Suchergebnisse

Un problème significatif dans l'élaboration et l'utilisation de réseaux sociaux en recherche urbaine se rapporte à la spécification du contenu des relations de réseau. Dans une étude sur le terrain chez les Danois américains de la Californie, certains facteurs furent de grande utilité dans la définition des liens de réseau. Ce sont: le cadre institutionnel à l'intérieur duquel s'élaborent les liens de réseau; les situations qui leur permettent d'être opérants et la nature affective de ces liens de réseau. En plus de leur valeur opératoire, ces facteurs permettent au chercheur d'évaluer la qualité et la diversité de la vie urbaine.A significant problem in the construction and use of social networks in urban research is that of specifying the content of network relationships. In fieldwork among Danish‐Americans in California, the institutional framework in which network ties were recruited, the situations in which such ties were activated, and the affective nature of network links were useful in defining network bonds. In addition to their operational utility, these factors allow the investigator to assess the quality and diversity of urban life.

Interest has centred recently on the application of the theory of directed graphs to social networks. Graph theory provides a vocabulary and a set of measures which enable the formal properties of a social network to be expressed. A social network may be represented by a number of directed graphs each of which depicts some institutional or interactional aspect of the relationships among individuals involved in it. Such directed graphs may be so complex that their properties are not easily ascertained by visual inspection. However, all the properties of a directed graph may be obtained by performing certain operations on its adjacency matrix.)Whilst a computer may be programmed to perform these operations, optical coincidence cards may be adapted to provide a novel and simple alternative method of manipulating boolean matrices up to 50 × 50 in size which is of low cost and does not require special skills or access to special equipment.

The cultural transformation of our time stems from the extension of the industrial-technological revolution into the sphere of message-production. The mass production and rapid distribution of messages create new symbolic environments that reflect the structure and functions of the institutions that transmit them. These institutional processes of the mass-production messages short-circuit other networks of social communication and superimpose their own forms of collective consciousness—their own publics—upon other social relationships. The consequences for the quality of life, for the cultivation of human tendencies and outlooks, and for the governing of societies, are far-reaching. Informed policy-making and the valid interpretation of social behavior require systematic indicators of the prevailing climate of the changing symbolic environment. A central aspect of cultural indicators would be the periodic analysis of trends in the composition and structure of message systems cultivating conceptions of life relevant to socialization and public policy. Findings of studies of the portrayal of violence in network television drama illustrate the terms of such analysis, and demonstrate the need for more comprehensive, cumulative, and comparative information on mass-cultural trends and configurations.

The efforts of the Reagan Administration to cut government funding for the arts and the social sciences reflects not only a general desire to curtail government spending but also a specific conservative effort to "defund the Left" by eliminating especially those programs regarded by conservatives as the basic source of liberal and radical social change in the United States. This paper examines the conservative animus against government support for the arts and the social sciences. The discussion has four parts: The first traces the history of contemporary American conservatism and identifies its central ideological themes. The second argues that the belief that government and intellectuals are the two main sources of liberal social change has led conservatives to target government programs allegedly guilty of social activism and to develop their own relatively autonomous counterintellectual network. The third examines how this political agenda and institutional structure have influenced conservative opposition to government funding of the social sciences and the arts. The final part suggests some implications our analysis has for defending the social sciences and the arts.

The breakdown model has led to an irresolveable theoretical ant empirical stalemate in the literature of community-wide disaster. This paper attempts to move beyond the present debate toward an empirically grounded reconceptualization. The case study employee for this purpose is the collapse of the Teton Dam which occurred in the United States in 1976. In-depth interviews and archival male-rials are used to reconstruct, from the perspective of disaster victims, the typical (successful) and the atypical (unsuccessful) recovery patterns of three years. Both patterns are explainable by reference to social processes, i.e., to collective arrangement; created for distributing human and material resources used for the rebuilding effort.An inductively derived interpretive schema emphasizing the interconnecting linkages between disaster recovery, social resources and social relations is recommended. Three types of social relations—primary, institutional and ex-change—are identified as points of access into networks—primary, public welfare and private market—which control various types and amounts of needed resources. The organizational structure, the operational logic and the philosophy of relief associated with each network determines the distributional arrangements and consequently, the recovery patterns of disaster victims. Importantly, the distributive arrangement has a dual structure which reflects its local or extra-local pre-disastcr status.The expected utility of this interpretive schema is two-fold. It provides a more adequate understanding of the recovery experience compared to the breakdown model and it redirects research attention to previously unexplored or underexplored areas.

