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The pursuit of nuclear non-proliferation has been a major international concern of our times. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 is of great historical significance for having created the world's first nuclear-free zone (NFZ). Article 5 of the Treaty prohibits any nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste in the Antarctica. The Treaty of Tlatelolco of 1967 established the first internationally recognised Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone (NWFZ) in a populated region of the world, namely Latin America. The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 was an attempt to bring in a global regime to prevent the acquisition of nuclear weapons by non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS). States in the latter category can adhere to the NPT while accepting a stationing of nuclear weapons on their territories, as long as they do not exercise jurisdiction and control over the weapons. West Germany is an obvious example of such a country. A NWFZ, however, prohibits such stationing of nuclear weapons. The three essential characteristics of a NWFZ are non-possession, non-deployment and non-use of nuclear weapons. NWFZs can help to strengthen and promote non-proliferation by providing a means of extending and reinforcing the NPT. In fact Article 7 of the latter accepts that, "Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of states to conclude regional treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons in their respective territories." The article merely acknowledged that one such treaty had been negotiated more or less simultaneously with the NPT. The second NFWZ in an inhabited region was not to be established for another eighteen years. At the Sixteenth South Pacific Forum meeting held in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, Forum countries adopted the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty on 6 August 1985 (Hiroshima Day). The Preamble to the treaty expresses the commitment to world peace, a grave concern at the continuing nuclear arms race, the conviction that every country bears an obligation to strive for the elimination of nuclear weapons, a belief in the efficacy of regional arms control measures, and a reaffirmation of the NPT for halting nucleor proliferation. The core NFZ obligations are contained in Articles 3–7. Each party agrees not to manufacture or otherwise acquire, possess or have control—or seek to do so—over any nuclear device; not to assist or encourage others to make or acquire nuclear weapons; to prevent the stationing or testing of nuclear weapons on its territory; not to dump radioactive wastes at sea anywhere in the zone, and to prevent such dumping by others in its territorial sea. Discussions at the United Nations had, by the mid-1970s, identified nine major principles as the guiding elements of a NWFZ: (1) the initiative should come from the countries of the region; (2) the specific provisions of the NWFZ treaty should be negotiated between the regional member states in the form of a multilateral treaty establishing the zone in perpetuity; (5) while adherence to the treaty should be voluntary, the NWFZ must nevertheless embrace all militarily significant states in the region: (4) existing treaty relationships within the zone should not be disturbed; (5) there should be an effective verification system: (6) peaceful nuclear development should be allowed; (7) the zone should hare clearly defined and recognised boundaries; (8) in defining the territory of the zone, members must respect international law, including freedom of the seas and straits used for international navigation and of international airspace; and (9) the NWFZ should have the support of the nuclear-weapon states. Thus the NWFZ concept in established United Nations vocabulary does not prohibit the temporary presence of nuclear vessels during transit or on port calls, and it does not necessarily preclude the acquisition of sensitive nuclear facilities and materials tantamount to having a nuclear-weapon capability or producing untested nuclear bomb components. Nevertheless, it will be useful to follow the UN criteria in order to examine the nature and implications of the South Pacific zone.

Book Reviews in This Article:W. E. Lunt. Studies in Anglo‐Papal Relations during the Middle Ages, II. Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 1327‐1534.W. G. Hoskins. Provincial England. Essays in Social and Economic History.Thomas W. Parker. The Knights Templars in England.G. Parsloe (Ed.). The Wardens' Accounts of the Worshipful Company of Founders of the City of London. 1497–1681.Mary Dewar. Sir Thomas Smith. A Tudor Intellectual in Office.T. A. Penfold (ed.). Acts of the Privy Council of England, 1630 June–1631 June.J. G. Jenkins (ed.). Victoria County History, the County of Stafford.William Letwin. The Origins of Scientific Economics. English Economic Thought, 1660–1776.D. C. Coleman. Sir John Banks, Baronet & Businessman.L. A. Burgess. The Origins of Southampton.Virgínia Rau and Jorge de Macedo. O Açúcar da Madeira nos Fins do Séulo XV. Problemas de Produção e Comércio.H. van der Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy (fourteenth to sixteenth centuries).Zs. P. Pach. Die Ungarische Agrarentwicklung im 16–17. Jahrhundert: Abbiegung vom westeuropäischen Entwicklungsgang.Jean‐François Bergier. Genève et l'economie européenne de la Renaissance.Hubert Pinsseau. Un aspect du développement économique de la France: histoire de la construction, de l'administration et de l'exploitation du canal d'Orléans de 1676 à 1954.Pierre Léon. Marchands et spéculateurs dauphinois dans le monde antillais du XVIIIe siècle: les Dolle et les Raby.Ferdinand Lot. Recherches sur les effectifs des armées françaises des Guerres d'Italie aux Guerres de Religion, 1492–1562.Pierre Dardel. Navires et merchandises dans les ports de Rouen et du Havre au XVIIIe siècle.Renée Doehaerd. Études Anversoises. Documents sur le commerce international à Anvers, 1488‐1514.Boris Porschnev. Les soulèvements populaires en France de 1623 à 1648.Herbert Luthy. La Banque Protestante en France de la Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes à la Révolution. II: De la Banque aux Finances (1730–1794).Adeline Daumard. La bourgeoisie parisienne de 1815 à 1848.J. C. Toutain. La population de la France de 1700 à 1959.Félix Rivet. La navigation à vapeur sur la Saǒne et le Rhǒne (1783–1863).Pierre Bauchet. Economic Planning. The French Experience. Translated by Daphne Woodward. (London: Heinemann. 1964. Pp. xvi + 299. 35s.)Ludwig Beutin. Gesammelte Schriften zur Wirtschafts‐ und Sozialgeschichte.Richard Gaettens. Die Wirtschaftsgebiete und der Wirtschaftsgebietspfennig der Hohen‐staufenzeit.Manfred Unger. Stadtgemeinde und Bergwesen Freibergs im Mittelalter. (Abhandlungen zur Handels‐ und Sozialgeschichte. Ed. im Auftrag des Hansischen Geschichtsvereins. Vol. V.Rudolf Kleiminger. Das Heiligengeisthospital von Wismar in sieben Jahrhunderten. Ein Beitrag zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Stadt, ihrer Höfe und Dörfer. (Abhandlungen zur Handels‐ und Sozialgeschichte, Commissioned by of the Hanse History Association. Vol. IV.Hildegard Weiss. Die Zisterzienserabtei Ebrach. Eine Untersuchung zur Grundherrschaft, Gerichtsherrschqft und Dorfgemeinde im fränkischen Raum. (Quellen und Forschungen zur Agrargeschichte, Vol. VIII.Kurt Hinze. Die Arbeiterfrage zu Beginn des modernen Kapitalismus in Brandenburg‐Preussen 1685‐1806. Mit einer Einführung von O. Büsch. (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin beim Friedrich‐Meinecke‐Institut der Freien Universität Berlin, Vol. 9.Wilhelm Treue. Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Neuzeit im Zeitalter der Industriellen Revolution 1700 bis 1960.Joachim Lampe. Aristokratie, Hofadel und Staatspatriziat in Kurhannover. Die Lebenskreise der höheren Beamten an den kurhannoverschen Zentral‐ und Hofbehörden, 1714‐1760. Vol. 1: Darstellung. Vol. 2: Beamtenlisten und Ahnentafeln.Herbert Milz. Das Kölner Grossgewerbe von 1750 bis 1835. (Schriften zur rhein.‐west‐fälischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte.Willy Freitag. Die Entwicklung der Kaiserslauterer Textilindustrie seit dem 18. Jahrhundert. (Veröffentlichungen des InstitutS für Landeskunde des Saarlandes. Vol. 8.Werner Hofmann. Ideengeschichte der sozialen Bewegung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. (Sammlung Göschen, Vol. 1205/1205a.Alois Brusatti, Wilhelm Haas und Walter Pollock (Eds.). Geschichte der Sozialpolitik mit Dokumenten.Hansjörg Gruber. Die Entwicklung der pfälzischen Wirtschaft 1816‐1834. (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Landeskunde des Saarlandes, Vol. 6.Jürgen Kuczynski. Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus. Teil I. Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter in Deutschland von 1789 bis zur Gegenwart. Vol. 3: Darstellung der Lage der Arbeiter in Deutschland von 1871 bis 1900.Hans Mommsen. Die Sozialdemokratie und die Nationalitätenfrage im habsburgischen Vielvölkerstaat. Part I: Das Ringen um die supranationale Integration der zisleithanischen Arbeiterbewegung, 1867‐1907. (Veröffentlichungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in österreich. Vol. I.Karl‐Bernhard Netzband und Hans Peter Widmaier. Währungs‐ und Finanzpolitik der ära Luther 1923‐1925. (Veröffentlichungen der List‐Gesellschaft e.V. Vol. 32, Reihe B.Horst Hans Hergel. Industrialisierungspolitik in Spanien seit Ende des Bürgerkrieges. (Die industrielle Entwicklung, Abteilung A: Untersuchungen zur Volkswirtschaftspolitik, Vol. 7.Fritz Federau. Der zweite Weltkrieg–Seine Finanzierung in Deutschland.Wilhelm Weber. Österreichs Finanzpolitik 1945‐1961.Karl G. Thalheim. Grundzüge des sowjetischen Wirischaftssystems. (Abhandlungen des Bundesinstituts zur Erforschung des Marxismus‐Leninismus, Vol. I. Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1963, Part II.

1International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Provisional measures of protection — Circumstances in which Court will indicate provisional measures — Whether necessary to determine that prima facie basis for jurisdiction exists — Nature of provisional measures in case involving continuing armed conflictInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Removal of case from list — Circumstances in which request for removal will be granted — Necessary that there must be no prima facie basis for jurisdictionInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Intervention — Application by State to intervene to contest jurisdiction and admissibility — Whether any basis for such intervention in Statute — Whether appropriate to hold hearing — Refusal of request to intervene not a bar to intervention at merits phase of proceedingsInternational Court of Justice — Organization of the Court — Judges — Standards of behaviour — Press conference — Reference by State party to case to nationality of certain judges — Suggestion that secret information could not be disclosed to court containing judges from certain countriesInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Optional Clause — Declaration of acceptance — Declarations made under Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice — When transferred to International Court of Justice — Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 36(5) — Whether necessary for declaration to have been binding in respect of Permanent Court in order to be transferred under Article 36(5) — Declaration made by Nicaragua on signing Protocol of Signature to the Statute of the Permanent Court — Never completed by ratification — Whether possessing any legal effect — Whether constituting a binding acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court by virtue of Article 36(5)International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Optional Clause — State listed in Court publications as having accepted compulsory jurisdiction — Whether inclusion in list legally significant — Conduct of States — Whether capable of curing defect in State's acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction — Whether conduct must be consistent and unequivocal — Whether State's conduct amounting to an estoppel2International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Optional Clause — Withdrawal or amendment of declaration accepting compulsory jurisdiction — Declaration stating that notice required — Whether States within Optional Clause system possessing extra-statutory right to withdraw declarations with immediate effect — State practice under Optional Clause — Reciprocity — Whether applicable to notice provisions of declarationsInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Optional Clause — Reservations — Reservation excluding jurisdiction of the Court in relation to disputes arising under a multilateral treaty if the other parties to the treaty who would be affected by the decision not before the Court — Interpretation — Whether reservation capable of being applied in proceedings relating to jurisdiction — Whether more appropriate for application at merits phase — Reservation precluding Court from adjudicating upon claims based on treaty provisions on the use of force and intervention — Whether also precluding application of customary law principles with content similar or identical to treaty provisionsInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Under bilateral treaty — Nicaragua-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, 1956 — Disputes regarding interpretation and application of Treaty — Extent of jurisdiction conferred upon CourtInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Admissibility of application — Legal dispute — Definition — Whether excluding dispute involving continuing armed conflict — Whether such disputes reserved for Security Council — Whether State required to exhaust regional political machinery for settlement of disputes before referring matter to Court — Absence of other States involved in regional dispute — Whether international law includes indispensable parties rule — Whether admissibility to be considered at jurisdiction or merits phase of proceedingsInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Fact-finding — Rules of evidence — Procedure for determining facts — Relevant period — Press information and matters of public knowledge — Statements by representatives of States — Oral evidence of witnesses — Material not presented in accordance with Rules of CourtInternational Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Absence