Suchergebnisse

Pitanje odnosa između osobe i prirode je modernoga porijekla, no ima svoje korijene u problemu (autentičnog) bitka (Sein), naročito ljudskog bitka (Dasein), što je ustvari jedno antropološ- ko pitanje. Osoba kao biće s logosom vlada sobom kao i drugima te prirodom. Kao simboličko biće osoba je suočena s teškim zadatkom pronalaska ravnoteže između nje i prirode. Ovo pitanje veze eskaliralo je u modernome dobu zbog isključive brige društva za znanost i tehniku, politički i ideološki vođenu prvenstveno kroz medijsko-tehnološki ovladan svijet, pri čemu nedostaju uvjeti za autentičan dijalog između osoba. No logos sâm mora održavati ravnotežu s obzirom na njegovu pravu prirodu a to je moguće jedino ako je osoba otvorena prema (svim) drugim osobama te dijaloški otvorena rješenjima svjetskih problema u kontekstu šire ljudske prirode. Ovaj tip odgovornosti ukorijenjen je u odgovoru: odgovaranje uključuje slušanje, a čuti znači ne samo slušati glasove drugih, nego i čuti njihova srca te osjetiti ih u punini vlastitoga bića. Ova simbolička zadaća duboko je duhovna. ; The issue of the relationship between person and nature is a modern one, but it has its roots in the problem of (genuine) Being (Sein), particularly the problem of the human being (Dasein), which is actually an anthropological question. Person as a being with logos governs herself as well as others and nature. As a symbolic being, she is confronted with the difficult task of finding a balance between herself and nature. The issue of this relationship escalated in the modern era because of society's exclusive concern with science and technology, which is primarily guided both politically and ideologically by a world ruled by media and technology. This world lacks the conditions for a genuine dialogue among persons. Yet logos itself has to maintain balance regarding its own true nature and this is possible only if a person is open to (all) other persons and dialogically open to solutions about the issues of the world in the context of a broader human nature. This type of responsibility is rooted in response. Responding includes hearing, and to hear means not only to listen to the voices of others, but also to hear their hearts and to feel them with one's entire being. This symbolic task is also deeply spiritual. ; Bien qu'elle ait ses racines dans le problème de l'(authentique) Être (Sein) et plus précisément dans celui de l'être humain (Dasein), la question de la relation entre la personne et la nature est un problème contemporain qui, à vrai dire, relève de l'anthropologie. En effet, une personne en tant qu'être doué de logos qui se gouverne, se gouverne aussi bien elle-même que les autres et la nature. En tant qu'être symbolique, la personne est confrontée à la difficile tâche de trouver un équilibre entre elle et la nature. Le problème de cette relation s'est intensifié dans l'ère moderne en raison de l'intérêt exclusif accordé par la société à la science et à la technologie, guidées toutes deux par une politique et une idéologie appartenant à un monde dirigé par une technologie médiatique qui néglige les conditions favorables pour un dialogue authentique entre les personnes. Or le logos lui-même doit maintenir cet équilibre en regard de sa véritable nature et cela est possible uniquement dans la mesure où la personne est ouverte aux autres personnes (dans leur totalité) et au dialogue, afin de trouver des solutions aux problèmes du monde dans un contexte plus large de nature humaine. Ce genre de responsabilité s'enracine dans une réponse : le répondre inclut l'écouter ; écouter ne signifie pas seulement entendre la voix des autres, mais aussi leur cœur en les ressentant dans la totalité de leur être. Cette tâche symbolique est profondément spirituelle. ; Die Frage der Beziehung zwischen einer Person und der Natur ist eine zeitgenössische Frage, jedoch schlägt sie ihre Wurzeln im Problem des ((eigentlichen) Seins), insbesondere des menschen (Dasein), was eigentlich eine anthropologische Frage ist. Eine Person als ein Wesen mit Logos regiert sich selbst ebenso wie die anderen und die Natur. Als ein symbolisches Wesen ist sie mit der diffizilen Aufgabe konfrontiert, ein Gleichgewicht zwischen sich selbst und der Natur zu finden. Dieses Beziehungsproblem eskalierte in der modernen Ära infolge des exklusiven Interesses der Gesellschaft an der Wissenschaft und Technologie, die politisch und ideologisch in erster Linie von einer medientechnologisch geregelten Welt gelenkt werden, wobei es an Voraussetzungen für einen echten Dialog zwischen den Personen mangelt. Jedoch muss der Logos selbst in Bezug auf dessen eigene wahre Natur das Gleichgewicht aufrechterhalten und dies ist nur möglich, wenn eine Person für (alle) andere(n) Personen und dialogisch für Lösungen der Weltprobleme in einem breiteren Kontext der menschlichen Natur offen ist. Diese Art von Verantwortung ist in einer Antwort verwurzelt: Eine Beantwortung umfasst das Zuhören, und zuhören heißt nicht nur, auf die Stimmen der anderen zu hören, sondern auch auf deren Herzen zu hören und sie mit dem ganzen eigenen Wesen zu fühlen. Diese symbolische Aufgabe ist zutiefst spirituell.

