Suchergebnisse

Leibniz' Briefwechsel wird 1705/06 vor allem von den politischen und militärischen Großereignissen bestimmt, über deren Verlauf sich Leibniz informieren lässt und zu denen er eigene Einschätzungen an seine Korrespondenten weitergibt: Zum Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg, zum Nordischen Krieg und zu der Aussicht des Hauses Hannover auf die Thronfolge in England. Um letztere zu forcieren und eine Einladung der Kurfürstin Sophie nach England zu erzwingen, entwirft und publiziert er im Namen von Rowland Gwynne ein Pamphlet, das in London jedoch das genaue Gegenteil bewirkt und im dortigen Parlament zum Skandal wird. Im Bereich der Philosophie greift Leibniz in die zwischen J. Le Clerc und P. Bayle geführte Diskussion um das Werk von R. Cudworth, The true intellectual system of the Universe, 1678, mit seiner Considération sur les principes de vie, et sur les natures plastiques, ein. Im August 1705 erreicht Leibniz' Korrespondenz mit den China-Missionaren (J. Bouvet, J. de Fontaney, Ch. Le Gobien, A. Verjus, C. Visdelou) einen letzten Höhepunkt. Der Austausch mit dem Pariser Oratorianer J. Lelong widmet sich weiterhin nebeneinander Bibel-Bibliographie und dem Streit um die Anwendbarkeit des Differentialkalküls.

Bu çalışmada uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinden karşılıklı bağımlılık teorisinin mahiyeti ve niteliği üzerinde durularak çeşitli anlamlarda kullanılan karşılıklı bağımlılığın devletler arasındaki ilişkilerde kaydettiği gelişmelere yer verilmiştir. Hem bu teori bağlamında hem de son yıllarda değişen Türk dış politikası çerçevesinde Türkiye'nin federal Irak devletinin federe bir birimi niteliğindeki Irak Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi (IKBY) ile olan ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma Türkiye'nin özel ve kamusal kuruluşlarının IKBY'deki yatırımları, ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetleri ile IKBY'nin Türkiye üzerinden dünya piyasalarına enerji kaynaklarını ihraç etmek istemesiyle ilgili merkezi hükümetle ortaya çıkan siyasi ve hukuki sorunları incelemektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışma hem IKBY için Türkiye'nin önemi hem de Türkiye'nin değişen iç ve dış politikasıyla bölgedeki aktif rolü üzerinde durarak IKBY'nin Türkiye ile hiyerarşik olmayan karmaşık karşılıklı bağımlılık ilişkisini de analiz etmektedir. ; The study examines character and features of interdependence theory as one of the international theories and, investigates various meaning of interdependency with the developments recorded inter governmental affairs. The relations between Turkey and Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq (KRGI) as federated unity of federal Iraq are analyzed under framework of both interdependence theory and changing Turkish foreign policy recently. The relations between Turkey and KRGI having geographical and historical proximity with Turkey are carried out not only by means of governmental agencies but also by means of non governmental institutions and organizations. Examining the investments and commercial activities of Turkish private and public institutions in KRGI this study deals with the nature of conflicts taken place between KRGI and central government of Iraq due to request of KRGI to export energy resources via Turkey to world markets. Discussing both Turkey's importance for KRGI and active role of Turkey in the region with changing its internal and foreign policy, the study analyzes the complex and non hierarchical nature of interdependence relations of Turkey and KRGI.

"The Idea of a Moral Economy is the first modern edition and English translation of three questions disputed at the University of Paris in 1330 by the theologian Gerard of Siena. The questions represent the most influential late medieval formulation of the natural law argument against usury and the illicit acquisition of property. Together they offer a particularly clear example of scholastic ideas about the nature and purpose of economic activity and the medieval concept of a moral economy. In his introduction, editor Lawrin Armstrong discusses Gerard's arguments and considers their significance both within the context of scholastic philosophy and law and as a critique of contemporary mainstream economics. His analysis demonstrates how Gerard's work is not only a valuable source for understanding economic thought in pre-modern Europe, but also a fertile resource for scholars of law, economics, and philosophy in medieval Europe and beyond."--

In the present article author examines the problem of development of University student's socio-cultural competence by reading English fictional literature. The place of literature in intercultural communication in the teaching of foreign languages: that it is a source of information about nature, built on the basis of social and cultural realities, and through it they can know alternative cultural norms and at the same time compare their beliefs and attitudes. In addition, it is also source of developing the cognitive and emotional knowledge of students and through it they can find an easy solution to all the complexities of life. All analyzes was made on the example of fictions by E.Hemingway, Ch.Dickens, S.Mougham, F. Scott Fitzgerald, O.Henry, M.Twain, J.London, T.Morrison, P.John Dos and the approach to using historical facts in developing socio-cultural competence is revealed being supplemented with a number of pre-reading and post-reading activities suggested to students learning English as a second foreign language.