of respondent State from part of proceedings — Statute of the International Court, Article 533International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Power to award damages — Whether including power to make interim award of damagesSources of international law — Treaties — Customary international law — Relationship between treaties and custom — Development of customary international law through the conclusion of treaties — Whether treaty completely supplants identical rules of customary international law as between parties to the treaty — United Nations Charter — Charter of the Organization of American States — Provisions relating to intervention and the use of force — Whether codificatory of existing customary law at the date of their conclusion — Whether customary law has subsequently developed to take the same form as Charter provisionsSources of international law — Customary international law — Constituent elements — Practice — Whether absolute consistency required — Opinio iuris — Evidence of — Treaties as evidence of opinio iuris — Resolutions of international organizations as evidence of opinio iuris — Significance of concordant views of parties to case as evidence of content of customary lawState responsibility — For acts of armed groups supported by State — Rebel groups operating in one State financed and equipped by other State — Whether acts of rebel groups imputable to the State which supports them — Degree of control necessary for acts to be imputable to StateWar and armed conflict — Use of force — Definition — Whether supplying rebel groups operating in another State a use of force against that State — Whether an armed attack — Provision of funds and supply of arms — Logistical and organizational support — Training — Covert operations — Sending armed bands — Whether an armed attack — United Nations Charter, Articles 2(4) and 51 — Customary international lawWar and armed conflict — Use of force — Self-defence — Limitations on the right of self-defence — Requirement of an armed attack — Necessity and proportionality — Motive of State using force in alleged self-defence — Collective self-defence — Requirements — Whether State which has been the victim of an armed attack must request assistance — Whether third State coming to assistance of victim State must itself be under threat — Duty to report measures taken to Security Council under United Nations 4Charter, Article 51 — Whether also a requirement of customary international law — Evidential significance of failure to report measuresWar and armed conflict — Use of force — Self-defence — Whether State entitled to use force in response to unlawful intervention not amounting to an armed attackWar and armed conflict — Humanitarian law and the laws of armed conflict — Geneva Conventions, 1949 — Whether an expression or a development of fundamental principles of humanity — Common Article 3 — Fundamental principles applicable to non-international conflicts — Minimum yardstick also applicable to international conflicts — Conflict in Nicaragua — Whether international — Common Article 1 — Duty to ensure respect for Conventions in all circumstances — Publication of manual advocating the commission of acts contrary to humanitarian law — Whether publication a violation of humanitarian lawWar and armed conflict — Humanitarian law and the laws of armed conflict — Naval warfare — Mines — Hague Convention No. VIII, Relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines, 1907 — Duty to notify international shipping of the existence and location of minefieldsStates — Sovereignty — Duty of non-intervention — Scope and extent of duty at customary international law — Support for rebel groups in another State — Right of each State to determine political system and foreign policy for itself — Whether this freedom curtailed by announcement to regional organization of political programme — Whether announcement constituting binding undertaking — Regional organization and some States within region recognizing new government on strength of undertakingStates — Sovereignty — Mining approaches to State's ports — Unauthorized intrusion into State's airspace — Whether violations of State's sovereigntyGovernments — Recognition — Conditions of recognition — Nicaragua — Junta for National Reconstruction offering certain undertakings about future direction of Nicaragua — Organization of American States withdrawing recognition from previous "Somoza" Government — Whether undertakings binding5Governments — Succession — Successful rebellion — New government responsible for acts of rebelsHuman rights — Enforcement — Whether States have a right to use force against State which is violating human rights — Alleged violations of human rights in Nicaragua — Whether justifying use of force by the United StatesAir — Airspace — Unauthorized intrusion into State's airspace — Whether a violation of State sovereigntySea — Territorial Sea — Internal waters — Freedom of passage — Mines — State laying mines in territorial sea and internal waters of other State — Access to other State's ports impeded — Whether a violation of freedom of navigationEconomics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Trade embargo — State blocking loans in international organizations — United States sanctions against Nicaragua — Whether contrary to general international law — Whether contrary to Nicaragua-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, 1956 — Whether defeating object and purpose of treatyDamages — Basis for award of damages — Reparation for unlawful use of force and intervention — Declaration that Respondent State under a duty to make reparation — Form and amount of reparation to be settled in later proceedingsTreaties — Form — Informal undertakings — Plan for political development of State issued by government in exile to regional organization — Whether intended to have legal effect

The downward trend in major arms transfers as measured by the SIPRI trend-indicator value appears to have been reversed. In both 2001 and 2003 there were clear increases in the volumes of major weapons delivered. Russia and the USA remain the major suppliers. Their main recipients were China and India (in the case of Russia) and Taiwan, Egypt, the UK, Greece, Turkey and Japan (in the case of the USA). A continued increase in US arms transfers will influence the global trend. However, domestic factors indicate that the level of Russian arms transfers is unlikely to remain high for very much longer. The future is uncertain for the other major suppliers because of international competition and remaining uncertainty about the future potential of European development and production. The relatively small suppliers of today could achieve short-term importance, as illustrated by Canada and Uzbekistan. Events in Iraq in 2003 do not seem to have had a strong immediate impact on orders for or deliveries of major weapons. They seem instead to have supported decisions already made as a result of the war in Afghanistan. The operation in Iraq may have been carried out at a technical level beyond what most countries regard as relevant to their own defense policy or military strategy. That said, there are likely to be orders for new weapons such as precision-guided 'beyond visual range' missiles, ABM