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TWO AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICANISMS: THE INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE RIGHT
During the founding period of the United States, the ideological foundations of American political discourse were formed. The constitutional debate and the first years of the young republic showed the fundamental differences between the Founding Fathers. Their different conceptions of the Union and its essence created different currents within American republicanism. In the article, the author analyzes two conservative republicanisms that arose in the North and South of the United States. In his opinion, the northern republicanism of Hamilton, Ames, Adams and Marshall, emphasizing the negative side of human nature, had to appeal to power, which alone can tame particularisms and unite the efforts of all in one direction. Southerners, on the other hand, took as the starting point of their argument the organic nature and primordiality of the basic social structures that determine the scope of power, primarily federal.

Recent decades have seen substantive changes in reproductive patterns involving decisions whether, when and how to have children. Although time is at the core of transformations of contemporary childbearing, there are few systematic theoretical reflections and empirical studies on reproductive time. Drawing on sociological, feminist and decolonial approaches to time and 40 life story interviews on the transition to motherhood, this article explores the multiple ontologies of time shaping women's reproductive experiences. The findings show that women understand and live reproductive time as determined by God, nature, the clock and technology and often manage convergent and conflicting ontologies of time in negotiating childbearing. These times outline differential spaces for agency and accountability, thus enabling and constraining women's childbearing experiences in particular ways. These findings advance knowledge on the temporal dimension of childbearing, challenge normative assumptions underlying reproductive time and contribute to better understand contemporary changes in the nature of reproduction.

Primal world beliefs ("primals") capture individuals' basic understanding of what sort of world this is. How do children develop beliefs about the nature of the world? Is the world a good place? Safe or dangerous? Enticing or dull? Primals were initially introduced in social and personality psychology to understand beliefs about the world as a whole that may influence well-being and personality. This article introduces the concept of primals to developmental scientists and reviews preliminary research examining how primals relate to sociodemographic and well-being indicators. The article then situates the concept of primals in some classic developmental theories to illustrate testable hypotheses these theories suggest regarding how primals develop. Understanding how individuals develop basic beliefs about the nature of the world deepens insights into the human experience, including how malleable these beliefs might be and how they may be influenced by, and in turn influence, other domains of development.

In recent years, aesthetics has evolved into a rich and diverse discipline, including ethical, social, religious, environmental and cultural issues. As international communication increases due to more frequent congresses and electronic communication, the various traditions of aesthetics have combined with its historically interdisciplinary nature, which makes aesthetics the center of diverse and numerous interests. And raises the question of what is modern aesthetics? The answer to this question is often simply formulated, but not carefully developed, even if the current nature and scope of this discipline is far from obvious. In order to explore how one can understand both the concept and the field of modern aesthetics, the author of the article suggests considering three topics in this regard: time, space and the content of aesthetics, i.e. questions about when, where and what kind of modern aesthetics appears. According to the author, on this basis it is possible to construct a conceptual space.

Claims made by linguist Daniel Everett, that the Pirahã language, spoken by a small group of native Amazonians, lacks features thought to be universally present in languages, captured the imaginations of scholars and prompted broader questions on the nature of language, the diversity in languages, and the universals shared by them. Everett claimed that, in Pirahã, he had found a language without numbers, colors, mythology, abstract thinking, or recursive embedding. These claims were challenged by proponents of a universal grammar and by other biological linguists concerned with identifying shared faculties that undergird human cognitive capacities and by linguistic anthropologists concerned with the products of those potentials as they are actualized in the interactivity of speaking. Situating the Pirahã in historical and sociological context, I question the novelty of a faculty of language and many of Everett's claims of Pirahã exceptionality, and I explore the renewed interest in the nature of language.

AbstractInterest groups are key intermediary actors that communicate societal interests and preferences to public officials. Given public officials' reliance on interest groups' input in public policy processes, it is essential to understand how groups establish policy positions and assess the democratic nature of this process. Focusing on the leadership perspective, this article examines how interest groups involve their membership base in the process of defining their policy positions. The article relies on qualitative data from interviews with the leaders of interest groups active at the EU level and the statutes of these organizations. The findings show that the nature of policy issues under discussion and unequal resources of members lead to biased membership involvement in policy position-taking. While leaders are aware of these dynamics, their efforts to mitigate unequal participation seem limited, which raises questions about the representative potential of interest groups and the legitimacy of their policy claims.

In this article, we argue that animal rights and welfare are largely neglected at the United Nations (UN) and in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The UN Sustainability Agenda is not transformative because it lacks a serious (re-)consideration of the relationship between human beings, non-human animals and other components of nature. We propose four ways to strengthen animal rights and animal welfare at the UN: (1) we suggest creating a UN organisation working on animal protection, (2) we support earlier ideas to include an additional SDG on animal welfare in the UN Sustainability Agenda, (3) we propose to strengthen animals rights within the rights of nature framework using the UN as a forum to advance non-anthropocentric norms, (4) we recommend introducing procedural rights for animals in projects linked to SDG funding. Our research is based on an integrative literature review and a document analysis of UN documents, declarations and resolutions.