The question of the legal nature of the European Union (hereafter: the EU) has been left unanswered to date. Determining the legal nature is important for predicting the consequences, limits and ways of action of any organization, including the EU. Today, the EU is most often defined as a sui generis organization. Given the limited analytical value of the term sui generis, it is important to determine its content. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze, along with the political aspect of the community, the formal and legal ones, which includes the analysis of federal, international and other elements contained in the legal and political system of the EU. Also, a comparison between the formal and political elements of the EU and a typical federal society such as the United States of America will be made, with the aim of determining the specific features of the EU which prevent it from being called "the United States of Europe". The most prominent definitions of the EU offered by prominent theorists will be briefly addressed in this article.

'Prescriptive Nature of Th e Code of the Sworn Translator', proclaimed in the 2005 Resolution of the Supreme Board of the Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators 'TEPIS', is described in this article as seen from the perspective of the international and Polish laws and the practice of contemporary translation studies. As recommended by the "Grotius" and the "AGIS" projects, the Code has been prepared in cooperation with representatives of the Minister of Justice. Hence, it constitutes an authoritative reference for the 2004 legislative Act on the profession of the sworn translator.A comparison of the status of the newly established profession of the sworn translator and those of the advocate and the notary in Poland gives the author the grounds to claim that Th e Code of the Sworn Translator constitutes a truly independent and authoritative source of rules of professional ethics and practice. Such status is a natural consequence of its being developed in compliance both with the Polish law and the legislative customs enabling the professional environment to decide about its ethics and good practice itself, based on the long traditions of professional organizations in Poland. ; Wieloletnie starania polskich tłumaczy przysięgłych doprowadziły po raz pierwszy w dziejach tego zawodu do ich skutecznej współpracy z przedstawicielami Ministra Sprawiedliwości. Owocem wspólnych działań było opracowanie zbioru zasad etyki i praktyki zawodowej pt. Kodeks tłumacza przysięgłego. W artykule omówiono przesłanki zawarte w konwencjach międzynarodowych i przepisach prawa polskiego do tworzenia i stosowania takich ujednoliconych zasad wykonywania zawodu oraz genezę, strukturę, treść i preskryptywny charakter Kodeksu.

'Prescriptive Nature of Th e Code of the Sworn Translator', proclaimed in the 2005 Resolution of the Supreme Board of the Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators 'TEPIS', is described in this article as seen from the perspective of the international and Polish laws and the practice of contemporary translation studies. As recommended by the "Grotius" and the "AGIS" projects, the Code has been prepared in cooperation with representatives of the Minister of Justice. Hence, it constitutes an authoritative reference for the 2004 legislative Act on the profession of the sworn translator.A comparison of the status of the newly established profession of the sworn translator and those of the advocate and the notary in Poland gives the author the grounds to claim that Th e Code of the Sworn Translator constitutes a truly independent and authoritative source of rules of professional ethics and practice. Such status is a natural consequence of its being developed in compliance both with the Polish law and the legislative customs enabling the professional environment to decide about its ethics and good practice itself, based on the long traditions of professional organizations in Poland. ; Wieloletnie starania polskich tłumaczy przysięgłych doprowadziły po raz pierwszy w dziejach tego zawodu do ich skutecznej współpracy z przedstawicielami Ministra Sprawiedliwości. Owocem wspólnych działań było opracowanie zbioru zasad etyki i praktyki zawodowej pt. Kodeks tłumacza przysięgłego. W artykule omówiono przesłanki zawarte w konwencjach międzynarodowych i przepisach prawa polskiego do tworzenia i stosowania takich ujednoliconych zasad wykonywania zawodu oraz genezę, strukturę, treść i preskryptywny charakter Kodeksu.