defense systems, UAVs and man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS). Since the war in Afghanistan MANPADS have been high on the international control agenda, but they may be in demand because they were among the more effective weapons in Afghanistan and Iraq. (1) Appendices 12A and 12B provide data on the transfers of major conventional weapons. (2) Appendix 12C explains the sources and methods for the data collection. (3) Appendix 12D, by Siemon T. Wezeman, discusses the suppliers of ballistic missiles. The proliferation of ballistic missiles has been viewed by Western countries as a problem for over 20 years. Several of the major and most problematic suppliers and recipients, such as China, Iran, North Korea and Syria, are among the most secretive countries in the world. Most reports of their activities are based on Israeli, United States or other Western intelligence sources and are virtually impossible to verify. North Korean export-related income is very limited and arms sales provide an important part of it. Most North Korean weapons are outdated and uncompetitive, but the country has found a niche-market for its ballistic missiles. Giving up such exports, which are not illegal, would be a large economic sacrifice. Companies and persons from former Soviet republics are trading their products and knowledge for commercial reasons, but generally without state involvement or permission. Other exporters' reasons may be more political. Chinese technology exports to Pakistan are more related to supporting an ally, as are US exports to the United Kingdom. There may be steps in the direction of the development of very accurate ballistic missiles that could use conventional warheads more effectively. New navigation systems may dramatically improve accuracy without adding exceptional additional costs. GPS technology is widespread and other systems not dependent on signals from foreign satellites are also possible. However, the main urgency in the debate about missile proliferation arises from those missiles intended to deliver warheads armed with biological, chemical or nuclear payloads, especially nuclear warheads. There has been some success in limiting the number of suppliers of ballistic missiles and related technology. This is partly linked to the fact that ballistic missiles -- especially when they have ranges of over 1500 km, when problems of multiple stages and warhead re-entry are encountered -- are fairly complicated systems which often require foreign help. That many of the key technologies required for ballistic missiles (e.g., fuel, warhead re-entry vehicles and engines) are quite distinct has also helped to control proliferation. Importantly, some of the uncertainty about ballistic missile programs, transfers and links between countries may soon be reduced. The 'war on terrorism' has increased controls on financial transactions and on the transfer and transportation of weapons and related materials. Revelations about and Western access to the Libyan and Iraqi ballistic missile programs will increase understanding of the sources and mechanisms of ballistic missile proliferation. This may lead to improved controls and regulations, further limiting proliferation. Adapted from the source document.

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Dispute concerning coastal State rights in
Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait — Ukraine instituting proceedings
against Russian Federation under Annex VII of United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Ukraine alleging unauthorized activities of
Russian Federation violating its rights under Convention — Whether Tribunal
having jurisdiction — Basis of Tribunal's jurisdiction — Whether Tribunal
having jurisdiction to rule on sovereignty over Crimea — Legal status of
Crimea — Objection that Tribunal having no jurisdiction over Ukraine's
claims concerning activities in Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait — Whether
objection possessing exclusively preliminary character — Objection that
Tribunal having no jurisdiction in light of Parties' declarations under
Article 298(1) of Convention — Objection that Tribunal having no
jurisdiction over fisheries claims in light of Article 297(3)(a) of
Convention — Objection that Tribunal having no jurisdiction over fisheries,
protection and preservation of the marine environment, and navigation in
light of Annex VIII to Convention — Objection that Tribunal having no
jurisdiction pursuant to Article 281 of Convention — Whether Tribunal having
jurisdiction in light of Parties' declarations under Article 298(1) of
Convention — Exceptions — Military activities — Law enforcement —
Delimitation — Historic bays or titles
Treaties — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 —
Interpretation — Application — Article 288(1) — Tribunal constituted under
Annex VII of Convention — Scope of jurisdiction of Tribunal — Dispute
between Parties — Whether dispute concerning interpretation or application
of Convention falling within jurisdiction of court or tribunal under Article
288(1) — Whether Tribunal having jurisdiction over Ukraine's sovereignty
claim
Territory — Sovereignty — Crimea — Legal status — Russian Federation
recognizing Ukraine's sovereignty over Crimea before March 2014 — Events in
2014 — Russian Federation claiming sovereignty over Crimea after March 2014
— Opposing views of Parties on sovereignty over Crimea — Question as to
whether Russian Federation or Ukraine having sovereignty over Crimea —
Whether prerequisite for decision of Tribunal on Ukraine's claims under
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Whether Russian
Federation or Ukraine coastal State for purposes 2of Convention — Whether
sovereignty dispute over Crimea existing vel non
— Whether ancillary to maritime dispute brought by Ukraine — Russian
Federation's claim that legal status of Crimea altered — Whether Russian
Federation's claim of sovereignty admissible — Principle of non-recognition
— Article 41 of International Law Commission's Articles on State
Responsibility — United Nations General Assembly resolutions — Principles of
good faith and estoppel — Whether Tribunal having jurisdiction over
Ukraine's sovereignty claim
International organizations — United Nations — General Assembly —
Resolutions — Legal effect and meaning — Interpretation — Relevance —
Customary international law — Factual and legal determinations made in
resolutions — Effect and weight — Content, conditions and context of
adoption of resolutions — Whether Tribunal having power to interpret texts
of international organizations — Whether recognizing objective fact of
existence of dispute over Crimea contravening resolutions — Whether Tribunal
having jurisdiction over claims of sovereignty over Crimea
Sea — Maritime zones — Entitlements — Exclusive economic zone —
Entitlements to maritime zones generated by Crimean coast — Overlapping
entitlements — Whether determination possible — Jurisdiction of Tribunal to
make determination in respect of dispute or on coastal State — Question of
sovereignty over Crimea — Jurisdiction of Tribunal
Treaties — Application — United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, 1982 — Coastal State rights — Crimean peninsula — Ukraine instituting
