Suchergebnisse

The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology. ; Le début du 21ème siècle a vu s'ériger de profondes réformes législatives qui continuent de bouleverser le droit pénal et la politique criminelle. Elles prennent corps dans une société de risque caractérisée par l'accélération de la modernisation et la production de risques multiformes qui lui sont rattachés. Progressivement, le principe de précaution, emprunté de manière pervertie à l'environnement, et sur un mode incantatoire et répétitif, s'immiscera dans ces matières jusqu'à produire des conséquences sur le principe de légalité qui structure la rationalité pénale moderne, imposer la révision de certains autres grands principes comme celui de la présomption d'innocence et celui de nécessité, et mettre au centre des décisions des notions critiques telle la dangerosité. Sous l'influence du principe de précaution, les concepts-mêmes d'infraction, de responsabilité pénale et de peine sont bousculés avec l'invitation à prendre toujours plus en considération le futur et sa potentialité de danger. Dans cette perspective, et comme pendant au principe de précaution, le droit à la sécurité tend à déplacer la focale sur une approche victimaire de la société au détriment d'une conception ancienne d'un droit pénal fondé sur un équilibre juridique entre sécurité et liberté. Et la politique criminelle guidant ces évolutions fonctionne sur un nouveau modèle qui, dans cette recherche poussée de la sécurité, fait de la précaution à la fois sa finalité interne et sa finalité externe. Cette thèse est donc consacrée à l'étude du principe de précaution appliqué au droit pénal et à la politique criminelle qu'elle examine à la lumière de théories et d'approches pluridisciplinaires. Elle s'attache surtout à travers l'analyse de l'évolution du droit pénal et de certaines thèses criminologiques, à mettre en évidence l'émergence aujourd'hui, et au contact d'une idéologie précautionniste, d'une nouvelle rationalité pénale de précaution fonctionnant selon une méthodologie et avec l'usage d'une terminologie spécifique.

Reflecting about the future of legal professions offers us a good example of the kind of difficulties any project of reform is confronted with in France. While everybody acknowledges the necessity to adapt our legal system to a globalized economic world undergoing radical transformation, it is extremely difficult, or even impossible, to meet such a unanimous opinion when the time has come to act. Being deeply attached to the rule of civil law, France seems reluctant to accept the changes that would allow it to regain her former position within the world legal community. Too busy confronting each other in order to protect what they see as impregnable fortresses, the different legal professions remain blind to the changes that have first imposed on the economic world the influence of Anglo-saxon law and its methods, and will tomorrow impose the influence from Asia. Adapted from the source document.

We start from the thesis that we cannot establish a radical division between the law and the theory which studies it as the main objective. All the theory of law, as much the dogmatics as the one which means the application of the social sciences, is in some way participator in the création and recreation of what in the society is lived as law. The criteria would be the one of the predominance that the respective theory will possess about the social conformation of the law. From that thesis different consequences are extracted which are the last unit between theory and praxis in the legal field : the possibility of an intersystematic reading of the lawful speech of the law, the improbability of a real "external point of view" about the law and the necessity that the sociology of law looks at itself as part of its inspection of the law and the social factors of production.

Property rights in Russia: The evolution of a legal category in response to political and economic turbulence
The system and function of property rights have been transformed in the switch from pre-Revolutionary to contemporary law. A historical view of this institution reveals how the law has served various purposes over time: for the marketplace or for economic planning and the distribution of goods. Remnants of the Communist past have gradually undergone an original sort of "sedimentation" in contemporary law, which is now trying to assimilate the legacy of European law. To understand this process, the category of property is analyzed as well as the reform of civil law and the definition of its scope. Changes in property rights are reviewed in the light of recent privatizations. Given the complexity of these trends, the difficulty of creating a real estate market makes thoroughgoing institutional reforms a necessity.

Precedents. A label at stake.
Dominique Damamme [35-531.
This article attempts to capture the different elaboration processes of institutionnal precedents. First, it describes the elaboration of parliamentary usages and the functions that this particular kind of rules fulfills. Above all, it shows the labeling and recognition conflicts surrounding these precedents, especially when they concern the relationships between the chambers or between the government and the assemblies. Finally, it questions the solidity of parliamentary law, reminding the apparition of a segment of inflexible law under the fifth Republic but also the necessity to maintain the disjunction between effectivity and validity.

The fight against gold panning in French Guyana is an absolute necessity, both economically and humanely. Senator Gabriel Serville made two proposals: the involvement of local customary chiefs and the international status of the Maroni River. Unless we fall short of what is really and fully possible and necessary, it will nevertheless be essential at some point to change our legal thinking. ; La lutte contre l'orpaillage en Guyane française est une absolue nécessité, économique et humaine. Le sénateur Gabriel SERVILLE fait deux propositions : l'implication des chefs coutumiers locaux et le statut international du fleuve maroni. Sauf à demeurer en-deçà de ce qui est réellement et pleinement possible et nécessaire, il sera néanmoins indispensable à un certain moment de changer de pensée juridique.