The development of sociology as an intellectual discipline proceeded according to the input of precursors & founders in the field. Its early history is depicted & the 4 "general intellectual prerequisites" common to development of all the social sciences, are identified: (1) desacralization of the social order, (2) naturalism, (3) faith in reason, & (4) lawfulness of social phenomena. Historical aspects which affected sociology are described: the French Enlightenment, attitudes toward religion, European intellectual input, & post-1776 American ideas. American sociology is scrutinized with respect to 4 areas: (A) received ideas, (B) social values & concerns, (C) structural opportunities & constraints, & (D) organizational & institutional factors. American sociological scholars' contributions to the discipline are explored. Explicated are the roles American sociology has taken in research toward the comprehension of American social constructs, & in affecting American life in general. In the latter area 11 possible "outcomes of sociological activities" are outlined. Sociology is predicted to maintain its tendency toward diversity due to varying interests in the field. Future research will be addressed to the 2 main issues of "the problem of externalities" & "the problem of collective action." The interrelationships between sociology & other disciplines are analyzed, & social science theory is expected to continue to grow as a "loosely-connected but increasingly coherent network." C. Grindle.

Throughout the nineteenth century, the cities on the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean, Tunis, Alexandria, Beirut, Smyrna, and Istanbul among them, experienced an influx of foreign communities which, combined with an increase in the indigenous populations and new urban policies on the part of certain rulers, tended to disrupt customary patterns of urban relationships. Although the scholarship of recent years has provided a new awareness of the network of interrelationships which held together the segments of medieval Islamic urban society, studies on the nineteenth-century changes in those relationships as represented by the policies of Muhammad ῾Alī, Aḥmad Bey, and the Ottoman Tanzimat reformers, have tended to focus more on aspects of state and government than on cities as such. Yet cities, especially capital cities, reflect most intensely periods of social and institutional transition.

SummaryThe Role of Regional Organization in Rural DevelopmentThis paper constitutes a report on the concept of regional organization in Israel and some aspects of its implementation. The term 'regional organization' is used in its broadest sense, covering formally organised enterprises as well as networks of relations, and including both manifest and latent functions. Regional organization is treated both as a method of development and as a social system growing out of daily interaction. The paper consists of four parts: first, a brief outline of rural and general development in Israel is sketched, as the background against which regional organization is analysed. Second, the concept of regional organization in Israel, i.e. the goals and functions, is presented. Third, the problems which arise during the implementation of this concept are discussed, including: a. the size and composition or the regional system, b. its ecological basis as opposed to its functional character, c. the scope of regional cooperation, d. the internal conditions necessary for the sustained development of the regional system as a whole, e. the general institutional conditions suitable for regional development. Fourth, and finally, a brief description of a current research project on some of these problems is given.

As Lévi-Strauss puts it, social facts are primarily communication facts. From this point of view political communication is not characterized by the objects it bears upon, but by its praxeologicial character; it is concerned with the effectiveness of communication, and more precisely with power relations and with strategies. So, political communication is to be analysed as a game structure, and not as a network structure or a code structure. It is shown by an example that political communication really presents a game structure, after which some distinctions are made between mastery and control, and then between material, informational, symbolic, and juridical means of power. Like the other structures, game structures are characterized by the laws which govern them. Three of them are specified: the law of equilibration, the law of connectedness, and the law of communal closure. Finally, after reviewing briefly the different orders (practical, institutional, and ideological) where a structure can be seen in operation, three positive aspects of such a game analysis are noted: it is concerned with the inner part of human action, it is well-suited to overcome the limits of functional and systems analysis, and it has the virtue of isolating a truly political dimension in human action.