proceedings under Annex VII to Convention — Scope of Convention — Dispute
concerning coastal State rights in Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait —
Claims under Convention — Ukraine claiming that Russian Federation violating
its rights under Convention — Determination of coastal State necessary for
purposes of Convention — Question as to whether Ukraine or Russian
Federation having sovereignty over Crimea — Whether determination
prerequisite for determining significant part of Ukraine's claims — Whether
Tribunal having jurisdiction over Ukraine's sovereignty claim — Jurisdiction
of Tribunal
Treaties — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Scope
— Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait — Status — Parties 3agreeing internal waters of
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics prior to dissolution — Disagreement as
to status thereafter — Legal regime — Historic title — Whether questions for
merits phase — Whether outside scope of Convention if underlying events
occurring in internal waters — Whether issue regulated by Convention —
Whether pertaining to interpretation and application of Convention — Whether
Tribunal having jurisdiction over Ukraine's claims concerning activities in
the Sea of Azov and in the Kerch Strait — Whether objection of Russian
Federation possessing exclusively preliminary character
Treaties — Interpretation — State Border Treaty, Article 5 — Azov/Kerch
Cooperation Treaty, Article 1 — Textual interpretation — Context —
Negotiating history — Whether Article 4 of Azov/Kerch Cooperation Treaty
excluding jurisdiction of Tribunal — Whether Articles 1 and 5 dispute
settlement clauses within meaning of Article 281 of United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Whether Tribunal having
jurisdiction over dispute

Relevance in the research topic. Recovery of Ukraine, overcoming consequences of hostilities on its territory, national security and defense capability issues solution are relevant today. Therefore, it is possible to solve logistical and infrastructure problems precisely by inland water transport and its infrastructure modernization, expanded network of river ports and higher efficiency of their facilities, encouragement of private investments attraction, and inducement of inland water transport development. Problem statement. There is a need to build logistics management system for navigable inland waterways in the South of Ukraine, namely the "Danube - Black Sea" (Bystre rivermouth) to expand the use of Reni, Izmail and Ust-Dunaysk ports. Analysis of recent research and publications. Key publication analysis reveal that river logistics development issues are considered by many researchers. So research works of Krčum, M., Plazibat V., Gorana J. M., Wójcikiewicza R., Kaupb M., Nowakowski T., Kulczyk J., Skupień E. & Tubis A., Kolář J. & Stopka, O., Krile S. are focused on certain national problem-solving. For example: the Croatian transport system and the ways of sea and river ports integration, peculiarities of inland water transport in Szczecin (Poland), determinants of Lower Vistula river ports transformation, the location of port`s multimodal logistics center at the Labe River (Elbe), the development of inland water transport market, as well as the strengthening of European cooperation in the field of inland water transport, etc. Unsolved parts of the general problem. Taking into account the importance of shipping revival at the Danube River for Ukraine, it is advisable to study the waterways and the possibilities to increase Izmail, Reni and Ust-Dunaysk seaports efficiency. Study task and objective. The following scientific tasks will be solved aimed at their practical implementation: current position and dynamics analysis of Izmail port development; predictive modelling of opportunities and conditions for its performance improvement while solving war transport problems and in the context of post-war recovery of Ukraine. Research method and methodology. While doing the research, general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, group analysis) and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes have been used. The main material (study results). Ukraine belongs to the largest European countries with a strong potential for the development of inland waterways and river transport. Nevertheless the industry of river freight and passenger transportation has been gradually deteriorating its performance for more than twenty years. When the war started and the maritime territory was occupied, significant amount of the country's infrastructure (roads, bridges, railways) was destroyed, the river transport supported transport logistics needs not only of Ukraine, but also of other countries. Intensification of the Danube (Bystre rivermouth) navigation and of Reni, Izmail and Ust-Dunaysk sea ports activity played an important role in this. Analysis of SE "Izmail Commercial Sea Port" performance revealed lower port's efficiency during recent years. Significant positive changes took place in 2022. The cargo handling volume of Izmail port in 2021 was 3.84 million tons, and in 2022 - 8.89 million tons. Thus, according to 2022 results, Izmail port exceeded 2021 indicators by 218%. The total cargo handling volume of Izmail sea port in February 2023 was 1 million 345 thousand tons, i.e. 24% more than in January 2023. Today Izmail Port exceeds the plan by 274%. The dredging works in Izmail and Reni ports contributed to a significant improvement in the Danube region ports indicators. A forecast was made based on the Izmail sea port activity data regarding its main activity indicators until 2026. Positive indicators obtained in 2022 have been taken into account when forecasting port`s performance indicators. As for the further increase in cargo turnover of SE "Izmail Commercial Sea Port", it will be facilitated by the planned feeder container ship work (March 2023), started from the end of 2022 between the Romanian Port Constanța and the Ukrainian Reni port. The service of feeder container ship work based on SE "Izmail Commercial Sea Port" and Port Constanța facilities will receive Arkas, ZIM, Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, SMA and others lines containers. The containers will follow in the transshipment mode, that is, there will be no need to issue transit customs documents at Port Constanța. Conclusions. The study shows that Ukraine, which has a strong potential for inland waterways and river transport development has recently not been used it enough. As a result, the river freight and passenger transport industry has gradually deteriorated its performance. It has been proven that amid war in 2022, the Danube ports performance indicators have been significantly improved. The last induced cargo transportation when exploitation of a number of Ukrainian ports was made impossible. The case of current position and efficiency analysis of SE "Izmail Commercial Sea Port" proved the possibility to improve its performance indicators. According to the results of its activitys forecast modelling until 2026, the expected volume of freight transportation and the structure of the freight flow have been determined. Reasonable expediency and effectiveness of feeder container ship work en route SE "Izmail Commercial Sea Port" - Port Constanța.

