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Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.

Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.

Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.

External Actors Involvement in Constructing Political Territorial Entities of Kurdistan Kurdistan case analysis unveils incoherint territorial development aspect of Middle East, where external actors had a major role in shaping nowadays state borders. Influence to these actions appear had the great power's implemented interventionistic policies, where the actors were seeking to obtain access to the natural resources or consolidate their hegemony in strategically important region. To unveil this studies' problematic, three historical kurdish territorial development cases of 20th century are beeing analized in the perspective of possible statehood creation. The main presumption of this thesis is the reason why where is no sovereign kurdish states is not only because of their own ethnical division but it has more to do with the great powers supporting or opposing to the statehood idea. In each of this historical phase different actors played their own role and had their own interests. Current Kurdistan territorial structure is divided between four countries – Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria, and mostly is integral part of their territory. Only Iraq Kurdistan has de jure acknowledged de facto state status. Aiming to understand what significanse had external actors in Kurdistan political territorial entities constuction in current context, the relations between external actors and states in which territory Kurdistan region is analyzed.

External Actors Involvement in Constructing Political Territorial Entities of Kurdistan Kurdistan case analysis unveils incoherint territorial development aspect of Middle East, where external actors had a major role in shaping nowadays state borders. Influence to these actions appear had the great power's implemented interventionistic policies, where the actors were seeking to obtain access to the natural resources or consolidate their hegemony in strategically important region. To unveil this studies' problematic, three historical kurdish territorial development cases of 20th century are beeing analized in the perspective of possible statehood creation. The main presumption of this thesis is the reason why where is no sovereign kurdish states is not only because of their own ethnical division but it has more to do with the great powers supporting or opposing to the statehood idea. In each of this historical phase different actors played their own role and had their own interests. Current Kurdistan territorial structure is divided between four countries – Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria, and mostly is integral part of their territory. Only Iraq Kurdistan has de jure acknowledged de facto state status. Aiming to understand what significanse had external actors in Kurdistan political territorial entities constuction in current context, the relations between external actors and states in which territory Kurdistan region is analyzed.

External Actors Involvement in Constructing Political Territorial Entities of Kurdistan Kurdistan case analysis unveils incoherint territorial development aspect of Middle East, where external actors had a major role in shaping nowadays state borders. Influence to these actions appear had the great power's implemented interventionistic policies, where the actors were seeking to obtain access to the natural resources or consolidate their hegemony in strategically important region. To unveil this studies' problematic, three historical kurdish territorial development cases of 20th century are beeing analized in the perspective of possible statehood creation. The main presumption of this thesis is the reason why where is no sovereign kurdish states is not only because of their own ethnical division but it has more to do with the great powers supporting or opposing to the statehood idea. In each of this historical phase different actors played their own role and had their own interests. Current Kurdistan territorial structure is divided between four countries – Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria, and mostly is integral part of their territory. Only Iraq Kurdistan has de jure acknowledged de facto state status. Aiming to understand what significanse had external actors in Kurdistan political territorial entities constuction in current context, the relations between external actors and states in which territory Kurdistan region is analyzed.

External Actors Involvement in Constructing Political Territorial Entities of Kurdistan Kurdistan case analysis unveils incoherint territorial development aspect of Middle East, where external actors had a major role in shaping nowadays state borders. Influence to these actions appear had the great power's implemented interventionistic policies, where the actors were seeking to obtain access to the natural resources or consolidate their hegemony in strategically important region. To unveil this studies' problematic, three historical kurdish territorial development cases of 20th century are beeing analized in the perspective of possible statehood creation. The main presumption of this thesis is the reason why where is no sovereign kurdish states is not only because of their own ethnical division but it has more to do with the great powers supporting or opposing to the statehood idea. In each of this historical phase different actors played their own role and had their own interests. Current Kurdistan territorial structure is divided between four countries – Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria, and mostly is integral part of their territory. Only Iraq Kurdistan has de jure acknowledged de facto state status. Aiming to understand what significanse had external actors in Kurdistan political territorial entities constuction in current context, the relations between external actors and states in which territory Kurdistan region is analyzed.