Our aim in this study is to evaluate the corporate social responsibility practices of Koza Mining Operations from the perspective of institutional mechanisms, and to reveal the society-based nature, which was inadequate in previous studies that explain the concept in particular.In particular, the fact that the institutional environment is subject to insufficient scrutiny by researchers and the studies conducted so far mainly on the place of responsibility practices related to financial performance have caused the concept to be subject to limited research in the literature. The study was carried out through in-depth interviews and archive scans with company officials in three mining sites (Bergama, Balıkesir and Gümüşhane) where the highest number of administrative lawsuits were filed against Koza Mining Operations. The case study method was chosen among the qualitative research methods in the study. According to the findings obtained from the study, it was determined that the company uses its corporate social responsibility practices as a public relations policy to solve or eliminate local or national problems (corporate legitimacy crisis) in the region.

Dass der Band mit insgesamt 451 Stücken ausnahmsweise ein ganzes Jahr umfasst, kommt nicht von ungefähr. Leibniz' Korrespondenz ist weniger dicht als in den Vorjahren; er selbst sieht sich geradezu abgeschnitten von "nova literaria". Die Gründe dafür sind vielfältiger Natur; die von ihm selbst angeführten gesundheitlichen Probleme dürften (auch wenn sie ihn von nun an bis zu seinem Lebensende begleiten werden) nur eine Nebenrolle gespielt haben. Vor allem sehen wir Leibniz in diesem Jahr, das er zu fast gleichen Teilen an den Höfen zu Berlin/Lietzenburg und Hannover/Herrenhausen verbringt, in einem fruchtbaren, absorbierenden Schaffensprozess. Einbezogen in die philosophischen Dispute am Hofe der preußischen Königin, und auch nach der Rückkehr nach Hannover im Dialog mit ihr gibt er mehreren Vorträgen (darunter der zunächst für diesen Hof bestimmten "Méditation sur la notion commune de la justice") Schriftform. Auch die Auseinandersetzung mit John Locke (und ebenso mit François Lamy) nimmt, in den Briefen gespiegelt, Gestalt an. Aus dem Austausch mit dem Chinamissionar Bouvet über anscheinende Parallelen zwischen dem binären Zahlensystem und den Hexagrammen des Yijing erwächst der "Essay d'une nouvelle sciences des nombres". Auch wenn die welfische Hausgeschichte fast nur in den Briefen des Amanuensis Eckhart präsent ist, kündigt sich eine wesentliche Vorleistung dazu an: die Quellenedition "Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium", deren Konkretisierung den Band hindurch zu verfolgen ist. Hemmend auf den Austausch in der Gelehrtenrepublik dürfte sich auch die Tagespolitik ausgewirkt haben, insbesondere die beiden großen europäischen Kriege. Der Spanische Erbfolgekrieg bringt Einschränkungen des Briefverkehrs mit sich; zusammen mit dem (3.) Nordischen Krieg steht er bei Leibniz und vielen Korrespondenten im Zentrum des Interesses. In der ersten Jahreshälfte lässt sich seine Information zum politischen Geschehen minutiös verfolgen anhand der Berichte, die ihm durch eine hannoversche Nachrichtenagentur zukommen – zusammen ...

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi -- Kaynakça var. ; Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği arasındaki görüşmeler, 3 Ekim 2005 tarihinden sonra, devam eden bir müzakere sürecidir. Müzakereleri iki taraflı bir süreç olarak ele almak üçüncü tarafları göz önüne almamak eğilimine işaret eder. Üçüncü taraflar, sadece sürece katılmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda dikkatli bir şekilde yönetilmesi gereken süreci daha karmaşık hale getirirler. Bu yaklaşım ışığında, müzakereler çok taraflı olarak ve Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliğindeki kurumlar tarafından, çok taraflılığın doğasından kaynaklanan istikrar ve sınırlılıklara uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmelidir. ; Turkey and European Union accession talks process is an ongoing negotiation process after the 3rd Oct, 2005 decision. Taking the negotiations as a bilateral process has a tendency which ignores the third parties. Third parties are not only involving the process, but also making more complex that needs to be held negotiations carefully managed. In the light of this approach, negotiations should be held as a multilateral process and its nature of stability and limitations in which determined by the institutions of Turkey and the European Union.