Great Britain and Ireland Lesley Abrams, Anglo‐Saxon Glastonbury church and endowmentAlan Crossley, ed., The Victoria history of the counties of England: Oxford, XIII: Bampton hundred (part one) including the market town of BamptonZvi Razi and Richard Smith, eds., Medieval society and the manor courtJ. M. Fletcher and C. A. Upton, eds., The domestic accounts of Merton College, Oxford, 1 August 1482‐1 August 1494Michael J. Braddick, The nerves of the state: taxation and the financing of the English state, 1558‐1714Bruce G. Carruthers, City of capital: politics and markets in the English financial revolutionR. B. Outhwaite, Clandestine marriage in England, 1500‐1850Sybil M. Jack, Towns in Tudor and Stuart BritainH. V. Bowen, Elites, enterprise and the making of the British overseas empire, 1688‐1775 M. Dresser and P. Ollerenshaw, eds., The making of modern BristolNegley Harte and Roland Quinault, eds., Land and society in Britain, 1700‐1914: essays in honour of F. M. L. ThompsonHerbert H. Kaplan, Russian overseas commerce with Great Britain during the reign of Catherine IIMark Jackson, New‐born child murder: women, illegitimacy and the courts in eighteenth‐century EnglandM. R. Watts, The dissenters, Roger J. P. Kain and Richard R. Oliver, The tithe maps of England and Wales: a cartographic analysis and county‐by‐county catalogueMichael Huberman, Escape from the market: negotiating work in LancashireAnna Davin, Growing up poor: home, school and street in London, 1870‐1914 David Edgerton, Science, technology and the British industrial `decline', 1870‐1970Lara Marks, Metropolitan maternity: maternal and infant welfare services in early twentieth century LondonJim Tomlinson, Democratic socialism and economic policy: the Attlee years, 1945‐1951Alan S. Milward and George Brennan, Britain's place in the world: a historical enquiry into import controls, 1945‐1960David W. Gutzke, Alcohol in the British Isles from Roman times to 1996: an annotated bibliography General Joel F. Harrington, Reordering marriage and society in Reformation GermanyR. Po‐chia Hsia and Hartmut Lehmann, eds., In and out of the ghetto: Jewish‐Gentile relations in late medieval and early modern GermanyN. Morley, Metropolis and hinterland: the city of Rome and the Italian economy, 200 B.C.‐A.D. 200Maria Malatesta, ed., Society and the professions in Italy, 1860‐1914J.‐M. Duvosquel and E. Thoen, eds., Peasants and townsmen in medieval Europe: studies in honorem Adriaan VerhulstWilliam Chester Gordon, The great famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth centuryJames Hughes, Stalinism in a Russian province: a study of collectivization and dekulakization in SiberiaMark Harrison, Accounting for war: Soviet production, employment and the defence burden, 1940‐1945Mauro Ambrosoli, trans. Mary McCann Salvatorelli, The wild and the sown: botany and agriculture in western Europe, 1350‐1850Andreas Kunz and John Armstrong, eds., Inland navigation and economic development in nineteenth‐century EuropeLee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, The integration of the European economy, 1850‐1913Joseph Melling and Alan McKinlay, eds., Management, labour and industrial politics in modern Europe: the quest for productivity growth during the twentieth centuryJon Lunn, Capital and labour on the Rhodesian railway system, 1888‐1947Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds., The Cambridge economic history of the United StatesPaul A. C. Koistinen, Beating plowshares into swords: the political economy of American warfare, 1606‐1865Christopher J. Casteneda and Clarence M. Smith, Gas pipelines and the emergence of America's regulatory stateWilliam J. Barber, Designs within disorder: Franklin D. Roosevelt, the economists and the shaping of American economic policy, 1933‐1945Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds., The industrial revolution in national context: Europe and the USARoderick A. McDonald, ed., West Indies accounts: essays on the history of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic economy in honour of Richard SheridanKenneth J. Andrien, The kingdom of Quito, 1690‐1830: the state and regional economic developmentThomas F. O'Brien, The revolutionary mission: American enterprise in Latin America, 1900‐1945T. Roy, ed., Cloth and commerce: textiles in colonial IndiaPierre van der Eng, Agricultural growth in Indonesia: productivity change and policy impact since 1880J. Th. Lindblad, ed., Historical foundations of a national economy in Indonesia, 1890s‐1990sPeter Duus, R. H. Myers, and M. R. Peattie, eds., The Japanese wartime empire, 1931‐1945Peter Liberman, Does conquest pay? The exploitation of occupied industrial societiesDennis O. Flynn, World silver and monetary history in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuriesT. Bayoumi, B. Eichengreen, and M. P. Taylor, eds., Modern perspectives on the gold standardHarold James, International monetary cooperation since Bretton WoodsMartin Fase, Gerald Feldman, and Manfred Pohl, eds., How to write the history of a bankBrenda J. Buchanan, ed., Gunpowder: the history of an international technologyRené Leboutte, ed., Proto‐industrialisation: recherches récentes et nouvelles perspectives. Mélanges en souvenir de Franklin Mendels / Proto‐industrialization: recent research and new perspectives. In memory of Franklin MendelsRalph Shlomowitz with Lance Brennan and John McDonald. Mortality and migration in the western worldAndrew Godley and Oliver M. Westall, eds., Business history and business cultureJohan Goudsblom, Eric Jones, and Stephen Mennell, The course of human history: economic growth, social process and civilizationDaniel Miller, ed., Acknowledging consumptionTerry Brotherstone and Geoff Pilling, eds., History, economic history and the future of marxism: essays in memory of Tom Kemp (1921‐1993)

Le tournant du siècle a ouvert un chapitre totalement nouveau de l'histoire de la population hongroise. L"émigration est devenue six fois plus fréquente qu'auparavant; entre 1899 et 1914, on a enregistré 1930 026 personnes ayant quitté le bassin carpatique, soit 10 % exactement de la population totale de l'Empire de la Sainte Couronne au 31 décembre 1910.