Current events in Ukraine and the world's response on them, urged the authors of the article to search the answers to a rhetorical question. Why are the Ukrainians not able to properly mold the political system, making repeatedly attempts to establish its distinguished features. The authors of the article aim at a thorough investigating of the Ukrainian scientific thought rather than analyzing the course of events – current or previous – to give the answer to a burning issue. How come? In the past, but mostly at the present time, the problem rises both in a scientific environment and in the society on the whole. As an illustration, the authors have chosen some published research-documentary positions, to figure out the push-pull factors of the present phenomenon, disturbing the Ukrainian society. ; Dzisiejsze wydarzenia na Ukrainie oraz reakcja na nie świata cywilizowanego pobudziły autorów artykułu do poszukiwania odpowiedzi na pytanie retoryczne: Dlaczego Ukraińcy dotychczas nie mogą w należyty sposób ukształtować swojej państwowości, mimo że próbowano to niejednokrot­nie uczynić? Autorzy postawili sobie za cel nie przeprowadzać analizy przebiegu wydarzeń teraźniejszych lub wcze­śniejszych, a spróbować przestudiować myśl naukową Ukrainy w zakresie poszukiwania odpowiedzi na palącą kwestię: Dlaczego?W przeszłości, a współcześnie jeszcze częściej, problem ten podejmowany jest tak w środowisku na­ukowym, jak i w całym społeczeństwie. Autorzy dla przykładu wybrali niektóre pozycje druków ba­dawczo-dokumentalnych, aby wyjaśnić pochodzenie dzisiejszych zjawisk nurtujących społeczeństwo ukraińskie.

O poimanju ljudske prirode u Machiavellijevu djelu možemo govoriti na dvije razine. Prva je razina njegov temeljni antropološki pesimizam. Polazna je točka Machiavellijeve političke filozofije da su ljudi po prirodi skloni zlu, što, kako navodi u Raspravama o prvoj dekadi Tita Livija, kao početnu pretpostavku mora uzeti i svaki zakonodavac. Na drugoj razini, narav je pojedinoga čovjeka po njemu bitno nepromjenjiva pa kada se ona slaže s vremenima, on uspijeva (primjer pape Julija II.), a kada je u neskladu s onim što zahtijeva kontekst, neuspjeh je neizbježan. Na nizu primjera iz Machiavellijevih djela pokazuje se da je njegov pesimistički uvid u ljudsku prirodu temelj na kojem se gradi cijela njegova politička teorija. Zlu i sebičnosti sklona ljudska priroda objašnjenje je za stvaranja zajednice, zakona i državnih institucija, ali i dinamike koja dovodi do njihovog kvarenja i propasti. ; The concept of human nature in Machiavelli's work can be discussed on two levels. The first level regards its fundamental anthropological pessimism. The starting points of Machiavelli's political philosophy is that people are inclined by nature to be evil, which, as quoted in The Discourses on Livy, must be taken as a starting assumption by every legislator. On the second level, the nature of a particular man is essentially unchangeable, and thus when it agrees with the times, he succeeds (Pope Julius II being an example), and when a man is in contradiction with what is required by the context, failure is inevitable. Many examples from Machiavelli's work show that his pessimistic insight into human nature is the foundation upon which his entire political theory is built. The human nature, prone to evil and selfishness, is the explanation for the creation of communities, laws and state institutions, but also for the dynamics that lead to their decay and destruction.