This study was undertaken in response to the government's need for evaluative criteria in funding halfway houses for alcoholics. Sociological literature on halfway houses for alcoholics has identified their development as a "grass roots" social movement reacting against the perceived ineffectiveness of traditional institutional approaches (courts, hospitals, hostels, missions) in dealing with homeless alcoholics. Sociological theory on social movements sees them as evolutionary in nature where by newly emergent radical social arrangements are conceived and propagated in such a way so as to attain stability and themselves become the "new order of things". In this sense social movements carry with them the seeds of their own institutionalization. Our study involved 10 months of observation in halfway houses for alcoholics designated for funding by the government. In addition an in-depth study of one haflway house (Fresh Start House) involved six months of continuous participant observation. Twenty-one consecutive admissions were monitored over their length of stay at Fresh Start House. During the duration of the study, in depth interviews (formal and informal) were conducted with both staff and residents. As a result of the study we were able to identify five key issues which seem applicable in analyzing the institutionalization of the halfway house movement in general. These issues revolve around: 1) staff ideology, 2) selection procedures, 3) structural organization, 4) role assignment and 5) communication network and content. Sociological theory has come to see the institutionalization of social movements as part of the inevitable dialetical process. The speed with which institutionalization progresses, however, may be accelerated or slowed depending on how specific issues are handled and what choices are made. In this study the halfway house in question failed to identify and resolve certain issues and with others made choices which hastened the process of institutionalization. Of the twenty-one consecutive admissions monitored through their stay at Fresh Start House, only one remained sober three months after discharge. This study attempts to document what happened while these residents were inside the "black box."

CAPITAL IS DEFINED AS 'VALUE IN PROCESS' & THE SR ENVELOPING THIS PROCESS; PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION OF CAPITAL & THE CORRESPONDING CLASS RELATIONS ARE MENTIONED. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CAPITAL IS DISCUSSED WITHIN THE 2-FOLD DEFINITION. THE ORIGIN OF THE MARKET ON THE OUTSIDE OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES IS RELATED TO THE USE VALUE/EXCHANGE VALUE DICHOTOMY. THE PROCESS OF NATION-BUILDING IS THE CREATION OF NEW POLITICAL UNITS CENTERED ROUND SUCH A MARKET & BASED ON A DOFL CUTTING THROUGH PRECAPITALIST SOCIAL FORMATIONS. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CIRCULATION & EVENTUALLY OF PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION RESULT FROM THE CONTRADICATIONS OF THE CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION & DEVELOP ALONG THE LINES OF PRENATIONAL TRADE NETWORKS. CONSTRUCTING A SPECIFIC 'NEO' IMPERIALISM ON THE BASIS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION IS NOT VALID. 1870-1914 IMPERIALISM WAS THE FUSION OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CIRCULATION & OF PRODUCTION, WHILE TODAY'S IS THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION IN FULL SWING. CAPITAL AS A SR IS EXPLICITLY ATTACHED TO THE DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS. COMBINING 2 CONFLICT DIMENSIONS (CAPITALIST/LABOR & INTERCAPITALIST) CAPITAL REQUIRES SYSTEMATIC ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING CLASS RELATIONS, WHICH IS PROVIDED BY THE STATE. THE STATE PERFORMS 2 GROUPS OF FUNCTIONS, EACH DISPLAYING DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS IN THE COURSE OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS. IT IS THE MUTUAL DETERMINATION OF THE 2 CONFLICT DIMENSIONS THAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE SYSTEMIC NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF INTERNATIONALIZED PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION; BECAUSE OF STATE FUNCTIONS INTERNATIONALIZING ALONG WITH CAPITAL, AN INSTITUTIONAL SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM IS VISIBLE. HA.