The quality of the policy making, the consisitency between policy intent and the impact of policies when implemented, and the effectiveness, equality, and efficiency of the administrative process can can all be affected by the nature of the interation and relative influence politicians and administration. politics and administration should be thought of as different elements of the same process of formulating and implementing public policy. it is therefore, against this background that this paper investigates the relatiosnhip between politicians and public administratrators in policy making. this is because policy formulators shoould work together with policy implementers because non-cooperation of the two will only lead to the success of policy in writing but failure in practice. this paper is conceptual in nature and that it derives its contribution and argument from the existing lirature. This paper, inter alia, recommends that it is vital for politicians and administrators to complement each other than to have them separated

The article reflects one of the most important and acute problems of mankind at all times, which are expressed in the manifestation of vices, such as cowardice, meanness, hypocrisy, lies, betrayal, greed, etc. A feature of the expression of human nature is the presence of a duality of categories, special attention is paid to the fact that each person decides for himself which path to take, the path of honesty or the path of lies. On the example of the perfect deeds of the heroes of the novel, the article provides examples of the expression of these very vices of human nature in all its glory. It is interesting to reflect the theme of the depravity of society in a satirical manner of presenting the novel. Human society appears before us as mired in vices, doomed society, the only way to redeem which is only the application of punishment.

Tensions between farmers, government and society have recently been running high in the Netherlands. Dutch farmers are furious with the national government because of the ever-stricter nitrogen policy that is supposed to save nature in the Netherlands, in line with European directives. The current plan states that nitrogen emissions need to be reduced by 50% in 2030. The disagreement over how to tackle the nitrogen issue in the Netherlands is a deeply rooted conflict that goes back decades. In this political commentary, we analyse the conflict and argue that the solutions proposed in the public and political debate tend to ignore the systemic nature of the problem. We suggest that it is important to work towards innovation in the rules and arrangements that govern agricultural value chains to create a more conducive and enabling environment for the regional initiatives that have emerged in response to the current crisis, several of which challenge the currently dominant food system.

Abstract
Scholars often turn to Livy's famous digression on Aulus Cossus and the spolia opima (4.17–20) to shed light on his larger political inclinations. These readings generally regard Livy as either an Augustan (or at least a patriotic Roman) or an apolitical skeptic. Yet neither view, I argue, fully explains the Cossus affair. What is needed is an interpretation that recognizes the political nature of the Cossus digression and its skepticism toward Augustus. Attending to Livy's rhetorical strategy in the digression allows us to see it as an instance of oblique criticism of Augustus and his control over Roman life. The explanatory power of this reading extends to episodes from the life of Romulus as well. I argue Livy uses these stories to make a theoretical argument about the nature of despotism, namely, that it seeks to control narratives of the past just as much as it aims for political domination.

Puig Gordi and others, a consequence of the Europeanization of the Catalan secession crisis, is another case in the constant evolution of the Court of Justice of the European Union's (CJEU) case law on the European Arrest Warrant (EAW). To this judicial cooperation mechanism of an automatic nature, the CJEU has gradually incorporated the evaluation of fundamental rights as an integral part of its nature. This incorporation has been needed even more in the context of the rule of law crisis. In the particular case, the CJEU guides the application of the two-step test only on the possible violation of the fundamental right to a court established by law but does not express guidelines regarding other possible violations. Problems in the drawing of the preliminary reference explains the CJEU's lack of a complete answer, which may create uncertainty for the parties involved as to how the EAW should be executed in the particular case.

We live in a time of planetary climate change. One of its elements is the sixth great extinction of species. The article talks about how difficult the relationship between humans and nature is in these times, citing the examples of three species from the Bovidae: the cow, the aurochs, and the bison. Critical issues of nature conservation in the Anthropocene are presented: restoration of extinct species, wildness, and capacity of ecosystems. Combining elements of scholarly discussion with artistic speculation, this article is an extensive story about the need to recognize the subjectivity of non-human beings for understanding current ecological problems. The readers are invited to participate in five speculative journeys with the Last Female Aurochs, and the guide is Golem – an open interpretive figure, a contribution to reflections on advancement, decline, and the struggle to reverse the world order. Key-words: Anthropocene, wildness, species, golem, breeding, conservation, subjectivity, population, reintroduction, speculation, female aurochs, extinction, dependence, savagery

AbstractUnder President Xi Jinping, the strengthening of the Chinese Communist Party's political control occurs in conjunction with an evolving administrative role for government-affiliated associations. Analysing associations that are subordinate within China's strict hierarchy but which have degrees of operational freedom yields insights into the changing nature of public service and administration in China. Evidence from 63 interviews conducted from 2018 to 2022 with government departments and affiliated associations in the education sector reveals the complexity of state control and degrees of constrained autonomy achieved by affiliated associations. The government exerts control over financing, personnel appointments and core business activities but, over time, associations gain varying degrees of operational autonomy to influence the education agenda and fill gaps in public services. The interdependency and relational variance we find in the case of Ministry of Education-affiliated associations contributes to broader understandings of the complex and fragmentary nature of the Chinese state and public administration.

In the past decade, myriad studies have explored the effects of nonviolent resistance (NR) on outcomes including revolutionary success (short-term and long-term) and democratization, and how nonviolent mobilization can play a similar role to violence in affecting social change in some settings. This special issue seeks to advance our understanding of the role of nonviolence by tackling some key assumptions in existing work that are complicated by historical and contemporary realities of deepening polarization worldwide. This issue addresses four key areas within conflict and peace research that limit our ability to make sense of NR: (a) the fragmented nature of civil resistance campaigns in terms of supporters and demands; (b) the increasing prevalence of authoritarian or anti-egalitarian nonviolent campaigns; and (c) the complicated nature of revolutionary success. Cutting across all three of these substantive areas is another key area, which is: (d) the United States as an increasingly salient site of conflict and contention.