Intensive environmental pollution and consumption of natural resources caused the danger of ecological crisis, which was an important reason why environmental protection became an essential part in politics of each country. Every nation must take certain measures to ensure appropriate interaction between humans and environment. In Republic of Lithuania, as in many other countries, one of these measures is the permits issued by environmental institutions. In this paper it is discussed the nature, the order of issuing, features of functioning and efficiency of such permits. The analysis of an order of permits issued by environmental institutions was made on basis of Lithuanian environmental control legislation. The practical aspects of environmental permitting system were analyzed on basis of statistical performance data of environmental institutions. By invoking this data the analysis of trends in the number of permits, effectiveness of the inspection and economical aspects was made. Furthermore, the expert survey was made to assess the efficiency of environmental permitting system. The participants of this survey were the specialists who are working in the environmental institutions which are issuing the permits as well as performing the control. They expressed their views on the permitting system which is now applied in our country. As well they made suggestions about what could be done to avoid some certain problems concerning environmental permitting.

Intensive environmental pollution and consumption of natural resources caused the danger of ecological crisis, which was an important reason why environmental protection became an essential part in politics of each country. Every nation must take certain measures to ensure appropriate interaction between humans and environment. In Republic of Lithuania, as in many other countries, one of these measures is the permits issued by environmental institutions. In this paper it is discussed the nature, the order of issuing, features of functioning and efficiency of such permits. The analysis of an order of permits issued by environmental institutions was made on basis of Lithuanian environmental control legislation. The practical aspects of environmental permitting system were analyzed on basis of statistical performance data of environmental institutions. By invoking this data the analysis of trends in the number of permits, effectiveness of the inspection and economical aspects was made. Furthermore, the expert survey was made to assess the efficiency of environmental permitting system. The participants of this survey were the specialists who are working in the environmental institutions which are issuing the permits as well as performing the control. They expressed their views on the permitting system which is now applied in our country. As well they made suggestions about what could be done to avoid some certain problems concerning environmental permitting.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.

All over the world countries are trying to use their advantages – natural resources, cultural heritage, landscape, geographical location, competent people and etc., with the reason to create social and economical welfare for local people. To create this the representatives of government are applying different marketing tools and country brand creation techniques in order to increase the notoriety and positive image of the country. Marketing communication is one of the marketing tools for creating country brand. The main object of this paper is marketing communications of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The theoretical studies showed that the place where the country brand is formed is very important, because only appropriate chosen and used tools of communications could help to form desirable country brand. The spread of information through communications helps to know about oneness and possible benefit for objective markets. The empirical research showed that Estonia from all Baltic countries has the best country image both inside and outside the country. This country is considered as the most perspective and suitable for investments due to innovative solutions and capability to spread information internationally. The duration of made research presented in this paper is 30 days. This paper also contains 76 pages, 28 pictures and 6 tables.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.

All over the world countries are trying to use their advantages – natural resources, cultural heritage, landscape, geographical location, competent people and etc., with the reason to create social and economical welfare for local people. To create this the representatives of government are applying different marketing tools and country brand creation techniques in order to increase the notoriety and positive image of the country. Marketing communication is one of the marketing tools for creating country brand. The main object of this paper is marketing communications of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The theoretical studies showed that the place where the country brand is formed is very important, because only appropriate chosen and used tools of communications could help to form desirable country brand. The spread of information through communications helps to know about oneness and possible benefit for objective markets. The empirical research showed that Estonia from all Baltic countries has the best country image both inside and outside the country. This country is considered as the most perspective and suitable for investments due to innovative solutions and capability to spread information internationally. The duration of made research presented in this paper is 30 days. This paper also contains 76 pages, 28 pictures and 6 tables.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.