TEZ11146 ; Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2018. ; Kaynakça (s. 117-120) var. ; xii, 120 s. : tablo ; 29 cm. ; Tez çalışmasında Türkiye'deki mevcut siyasi partilerin milliyetçilik anlayışlarında dinin yerinin incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Günümüzde milliyetçi söylemi oluşturan yedi siyasi partinin tüzüklerinin, ideolojik kısımlarının seçilmesi yoluyla araştırma yapılmıştır. Milliyetçilik kuramları doğrultusunda, Türkiye'deki milliyetçilik anlayışlarının siyasi parti tüzükleri yoluyla çözümlenmesi çalışmanın kapsamını oluşturmaktadır. Milliyetçiliğin ne olduğu, tarih içerisinde ne zaman ortaya çıktığı, nasıl gelişim gösterdiği, ne zaman sosyal bilimlere konu olduğu, üzerine yapılan tartışmaların ve araştırmaların neler olduğu, Türkiye'ye nasıl ve ne zaman girdiği ile milliyetçiliğin Türkiye'deki tarihsel dönüşümü çalışmanın konusu olacaktır. Milliyetçiliğin gerek Dünya'da gerekse Türkiye'de tarihsel, siyasal ve toplumsal olarak yaratmış olduğu dönüşümlerden ötürü, sosyal bilimcilerin araştırma konusu olmuştur. Türkiye'de de milliyetçilik, milliyetçilik ve din üzerine çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak sosyal bilimlerin güncelliğini koruması ve ülkemizde milliyetçiliğin yeni evrelere girmesinden ötürü, güncel çalışmalara her zaman ihtiyaç olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca bu çalışma, Türkiye'de mevcut olan milliyetçi görüşleri, siyasi partilerin tüzüklerinde, milliyetçi kuramlar doğrultusunda inceleyeceğinden, milliyetçi olarak değerlendirilen görüşlerin, ne olduğuna dair de yeni bir fikir sağlayacaktır ; In this thesis study, the analysis of religion in the current political parties in Turkey is aimed. It is made with the regulations of seven political parties that form the nationalist discourse in present Turkey and selected ideological values of these parties. In accordance with the nationalism theories, the idea of this thesis is to study and analyze the understandings of nationalism in Turkey through the regulations of political parties. Definition of nationalism, its time of emerge in history, its growth, its time of becaming a subject to social sciences, the revelation of the nature of studies and arguements practiced on it, along with when and how it is included in Turkey and its historical transformation in Turkey will be the main topic of this paper. Both in the world and the Turkey, nationalism has been a research subject because of its ability to create historical, political and social transformations. Also in Turkey, there's been various researches done about nationalism, nationalism and religion. But, because of the always-updated status of social sciences and nationalism's always-evolving nature in our country, it can be said that up to date researches are always needed as well. Besides, this study will provide a new idea about the opinions which are defined as nationalistic and its identity through the paper's style of analyzing with the regulations of political parties and nationalistic theories on the present nationalistic opinions in Turkey.

The Tractatus de origine et natura, iure et mutationibus monetarum of Nicholas Oresme, written in Latin in 1355-1356 and later translated in French by the author himself, might be seen as one of the most important works to read in perspective the late-medieval thought on the nature of money and the role of the sovereign and the political body of the community. This work, here offered in a newly revised Italian edition, built on some manuscripts preserved at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France , appears from the onset as having a particularly marked political vocation, as it is addressed to the king of France Charles the Fifth, of whom Oresme was an advisor. The Norman magister has often been portrayed as a fervent supporter of a metallist view of the nature of money, as if its value were nothing more than the market value of the gold or silver it was made of, a perspective that might be characterised as one of private-law. However, a thorough reading of Oresme's monetary writings, that takes good stock of their historical contextualisation in the troubled monetary anarchy of the 1350s and of the interpretative links pointing to Aristotle's Politics and Ethics – known, translated and glossed by Oresme –, reveals a more complex analysis, that cannot be confined to the all-out defence of the intrinsic metallic stability of money. Rather, the proposed interpretation will qualify Oresme as a political advisor that perceives and appreciates the nature of money as a social institution, whose value and role is determined by those, the whole body of the political community, that are sovereign over money and resort to it in negotiations. In this political dimension of the government of the monetary institution emerges the structural role that Oresme attributes to the faith that must rest with those tasked with governing money: thus, the accent posed on the importance of preserving its value assumes a procedural dimension that aims at granting that the institution of money continues to fulfil its social metric role. ; Il Tractatus sulla moneta del filosofo e teologo Nicola Oresme, redatto in latino nel 1355-1356 e poi tradotto in francese dallo stesso autore, costituisce uno dei testi cardine della riflessione medievale sullo statuto della moneta e su chi ne sia sovrano. Quest'opera - di cui si propone una nuova e riveduta edizione italiana, impostata a partire da alcuni manoscritti conservati presso la Bibliothèque Nationale de France - testimonia sin dal suo avvio la sua forte valenza politica, avendo come primo interlocutore Carlo V il Saggio, il re di Francia di cui Oresme fu consigliere. Il magister normanno è stato spesso salutato quale fautore di una visione metallista della moneta, una merce tra le altre che vale tanto quanto l'oro o l'argento di cui è fatta, inserita in un'ottica schiettamente privatistica. Tuttavia, una lettura più attenta degli scritti monetari oresmiani, che metta in prospettiva sia il periodo storico in cui il testo fu redatto, caratterizzato da una diffusa anarchia monetaria, sia le relazioni che il Trattato stesso suggerisce rispetto ai passaggi aristotelici conosciuti e poi commentati dallo stesso Oresme, rivela un pensiero più complesso e più profondo. La cifra sintetica della sua riflessione monetaria non è infatti riducibile a una difesa ad oltranza dell'intrinseco metallico, ma si qualifica per lo spessore politico e teorico espresso dal consigliere regale che vede e apprezza della moneta il suo significato istituzionale. Il suo valore è stabilito da chi di quella moneta può dirsi sovrano e, al tempo stesso, fruitore: la comunità politica tutta. La dimensione eminentemente politica dell'istituzione-moneta emerge proprio da una rilettura complessiva del trattato. In esso il ruolo della fiducia nell'amministratore della divisa assume un'importanza strutturale incidendo sul valore della moneta e sulla necessità che esso venga tutelato e garantito attraverso precise garanzie procedurali sicché la moneta possa mantenere il suo fondamentale ruolo sociale: quello di misura.