The fight against gold panning in French Guyana is an absolute necessity, both economically and humanely. Senator Gabriel Serville made two proposals: the involvement of local customary chiefs and the international status of the Maroni River. Unless we fall short of what is really and fully possible and necessary, it will nevertheless be essential at some point to change our legal thinking. ; La lutte contre l'orpaillage en Guyane française est une absolue nécessité, économique et humaine. Le sénateur Gabriel SERVILLE fait deux propositions : l'implication des chefs coutumiers locaux et le statut international du fleuve maroni. Sauf à demeurer en-deçà de ce qui est réellement et pleinement possible et nécessaire, il sera néanmoins indispensable à un certain moment de changer de pensée juridique.

The fight against gold panning in French Guyana is an absolute necessity, both economically and humanely. Senator Gabriel Serville made two proposals: the involvement of local customary chiefs and the international status of the Maroni River. Unless we fall short of what is really and fully possible and necessary, it will nevertheless be essential at some point to change our legal thinking. ; La lutte contre l'orpaillage en Guyane française est une absolue nécessité, économique et humaine. Le sénateur Gabriel SERVILLE fait deux propositions : l'implication des chefs coutumiers locaux et le statut international du fleuve maroni. Sauf à demeurer en-deçà de ce qui est réellement et pleinement possible et nécessaire, il sera néanmoins indispensable à un certain moment de changer de pensée juridique.

Far from naturally imposing itself as self-evident, party dominance over political competition in post-communist Poland is the product of a long & contentious process. The study of the conditions under which the first law on political parties was passed in 1990 retraces the symbolic battles that marked the genesis of party democracy, which opposed politicians with different interests who each struggled to impose a legitimate vision of political sparring. This contest arises more from the state of the political checkerboard than from legal necessity. This is why the law, at first tabled by communist members of parliament, encountered hostility on the part of Solidarnosc elites, who in the end were won over to it. The study of political codes during a regime change reveals how high the stakes were in defining the actors entitled to participate in democratic representation & in blocking out the contours of the political space. Adapted from the source document.

In a period characterized by the progressive rise of international tensions and the new interest of states for the organization of peace (The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907), French international legal scholars sought to impose Law as the best way to regulate international relations and maintain international peace. They developed the ideas of the growing interdependence between states within the framework of an international community, the economic and moral exhaustion of the European societies under the "armed peace", the necessity to civilize war and having recourse to international arbitration. But respectful of national sovereignty, their ambition was not to question the interstate society of their time. Adapted from the source document.

Before addressing the debate regarding the question of control of foreign investments in French corporations judged strategic, today's judicial mechanism must be explained, particularly protected activities that have recently been published. It is equally important to understand the European Court of Justice's reach of jurisprudence concerning special rights of golden shares established by various member states, including France, in order to preserve control of future sensible societies. The complete picture reveals the necessity of a clear economic & global security doctrine in order to maintain productive interaction with the producers of European standards. Adapted from the source document.

UNESCO's affirmation of cultural diversity adopted in Nov 2001 in Paris, France, is a codification of human rights based on awareness of globalization processes, the centrality of culture in contemporary issues, the necessity to be tolerant & respect other cultures, & the prevalence of pluralism. It is argued that cultural diversity is a common human heritage, essential to development. Human rights guarantee cultural diversity, which must be accessible to all & serve as a source of cultural & political innovation. General guidelines for implementing the mandate of cultural diversity are listed. J. Sadler

Examines the consequences of terrorism for humanitarian action, arguing that valid security requirements & prevention efforts must not be allowed to undermine international humanitarian law. Further, the distinction between required political & security action & the mandate & work of humanitarian organizations cannot be blurred. Following a firm condemnation of all forms of terrorism, it is contended that, while international humanitarian law does not treat terrorists explicitly as combatants, its core principles & protections apply in the fight against terrorism & with respect to terrorists. Thus, the basic principles of international humanitarian law should be reaffirmed & respected by the international community. Attention turns to the nature & independence of humanitarian organizations & the need to resist the urge to enlist them in the "war on terrorism." Their rejection & condemnation of terrorism should not lead to a weakening of their mandate. It is viewed as important to continue to demonstrate solidarity with the poor & underprivileged & as urgent to lay the bases of a just & universal peace, hanging on to the idea of permanent peace as not an illusion, but a necessity. Adapted from the source document.

While the majority of drug control is apparently based on the prohibitive control of illicit drugs, it is here suggested as essential to keep in mind that much more regulation is put into the control of pharmaceuticals in order to ensure that they do not end up being utilized for non-medical purposes. Before the interwar period there was virtually no illicit manufacture of drugs for non-medical purposes, as many of the drugs used for non-medical purposes were bought directly from pharmacists who were legally able & willing to sell them to any purchaser. As these substances were used in medicine at that time, it was not possible to prohibit their production, but rather to find a means of limiting their application to cases of medical necessity. The London Conference of 1930, established in order to prepare for the following year's international conference on pharmaceutical regulation, is here reviewed as a historical illustration of the first initiatives at national & international drug control. 39 References. C. Brunski