SummaryPLANNED REGIONAL‐RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISRAEL PROCESSES, PROBLEMS AND ISSUESThe paper discusses some of the problems and processes of social and institutional restructuring in Israeli rural life in the context of regional settlement. First, the sociological meanings of region and regional organization before statehood, and the major changes in regional‐rural settlement during the period of independence, are presented. The differential regional‐physical and socio‐economic focuses in the two main sectors of rural settlement ‐ the collective and the co‐operative —are explained.The bulk of the analysis is devoted to regional settlement of new immigrant villages, in which the functional and dysfunctional consequences of regional organization are studied in one planned regional network, established according to some new sociological planning concepts. In this context, inter‐ and intra‐institutional tensions between existing and emerging rural organizational patterns, and the re‐integrative functions of the new organizations are dealt with on different levels as political and/or religious reintegration, regional enterprises and regional independence, political empowerment of the regional leadership, and regional participation in national decision‐making.RÉSUMÉLA PLANIFICATION DU DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL RURAL EN ISRAEL PROCESSUS, PROBLÈMES, RÉSULTATSCet article a pour objet une présentation critique des quelques uns des problèmes et processus de restructuration sociale et institutionnelle de la vie rurale israelienne dans le cadre de la mise en valeur régionale. L'auteur présente, en premier lieu, la signification de concepts tels que «région», «organisation régionale», avant la création de l'Etat d'Israël. En second lieu, il expose les changements principaux dans la mise en valeur régionale depuis cette époque. Enfin, sont exposés les caractéristiques spécifiques, géographiques, sociales, économiques, des deux principaux secteurs: collectif et coopératif, de la mise en valeur.L'essentiel de l'analyse est consacréà l'implantation régionale des villages de nouveaux émigrants; les conséquences fonctionnelles et dysfonctionnelles de l'organisation régionale sont étudiées en prenant l'exemple d'un réseau régional planifié, établi en fonction de concepts sociologiques nouveaux en matière de planification. Dans ce contexte, les tensions inter‐ et intra‐institutionnelles entre les modèles d'organisation existants ou naissants et les fonctions de restructuration des nouvelles organisations sont abordées à différents niveaux de la réalité sociale: intégration politique et/ou religieuse, entreprise régionale et indépendance régionale, accroissement du pouvoir politique des autorités régionales et participation de la région à la prise de décision au niveau national.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGGEPLANTE LÄNDLICHE REGION ALENTWICKLUNG IN ISRAEL PROZESSE, PROBLEME UND AUFGABENDer Beitrag diskutiert einige Probleme und Prozesse der sozialen und institutionellen Umstrukturierung im ländlichen Leben Israels im Kontext der regionalen Siedlung. Zuerst werden die sozialen Inhalte von Region und regionale Organisation vor der Staatsbildung und die wesentlichen Veränderungen in der regionalen ländlichen Besiedlung während der Periode der Unabhängigkeit dargestellt. Die unter‐schiedlichen regional‐physikalischen und sozioökonomischen Brenn‐punkte in den beiden Hauptsektoren der ländlichen Besiedlung ‐ der kollektiven und der genossenschaftlichen Siedlung ‐ werden erklärt. Der Hauptteil der Analyse ist der regionalen Ansiedlung von neuen Immigrantendörfern gewidmet, in denen funktionale und dysfunktionale Folgen der regionalen Organisation in einem geplanten Rahmen untersucht werden, der entsprechend neuen soziologischen Planungskonzepten geschaffen wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang werden behandelt Spannungen in und zwischen existierenden und sich entwickelnden ländlichem Organisationen und die reintegrativen Fuuktionen neuer Organisationen auf den verschiedenen Ebenen der politischen und oder religiösen Reintegration, der regionalen Unter‐nehmen und der regionalen Unabhängigkeit, politische Machtbildung der regionalen Führung und regionale Teilnahme an den nationalen Entscheidungen.