The aim of this study is to take lessons for policy makers by examining the theory and practice of the social ecology approach, which is studied as an alternative model to climate change, capitalism and state organization discussions, through field applications. In order to achieve this aim, the basic concepts of social ecology and the approach of ecological society to the city were examined through the examples of southeastern Turkey and 'Rojava'. In the study, an answer has been sought to the research question of "are social ecology-based field practices and theory compatible?" In the theoretical framework, the political, administrative, social and economic discourses of the ecological approach, which puts nature at its center are explained as four criteria of analysis. In the discussions part, the field practices are examined in terms of the reflection of the theory in practice, taking into account the suggestions in political, administrative, social and economic dimensions. Contrary to rhetoric, it has been explained with the kiwi bird metaphor that the practices of PKK/KCK do not adequately reflect Bookchin's social ecology approach.

Man, who was created with the purpose of zoning and reforming the earth and serving his Lord, can be the subject of good or evil due to his nature. Satan, who is overcome by his arrogance and pride even though he believes in Allah, does not give consent and surrender to the divine decree, disobeys his Lord and is ungrateful, so he is expelled from divine mercy. In the study, it is aimed to determine the relationship between belief, knowledge and action determining the relationship between arrogance and obedience, rebellion and ingratitude, based on the example of the devil.
The basis of envy and ingratitude is arrogance and pride. The fact that man does not need or lack the Creator, associates them with himself without being grateful for the blessings and opportunities given, and sees himself as absolutely sufficient. Arrogance as a demonic attitude; includes cruelty, worship of desire, envy and ignorance. Boasting against the truth and truth causes frustration for people as well as in the example of the devil.
In this study, arrogance, concepts related to arrogance, the relationship of arrogance with obedience will be discussed.

"George Buchanan (1506-82) was one of the most distinguished humanists of the Northern European Renaissance. Hailed by his contemporaries as the greatest Latin poet of his age, he is chiefly remembered today as a radical political theorist whose Dialogus, first published in Edinburgh in 1579, justified the deposition of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1567 on the basis of a theory of popular sovereignty, which vested in the people the right to resist, depose and kill tyrannical monarchs. Dedicated to his pupil James VI, whose violent reaction against his tutor's ideas led him to develop his own views on the divine right of kings, Buchanan's work nevertheless proved immensely influential both in Britain and on the Continent, making a notable contribution to the debates over the nature and location of sovereignty which would finally bear fruit in the writings of John Locke. This new edition, featuring facing-page Latin text and English translation, is accompanied by extensive notes and commentary on Buchanan's classical and contemporary sources and a detailed introduction that examines the development of Buchanan's political thought, the context in which the Dialogus was written and published, and an extended analysis of the text itself."--Provided by publisher.