Przedmiotem zaprezentowanej w artykule analizy jest samorząd korporacyjny, którego podstawę stanowi związek osób o przymusowym charakterze członkostwa. W tym kontekście kluczowe stało się scharakteryzowanie istoty i kierunków rozwoju samorządu terytorialnego jako fundamentu władzy lokalnej. Samorząd korporacyjny nie jest jednak pojęciem jednowymiarowym odnoszącym się wyłącznie do stosunków terytorialnych. Bardzo ważną rolę w systemie reprezentowania interesów określonych środowisk odgrywa także samorząd specjalny, który wyodrębnia się według innych kryteriów. W jego ramach wyróżnić możemy związki personalne, reprezentujące interesy osób wykonujących profesje zaufania publicznego oraz związki ekonomiczne, których zadaniem jest rzecznictwo interesów środowiska gospodarczego. Odpowiednio do zaprezentowanego powyżej podziału, w ramach samorządu specjalnego wyróżniamy samorząd zawodowy i gospodarczy. Warto zauważyć, że w kontekście takich procesów jak globalizacja, metropolizacja czy demokracja uczestnicząca na samorząd należy spojrzeć z nieco innej perspektywy, nie tylko przez pryzmat społeczności zorganizowanych terytorialnie, ale również z punktu widzenia przedsiębiorców oraz osób wykonujących profesje zaufania publicznego, a więc w kategoriach governance. Jest to szczególnie istotne ze względu na potrzebę poszukiwania nowych, efektywnych i równoprawnych form współpracy pomiędzy jednostkami samorządu terytorialnego a organizacjami samorządu specjalnego. ; The analysis presented in this paper concerns corporate self-regulatory associations (in Polish: samorząd korporacyjny) based on the principle of mandatory mem- bership of individuals. In this context, it was necessary to outline the nature and directions of development of local governments (in Polish: samorząd terytorialny) as the core of local authorities. A corporate self-regulatory association, however, is not a unidimensional term that exclusively concerns territorial relations. The system that represents the interests of certain circles also encompasses a highly significant type of special self-regulatory entities (in Polish: samorząd specjalny) identified by different criteria. This includes personal associations that express the interests of individuals representing professions of public trust and business associations whose task is to act in the name of different economic circles. This division is reflected by professional and business self-regulatory associations respectively (in Polish: samorząd zawodowy and samorząd gospodarczy). In the context of globalisation, metropolisation and participatory democracy, self-regulatory associations should be viewed from a slightly different perspective - not only through the prism of communities organised in terms of territories, but also from the point of view of persons who perform professions of public trust, that is in terms of governance. This is particularly important on account of the necessity to seek new, effective and equal forms of collaboration between local government units and the organisations of special self-regulatory associations.

INFRAREDESIGN se bazira na ideji spajanja grafika bojanjem sa dvije skupine bojila jednakog tona boje: V bojila i Z bojila. Uvodi se pojam blizanaca: jednake boje u vizualnom spektru u sustavu doživljaja RGB-a (crvena, zelena, plava). Blizanci bojila različito apsorbiraju infracrvenu valnu duljinu svjetlosti. Kreiraju se bojila blizanaca koja se razlikuju tek po vrijednosti apsorpcije u bliskom infracrvenom dijelu spektra, odnosno NIR svjetla na 1000 nm. Simulacijom boja iz prirode na kamuflažnu vojnu odjeću postignut je cilj: uklapanje vojnika u prirodnu osnovu koja ga okružuje u dva spektralna područja, vidljivom i infracrvenom. Infracrveno Z bojilo nosi skrivenu informaciju koja se otkriva u programiranim uvjetima. Postupak INFRAREDESIGN tehnologije omogućuje vojniku da prikriveno djeluje na bojnom polju i neopaženo izvrši zadanu misiju. IRD Informacija je nevidljiva, zaštićena od naših očiju. Z - IR kamera ima dvostruku zadaću: otkriti i pročitati informaciju. ; INFRAREDESIGN is based on the idea of merging graphics of two colour groups with the same color tone; the dyes V (visual) and dyes Z (near infrared). The concept of twins is introduced through the same color in the visual spectrum in the system of filling the RGB color (red, green, blue). The twin dyes absorb a wavelength of infrared light differently. The twin dyes differ only by the value of the absorption of the NIR light at 1000nm. By simulating nature colors to camouflage military clothes, the goal is successfully reached; the integration of soldiers into a natural environment, which is surrounded by two spectral regions: visual and infrared. The infrared dye carries hidden information that is revealed under planned conditions. The procedure of INFRAREDESIGN technology allows a soldier to covert acts on the battlefield and perform a given mission undetected. The IRD Information is invisible to the naked eye. The Z - IR camera has a double purpose: to discover a hidden picture and make it possible to read the information.