L'émigration était un phénomène relativement neuf en Hongrie et son étude en était à ses premiers balbutiements. De ce fait, tous les départs n'ont pas été enregistrés mais en procédant par recoupements, on peut déterminer à partir des différentes sources les séries adéquates des mouvements migratoires.
Ces séries indiquent également la genèse du mouvement, qui s'est propagé des Carpates nord-ouest vers le sud et le sud-est. Un modèle hautement significatif montre que le développement de l'industrie à Buda-Pest a permis d'absorber une certaine partie des surplus de main-d'œuvre agricole mais le nombre d'emigrants a cru parallèlement au degré de surpopulation dans les divers groupes ethniques. Cependant, l'importance des facteurs culturels transparaît dans le fait que la connaissance du hongrois ouvrait des possibilités d'emploi et réduisait l'émigration, tandis que l'éducation, mesurée par le taux d'alphabétisation, l'accroissait en progression géométrique.
En 1900, 68,4 % de la population travaillaient dans le secteur primaire (industrie minière exclue). Seule une fraction négligeable de ces 68,4 % était employée en dehors de l'agriculture et les facteurs agricoles ont joué un rôle essentiel dans les vagues d'émigration observées entre 1905 et 1913. On peut expliquer 90 % des fluctuations du nombre d'emigrants magyars vers les Etats-Unis par les variations des revenus tirés du blé ; les revenus tirés de la pomme de terre ont un impact similaire pour 75-83 °/o de l'émigration ruthène et de 68-74 °/o de l'émigration slovaque. Les récoltes de pommes de terre expliquent 82 % des variations du nombre d'emigrants serbes et 91 °/o dans le cas des Croates. Le prix du maïs a influencé 60 % de l'émigration roumaine.
Cependant, on ne peut pas étendre ces corrélations aux six années précédentes (1899-1904) : outre l'impact des facteurs sociologiques, qui ont entraîné une extension de l'émigration sur l'ensemble du territoire, la concurrence de plus en plus acharnée entre la Cunard Line et les compagnies de navigations regroupées dans le « Pool Continental » a provoqué en 1904 une soudaine réduction des tarifs transatlantiques. Ce fait semble avoir fondamentalement transformé l'économie de l'émigration.
Avant la première guerre mondiale, les mouvements d'émigration se sont accompagnés d'un flux de rapatriements. La comparaison des départs et des retours montre que 70 % des rapatriements se produisaient déjà dans l'année qui suivait l'émigration, 13 % deux ans après. Au-delà, avant même que trois ans ne se soient écoulés depuis le départ, les retours devenaient insignifiants. On reconnaît là l'influence des problèmes psychologiques et sociologiques soulevés par l'adaptation à une nouvelle société. Au total, ces facteurs socio-psychologiques ont joué, semble-t-U un rôle beaucoup plus important dans les rapatriements que le taux de chômage aux Etats-Unis dont l'influence, s'il en a eu une, a été négative : dans certains cas, le chômage a réduit le nombre de retours dans l'année postérieure au départ.
La part des différentes minorités vivant essentiellement dans les régions montagneuses a été supérieure à leur pourcentage dans la population. Etant donné que le parti libéral avait obtenu la majorité au Parlement entre 1875 et 1905 grâce aux votes de ces minorités, leur émigration a contribué à la défaite de ce parti lors les élections de 1905. Mais, la fréquence plus élevée d'émigration de ces groupes ethniques est due aux surplus de main-d'œuvre agricole qui affectaient davantage les terres moins fertiles occupées par ces minorités.
La balance des mouvements de population montre également qu'au plus fort du nationalisme hongrois, 0,32 °/o seulement des membres de ces ethnies étaient magyarisés annuellement. Il aurait donc fallu 309 ans pour les assimiler totalement. Une faible assimilation est inévitable dans un Etat moderne et, de toute manière, elle s'est limitée à deux minorités. En effet, pour 50 %>, la magyarisation a concerné les Allemands qui se déclaraient eux-mêmes de nationalité hongroise et pour 43 % — les Slovaques, qui avaient préféré émigrer à Buda-Pest ou vers d'autres villes hongroises plutôt que d'aller outre-mer quand ils étaient devenus trop nombreux dans l'agriculture.
Le Traité de Trianon a attribué aux Etats successeurs les régions les plus affectées par l'émigration. Ce fait même a réduit le nombre de personnes qui quittaient la Hongrie pour des raisons économiques. Cependant, entre les deux guerres, ce n'est pas seulement la dimension, mais aussi la nature du mouvement qui s'est modifiée. Les Etats-Unis, principal objectif avant la première guerre mondiale, ont refusé de nouvelles arrivées (sauf un nombre négligeable d'entre elles). Les flux migratoires ont été alors détournés vers d'autres pays de l'hémisphère occidental : pendant l'entre-deux-guerres et après la seconde guerre mondiale, les Hongrois ont été de plus en plus nombreux à partir pour l'Australie, la Nouvelle Zélande, l'Afrique du sud et Israël, Les deux guerres ont en outre provoqué des mouvements centripètes de réfugiés se dirigeant vers le milieu du bassin carpatique.