Unlike other major liberal democratic countries where the states can be argued to have oriented their involvement in cybersecurity relatively more towards the national security aspect such as the US, the role of the state in the cybersecurity realm has a less clear-cut orientation in the case of Japan. This paper clarifies the nature of the role of state in cybersecurity in Japan using the framework utilized by Cavelty and Egloft's 2019 article (Cavelty & Egloff, 2019). Within this framework, the role of the state is analyzed in theoretical, empirical, and normative dimensions. The theoretical dimension analysis focuses on different theories in literature regarding the Japanese state whereas the data for the empirical dimension analysis come from publicly available records by key Japanese state and private organizations involved in cybersecurity. The normative dimension analysis emphasizes the time horizon aspect of cybersecurity policies the Japanese state should be directing its attention. In conclusion, it is found that the Japanese state embodies the roles of "knowledge creator/disseminator", "supporter/representative of society", "partner", and "guarantor and protector" in addition to a necessity for government bodies to turn towards proactive long-term policies and initiatives for better cybersecurity in Japan.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi ; Bu çalışmada, ulusal otomobil envanterimizin çevreye ve insana olan direkt ve endirekt zararları tanımlanmış ve envanter çeşitli niteliklerine göre kümelendirilmiş, daha sonra bu kümeler doğaya ve insana verdiği zararın seviyesine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Sonraki aşamada, tüm ulusal otomobil envanterinin verdiği toplam zararın yaklaşık yarısını oluşturduğu tahmin edilen en tehlikeli küme tahmin edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, kamusal politika enstrümanları incelenmiş, bu enstrümanlara bağlı senaryolar oluşturulmuştur. Senaryoların bu söz konusu tehlikeli kümeler üzerindeki karar verme ve politik etkileri, evrimsel oyun teorisi yaklaşımıyla analiz edilmiştir. ; In this study, direct and indirect damages of the national automobile inventory on the community and nature are defined and inventory is clustered according to various qualifications. Then in first stage, these clusters are classified based on the level of damage given to the community. In the second stage of the classification, the most dangerous cluster estimated to constitute about half of the total damage caused by the national automobile inventory was estimated. In this context, public policy instruments were examined and scenarios composed which are based on these instruments. The political effects of the scenarios on the dangerous cluster is analysed and estimated by using evolutionary game theory approach.

Tarafsızlık 17. yy'a değin hukuki bir yöntem olarak devletlerin kendilerini savaşlardan korumak için kullandıkları bir araç olarak pek bilinmese de, herhangi bir savaşa taraf olmama, siyasi nitelikte bir tarafsızlık uygulaması olarak, çağlardır uluslararası ilişkilerde uygulanmıştır. Hukuki nitelikteki tarafsızlık, tarafsız ile tarafsızlığa hedef olanlara çeşitli haklar ve yükümlülükler oluştururken, siyasi tarafsızlık inandırıcı ve istikrarlı olma durumundadır. Çağdaş uluslararası gelişmeler ve özellikle silahların giderek büyüyen vurucu güçleri, kollektif savunma gereksinimine neden olduğu gibi, uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde güç kullanımını da sınırlamaktadır. Bu gelişmeler tarafsızlığın statü olarak uygulanmasını güçleştirici özelliktedir. Ulusal dış politikalarda tarafsızlık, günümüzde belirli durum ve koşullarda uygulana bilirliğinin yanında, uluslararası işlevselliğe de sahip olabilmektedir. ; Die Neutralitaet als völkerrechtliches Mittel ist bis zum 17. th. als Faktum des Sichhera shaltens der Staaten aus dem Krieg anderer Staaten nicht bekannt, obwohl die Neutralitaet in Form von politische Orientierung der Staaten, sich uon Kriegen anderer Staaten herauszuhalten, se it Jahrhunderten praektiziert werden. Die Neutralitaet im völkerrechtlichen Sinn umfasst wechselseitinge Rechte und Pflichten von Neutralen und der Neutralitaet ausgesetzten Parteien. Waehrend politische Neutralitaet glaubwürdigkeit und Stabilitaet uoraussetzt. Diğe Entwicklungen der internationalen Beziehungen und uo rallem die Entwicklungen der Waffensysteme, die die Massengefaehrdungen ermöglicht, fiihrt im Gegenwart nicht nur zur Notwendigkeit der kollektiuen Sieherheit ein, sondem beschraenkt auch die Andwendung der militaerischen Mittels als Jnstrument der Konflikstslösung. Diese Entwicklungen wirken einer Neutralitael uölkerrecht lichen Natur, d.h. also webiger im politische Sinne, entgegegen. Im Gegenwart ist die Neutralitaet fiir die Staaten als Status oder Orierıtiurung nur unter bestimmten nationalen oder internationalen umstaenden und Gegebenheiten uon Nutzen.