Klimatske promjene su jedan od najvećih izazova za postizanje ciljeva održivog razvoja. Formiranje odgovarajućih institucionalnih okvira za upravljanje klimatskim promjenama, koji uključuju i koordiniraju brojne interese i aktivnosti različitih aktera, razina i sektora, problem je i za zemlje jugoistočne Europe. Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH), Hrvatska, Slovenija i Srbija imaju značajne prirodne resurse koji su bili ugroženi proteklih godina zbog prirodnih katastrofa, što je utjecalo i na sektor šumarstva. Cilj rada je proučiti institucionalne okvire u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode, kao i stavove ispitanika o kompetencijama relevantnih institucija i organizacija, identificirati potrebe za poboljšanjem postojećeg okvira i ocijeniti njihove interese i utjecaje u procesu upravljanja klimatskim promjenama. Prikupljanje podataka provedeno je korištenjem intervjua, u razdoblju od studenog 2016. do travnja 2017. godine. Protokol za intervju sastojao se od 22 pitanja podijeljenih u pet skupina. U svrhu ovoga rada analizirani su odgovori na pitanja u vezi s institucionalnim okvirima za upravljanje klimatskim promjenama u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode. Uzorak je činilo 29 ispitanika (Federacija BiH-8, Hrvatska-6, Slovenija-5, Srbija-10), odnosno predstavnika javnih uprava i javnih službi u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode, poduzeća i ustanova za gospodarenje državnim šumama i upravljanje zaštićenim područjima, obrazovnih i istraživačkih organizacija te organizacija civilnog sektora. Ispitanici su odabrani probnim uzorkovanjem (uzorak na bazi vrijednosnog suda). Ispitanici su bili predstavnici institucija i organizacija na nacionalnoj razini upravljanja u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode, koji su izravno ili neizravno povezani s problematikom klimatskih promjena u odabranim oblastima. O postojećim institucionalnim okvirima, 52,4% ispitanika nema pozitivno mišljenje, a 85,7% se zalaže za njihovo unapređenje, u smislu poboljšanja suradnje i koordinacije između različitih sektora, institucija i organizacija. Značajne su razlike u procjeni interesa i utjecaja institucija i organizacija u upravljanju klimatskim promjenama među ispitanicima iz Slovenije i Hrvatske, kao i onima iz Federacije BiH i Srbije. Ispitanici iz područja zaštite prirode procjenjuju da je interes veći u odnosu na predstavnike šumarskog sektora (ispitanici iz područja zaštite prirode smatraju da je interes ­"veoma visok" – prosječna ocjena 4,6, a iz sektora šumarstva da je "visok" – prosječna ocjena 4,1). Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja o suradnji i koordinaciji svih sudionika na različitim razinama upravljanja, kao i drugih elemenata koji, uz institucionalne okvire, dovode do stvaranja odgovornog sustava upravljanja klimatskim promjenama i rješavanja različitih izazova klimatskih promjena. ; Global environmental and ecological problems such as climate change and other related issues (e.g. biodiversity losses) do not recognize state boundaries. Therefore, intentions to address these problems require a multi-actor, multi-sector and multilevel approach. The concept that enables joint effort against these problems implies an active participation of all stakeholders, establishes the rules for shared responsibilities and strives to make efficient and effective procedures for addressing these issues is known as "governance" (Mutabdžija, 2012).Climate change and occurance of extreme events are presenting a threat to the natural resources, exposing the vulnerabilities of current resource governance regimes, including also forestry and nature conservation. The occurance of extreme events in last several years thretened the natural resources and impacted the forestry sector in all four selected countries of Southeast Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia). This has provided a further arguments for understanding the institutional framework for climate change governance in forestry and nature conservation as important element in dealing with uncertanties posed by the climate change challenges on natural resources.Hence, the aim of the paper is to examine the institutional frameworks of forestry and nature conservation, as well as the attitudes of respondents about the competences of the relevant institutions and organizations, to identify the need to improve the existing framework and to evaluate their interests and impacts in climate change governance.In this research were used individual, structured interviews as a research technique in collecting the primary data. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions, divided into 5 groups. For the purposes of this paper, responses to questions related to institutional frameworks for climate change governance in forestry and nature conservation are analyzed. The sample consisted of 29 representatives (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina – 8, Croatia – 6, Serbia – 10, Slovenia – 5) from public administrations and services in forestry and nature conservation, enterprises and organization for forest and protected area management, educational and research organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The respondents were selected by judgemental sampling. Current institutional framework for climate change governance comprises of various institutions and organizations in all analyzed countries (Table 1). In selected countries, there is a clear division of responsibilities between public administration institutions in forestry and nature conservation (these institutions are directly or indirectly are related to forestry). There is a number of common primary objectives within the given competencies common to the same organizational category (Table 2), in all four countries. Despite current institutional and organizational variaty and competency alignment between different institutions and organizations, there is a need for further improvement of institutional framework for climate change governance through cooperation and coordination, accross different sectors, institutions and organizations, as stated by the respondents attittudes (Table 3 and 4). Respondents attitudes towards the interest and influence of institutions/organizations on climate change governance are mostly showing a visible interest but indicating challenges in providing suitable inflluence (Table 5). Also, visible discrepancy in assessment of the interest and influence of institutions and organizations on climate change governance is between the respondents from Slovenia and Croatia at one side and respondents from Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia at the other side, indicates differences in inclusion of climate change challenges accross different competency levels. Regardless of the category of institutions and organizations, the respondents recognized the importance of the investigated issues and they assessed its interest as "high" and "very high" (Table 6).Further development of suitable institutional frameworks for climate change governance in forestry and nature conservation needs additional attention especially in the field of multilevel coordination between different actors and their activities, as well as the acknowledgment of potentially significant influence forestry sector might have in climate change governance.

The objective of scientific forecasting is to present the most probable course of an analyzed phenomenon, taking into account the direction and dynamics of its development. In the course of making forecasts one endeavors to determine the conditions providing for the evolution of this phenomenon. Twenty-something years of an independent Ukraine is decidedly too short a period to facilitate responsible hypothesizing on the development of internal and external situation of this country, but some suppositions are justified. On account of the limitations of this paper the author analyzes only selected events from the recent history of Ukraine. The analysis does not answer the question of whether the recurring crises in Ukraine result primarily from phenomena that cyclically occur in a democracy (i.e. elections), and are simply inherent in it or not. Alternatively, when the chronic nature of a crisis (not: crises) is assumed, it may be concluded that as Ukraine emerges 'unscathed' from each stage of the crisis it evolves towards a new, more advanced phase, in consistence with Kondratiev's theories of economic and political cycles. ; The objective of scientific forecasting is to present the most probable course of an analyzed phenomenon, taking into account the direction and dynamics of its development. In the course of making forecasts one endeavors to determine the conditions providing for the evolution of this phenomenon. Twenty-something years of an independent Ukraine is decidedly too short a period to facilitate responsible hypothesizing on the development of internal and external situation of this country, but some suppositions are justified. On account of the limitations of this paper the author analyzes only selected events from the recent history of Ukraine. The analysis does not answer the question of whether the recurring crises in Ukraine result primarily from phenomena that cyclically occur in a democracy (i.e. elections), and are simply inherent in it or not. Alternatively, when the chronic nature of a crisis (not: crises) is assumed, it may be concluded that as Ukraine emerges 'unscathed' from each stage of the crisis it evolves towards a new, more advanced phase, in consistence with Kondratiev's theories of economic and political cycles.