Après 1918, la stratification sociale des emigrants s'est également modifiée et après 1944. notamment, la part des membres des classes moyennes et supérieures est devenue significative. Avant 1914, les mouvements d'émigration se composaient surtout d'individus épars tandis qu'après 1918, des familles entières commencèrent à partir.
La troisième et dernière partie du chapitre traite des conséquences de l'émigration. Parmi les conséquences économiques, il insiste sur la diminution de l'accroissement du produit national brut et du développement économique, la guerre des tarifs entre la Cunard et le Pool Continental et son effet favorable, à long terme, sur la balance des paiements.
Les conséquences démographiques ont été peut-être encore plus profondes. Le départ de 16 % des femmes en âge de féconder a obligatoirement eu des effets sur les taux de reproduction. 34 % de la population masculine, dans les mêmes groupes d'âge, a également quitté le bassin carpatique, entraînant un déséquilibre de la balance des sexes et une diminution supplémentaire des taux de fécondité.
Les migrations, par définition, ont aussi modifié la concentration de la population hongroise tant à l'intérieur qu'en dehors du bassin carpatique. La défaite du parti libéral aux élections de 1905 est peut-être due à ces facteurs tandis que la concentration aux Etats-Unis d'émigrants originaires d'Europe centrale a servi de plate-forme politique à des politiciens qui n'étaient pas seulement américains.

Welcome to the third issue of volume 43 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 43:3, 2019).
Yes, we are open! Open data is good. Just a click away. Downloadable 24/7 for everybody. An open government would make the decisionmakers' data open to the public and the opposition. As an example, communal data on bicycle paths could be open, so more navigation apps would flourish and embed the information in maps, which could suggest more safe bicycle routes. However, as demonstrated by all three articles in this IQ issue, very often research data include information that requires restrictions concerning data access. The second paper states that data should be 'as open as possible and as closed as needed'. This phrase originates from a European Union Horizon 2020 project called the Open Research Data Pilot, in 'Guidelines on FAIR Data Management in Horizon 2020' (July 2016). Some data need to be closed and not freely available. So once more it shows that a simple solution of total openness and one-size-fits-all is not possible. We have to deal with more complicated schemes depending on the content of data. Luckily, experienced people at data institutions are capable of producing adapted solutions.
The first article 'Restricting data's use: A spectrum of concerns in need of flexible approaches' describes how data producers have legitimate needs for restricting data access for users. This understanding is quite important as some users might have an automatic objection towards all restrictions on use of data. The authors Dharma Akmon and Susan Jekielek are at ICPSR at the University of Michigan. ICPSR has been the U.S. research archive since 1962, so they have much practice in long-term storage of digital information. From a short-term perspective you might think that their primary task is to get the data in use and thus would be opposed to any kind of access restrictions. However, both producers and custodians of data are very well aware of their responsibility for determining restrictions and access. The caveat concerns the potential harm through disclosure, often exemplified by personal data of identifiable individuals. The article explains how dissemination options differ in where data are accessed and what is required for access. If you are new to IASSIST, the article also gives an excellent short introduction to ICPSR and how this institution guards itself and its users against the hazards of data sharing.
In the second article 'Managing data in cross-institutional projects', the reader gains insight into how FAIR data usage benefits a cross-institutional project. The starting point for the authors - Zaza Nadja Lee Hansen, Filip Kruse, and Jesper Boserup Thestrup – is the FAIR principles that data should be: findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-useable. The authors state that this implies that the data should be as open as possible. However, as expressed in the ICPSR article above, data should at the same time be as closed as needed. Within the EU, the mention of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) will always catch the attention of the economical responsible at any institution because data breaches can now be very severely fined. The authors share their experience with implementation of the FAIR principles with data from several cross-institutional projects. The key is to ensure that from the beginning there is agreement on following the specific guidelines, standards and formats throughout the project. The issues to agree on are, among other things, storage and sharing of data and metadata, responsibilities for updating data, and deciding which data format to use. The benefits of FAIR data usage are summarized, and the article also describes the cross-institutional projects. The authors work as a senior consultant/project manager at the Danish National Archives, senior advisor at The Royal Danish Library, and communications officer at The Royal Danish Library. The cross-institutional projects mentioned here stretch from Kierkegaard's writings to wind energy.
While this issue started by mentioning that ICPSR was founded in 1962, we end with a more recent addition to the archive world, established at Qatar University's Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI) in 2017. The paper 'Data archiving for dissemination within a Gulf nation' addresses the experience of this new institution in an environment of cultural and political sensitivity. With a positive view you can regard the benefits as expanding. The start is that archive staff get experience concerning policies for data selection, restrictions, security and metadata. This generates benefits and expands to the broader group of research staff where awareness and improvements relate to issues like design, collection and documentation of studies. Furthermore, data sharing can be seen as expanding in the Middle East and North Africa region and generating a general improvement in the relevance and credibility of statistics generated in the region. Again, the FAIR principles of findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-useable are gaining momentum and being adopted by government offices and data collection agencies. In the article, the story of SESRI at Qatar University is described ahead of sections concerning data sharing culture and challenges as well as issues of staff recruitment, architecture and workflow. Many of the observations and considerations in the article will be of value to staff at both older and infant archives. The authors of the paper are the senior researcher and lead archivist at the archive of the Qatar University Brian W. Mandikiana, and Lois Timms-Ferrara and Marc Maynard – CEO and director of technology at Data Independence (Connecticut, USA).
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - September 2019