions, and other information to the public. That freedom is delegated with responsibility. Sanctions will be invoked when the permissible boundaries are crossed. International treaties, Lithuanian legislation, and the Code of Professional Ethics determine liberties of self-expression, professional duties, and ethical boundaries. Unfortunately, the boundaries of responsibility, use of documents, journalist's professional ethics are often crossed to the expense of other individuals' rights and liberties. Provided freedom becomes privilege that does not justify the goal. Practice of self-administrative institutions shows that when in hurry and competing for higher ratings or quantity of readers, the journalists of "Lietuvos Rytas" and lrytas.lt violate other individuals' rights by implementation the freedom of self-expression that is given to them. Communication between self-administrative institutions is still poor, that is why those same inferences of publications vary. It is understandable and justifiable if speaking of particular violations, i.e. the competence and functions of Inspector of Journalist Ethics and Journalists and Publishers Ethics Commission are different. But the principles of provision of information to the public are common. The practice of The Supreme Court of Lithuania analyzing newspaper "Lietuvos rytas" and internet portal lrytas.lt showed that there is no unanimous evaluation system which could be applied to the work of a journalist. Investigation of cases continues for many years, they are then returned again for initial investigation. Public opinion polls show that people do not trust those institutions that can defend their private rights, protect personal information, honour and dignity. The accomplished research revealed journalistic work tendencies of one of the biggest Lithuanian newspapers "Lietuvos rytas" and internet portal lrytas.lt. Those tendencies are worrying for their influence on other smaller mass media, and people that read the paper. The culture of press is shaped by work of this newspaper too. The research shows that if those problems were sold, the influence of this public information means would get better, and by this, the whole culture of public information would be lifted up.

In Ukraine, media of national minorities support the principles of civil society, tolerance and social stability. Therefore, the analysis of activity of media of national minorities, especially Polish minority in Prykarpattia, is the task of this article. A key method of the research is the comparative critical analysis of the activities of public organizations and private media of Polish minority in the Pre-Carpathian region. The author argues that registered periodicals and radios of Polish national minority in the Pre-Carpathian region develop the cultural and ethnical identity of this minority. Polish-speaking and bilingual newspapers and magazines of Pre-Carpathian region are important factors, which help to preserve and publicly express identity, reveal the uniqueness of traditions, and the degree of assimilation. Permanent publishing of government-approved periodicals of Polish national minority develops the feeling of equality and gives the opportunity for its representatives to realize cultural demands. In general, we can say that media of national minorities raise awareness of society, promoting national reconciliation, mutual understanding between people, and development of society.