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The Natural Bounty of China is an important book series of 60 titles that comprehensively documents the vast diversity of China's natural resources. China recognizes more than 1,600 products unique to the country - known as geographical indication products. This series describes these products in detail, with each single volume focusing on a particular region of China and the unique products cultivated there, such as Changbaishan ginseng in northeast China to the bean paste of Pixian (the "soul of Sichuan cuisine") in the southwest. From the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang to history-steeped Shandong and gorgeously scenic Yunnan, almost every place in the country has produced something that is readily identifiable with it. This series not only makes a major contribution to our understanding of the geography and agriculture of China, but also gives us a greater appreciation of Chinese culture as a whole. This volume looks at the abundant resources and products of China's historic capital city, Beijing.

The Natural Bounty of China is an important book series of 60 titles that comprehensively documents the vast diversity of China's natural resources. China recognizes more than 1,600 products unique to the country - known as geographical indication products. This series describes these products in detail, with each single volume focusing on a particular region of China and the unique products cultivated there, such as Changbaishan ginseng in northeast China to the bean paste of Pixian (the "soul of Sichuan cuisine") in the southwest. From the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang to history-steeped Shandong and gorgeously scenic Yunnan, almost every place in the country has produced something that is readily identifiable with it. This series not only makes a major contribution to our understanding of the geography and agriculture of China, but also gives us a greater appreciation of Chinese culture as a whole. This volume looks at the abundant resources and products from the birthplace of Chinese civilization, Inner Mongolia.

The Natural Bounty of China is an important book series of 60 titles that comprehensively documents the vast diversity of China's natural resources. China recognizes more than 1,600 products unique to the country - known as geographical indication products. This series describes these products in detail, with each single volume focusing on a particular region of China and the unique products cultivated there, such as Changbaishan ginseng in northeast China to the bean paste of Pixian (the "soul of Sichuan cuisine") in the southwest. From the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang to history-steeped Shandong and gorgeously scenic Yunnan, almost every place in the country has produced something that is readily identifiable with it. This series not only makes a major contribution to our understanding of the geography and agriculture of China, but also gives us a greater appreciation of Chinese culture as a whole. This volume looks at the abundant resources and products of Shanghai, the 'Pearl of the Orient'.

The Natural Bounty of China is an important book series of 60 titles that comprehensively documents the vast diversity of China's natural resources. China recognizes more than 1,600 products unique to the country - known as geographical indication products. This series describes these products in detail, with each single volume focusing on a particular region of China and the unique products cultivated there, such as Changbaishan ginseng in northeast China to the bean paste of Pixian (the "soul of Sichuan cuisine") in the southwest. From the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang to history-steeped Shandong and gorgeously scenic Yunnan, almost every place in the country has produced something that is readily identifiable with it. This series not only makes a major contribution to our understanding of the geography and agriculture of China, but also gives us a greater appreciation of Chinese culture as a whole. This volume looks at the abundant resources and products of Tibet, the 'Roof of the World'.

Since 1985, the Chinese government has given high priority to building roads, particularly high-quality roads that connect industrial centers. This report evaluates the contribution roads have made to poverty reduction and economic growth in China over the last two decades. It disaggregates road infrastructure into different classes to account for differences in their quality, and then estimates the impact of road investments on overall economic growth, agricultural growth, urban growth, urban poverty reduction, and rural poverty reduction. The report makes the case for a greater focus on low-quality and rural roads in future infrastructure investment strategies in China. It does so by showing how investing in low-quality and rural roads will generate larger marginal returns, raise more people out of poverty per yuan invested, and reduce regional development disparity more sharply than investing in high-quality roads. The study's findings will have considerable implications for China's infrastructure policy. -- Authors' Abstract" ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; GRP32; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment ; DSGD

Rural-urban linkages—including physical, economic, social, and political connections—are crucial for ending hunger and malnutrition (SDG 2) sustainably in both rural and urban areas. Rural-urban linkages also support other Sustainable Development Goals. Urban growth increases food demand and spurs dietary changes in urban areas—new demand can create opportunities for rural producers to improve their livelihoods. Broken value chains and poor coordination weaken rural-urban links and hold back progress on food security and nutrition. Investment in rural infrastructure and intermediate towns—quality rural and feeder roads, electricity, storage facilities, communications and information—can build connections and create hubs of economic activity benefiting smallholders and cities. ; PR ; IFPRI1 ; DGO; CPA

Preliminary Material /Liu Jianqiang -- On Environmental and Ecosystem Protection: What Have We Done? /LI Dun -- Competition for Water Resources and Its Economic and Political Implications /Guo Weiqing and Zhou Yu -- Initial Exploration of Environmental NGOs' Involvement in Environmental Mass Incidents /Li Bo -- Correlation between Water Pollution and Deaths Caused by Digestive Tract Tumors in the Huai River Basin /Yang Gonghuan -- The Urgent Need for an Environment and Health Law: A Study of 63 Health Hazard Incidents /Lv Zhongmei and Huang Kai -- Environmental and Health Risks: Unusual Expansion of Waste Incineration in China Needs Attention /Yang Changjiang -- War on Smog /Liu Xiaoxing -- Smog Brings Widespread and Far-Reaching Impact to Human Health /Lin Na -- Environmental PILs Returned to the Starting Point in 2013 /Lin Yanmei and Wang Xiaoxi -- The Revision of China's Environmental Protection Law from a Minor Change to a Critical Improvement /Qie Jianrong -- Ecological Red Lines: Concept, Features and Supervision /Zou Changxin -- How to Restore the Siberian Tiger Population at Changbai Mountain /Piao Zhengji -- The Siege of Cities by Chemical Plants: How to Make a Breakthrough? /Peng Liguo -- The 2012 Pollution Information Transparency Index (PITI) Fourth Annual Assessment of Environmental Transparency in 113 Chinese Cities: Bottlenecks and Breakthroughs /Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE) , Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) -- The "Last" Report on China's Rivers /Li Bo , Yao Songqiao , Yu Yin and Guo Qiaoyu -- Report on Applying for the Disclosure of Information on 122 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plants across China /Wuhu Ecology Center -- Annual Indexes of the Environment Green Papers 2013—Changing Trends of the Environment in China /Liu Jianqiang -- Major Environmental Incidents and Events in 2013 /Liu Jianqiang -- Index /Liu Jianqiang.

The sustainable and rapid economic development,environment, resources and other issues have gradually become the major issues facing China. Unique population problem and natural conditions also make China face an extremely serious challenge in the environmental protection

先秦時期,隨著列國戰事的劇烈,各國君主對國內山林藪澤資源需求亦愈加增強。為加強對這些自然資源的掌控,便導致了本文的研究對象--「地方都官」的出現。所謂「都官」,即中央機構的總稱,同時包括了真正處於中央的機構,及它們設於地方的分支單位。這些位於地方的都官,與它們的中央主幹機構一樣,屬於非治民官,與郡、縣等直接面對人民的治民官有所不同。 ; 本文首先嘗試對秦漢「地方都官」實際包括的各種機構作出考釋,並嘗試歸納地方都官的命名方式,以及對地方的縣級都官在漢代官僚系統中的地位進行探討。其次,本文又嘗試以鹽、鐵、田、工四種地方都官為例子,復原地方都官的行政架構,結果顯示,雖然這四種地方都官各自經歷了行政組織上的變革,但整體來說,四種地方都官組織的基本結構大致相同,擁有一套共用的五層組織結構。而在地方都官的裁判權方面,地方都官雖然擁有治獄、訊獄、覆獄的權力,但這種權力無疑只在處理屬吏瀆職罪行的行政程序時方可體現。事實上,地方都官在制度上雖屬中央官,但本身在行政上的各方面皆從屬於所在的郡、縣;這種二重的特質,在田官的個案身上便得到徹底的展現。 ; 最後,這些掌控帝國山林藪澤資源、為皇家服務的地方都官,因維持其生產的成本極其巨大,故在西漢末時便漸漸被廢置。至東漢時,那些還未廢置的地方都官,亦正式劃歸地方,成為隸屬於郡的機構,不復以往中央官的性格。 ; During the Warring States period, there was an increasing demand over natural resources. To have better control over these strategic resources, the central government departments established certain regional branch-offices. Unlike commanderies 郡 and counties 縣, these branch-offices, which similar to their central counterparts, were not responsible for civil affairs and were regarded as Dū-guān 都官. For the sake of convenience, these branch-offices are entitled in a somewhat contradictory way through the article --"regional Dū-guān 地方都官. ; Chapter 3 details the macro-organization of regional Dū-guān established during Qin and Han, summarizing a total of 23 different types of regional Dū-guān. It further places the regional Dū-guān under the bureaucratic system as a whole, examining their responsibilities and roles in Han bureaucracy. ; Chapter 4 narrows the scope of investigation by selecting four regional Dū-guān, namely, Offices of Salt and Iron 鹽、鐵官, Offices of Farming 田官, and Offices of Workmen 工官, using them as examples to reconstruct the administrative framework of regional Dū-guān. Astonishingly, although these regional Dū-guān had their own specialties, they did maintain a parallel administrative framework, reflecting their nature of not committing to civilian administrations. ; Chapter 5 follows a study on the jurisdiction of regional Dū-guān, elaborates that given a complete right in investigation, adjudication, and lawsuits reviews, ...