Suchergebnisse

Un problème significatif dans l'élaboration et l'utilisation de réseaux sociaux en recherche urbaine se rapporte à la spécification du contenu des relations de réseau. Dans une étude sur le terrain chez les Danois américains de la Californie, certains facteurs furent de grande utilité dans la définition des liens de réseau. Ce sont: le cadre institutionnel à l'intérieur duquel s'élaborent les liens de réseau; les situations qui leur permettent d'être opérants et la nature affective de ces liens de réseau. En plus de leur valeur opératoire, ces facteurs permettent au chercheur d'évaluer la qualité et la diversité de la vie urbaine.A significant problem in the construction and use of social networks in urban research is that of specifying the content of network relationships. In fieldwork among Danish‐Americans in California, the institutional framework in which network ties were recruited, the situations in which such ties were activated, and the affective nature of network links were useful in defining network bonds. In addition to their operational utility, these factors allow the investigator to assess the quality and diversity of urban life.

Interest has centred recently on the application of the theory of directed graphs to social networks. Graph theory provides a vocabulary and a set of measures which enable the formal properties of a social network to be expressed. A social network may be represented by a number of directed graphs each of which depicts some institutional or interactional aspect of the relationships among individuals involved in it. Such directed graphs may be so complex that their properties are not easily ascertained by visual inspection. However, all the properties of a directed graph may be obtained by performing certain operations on its adjacency matrix.)Whilst a computer may be programmed to perform these operations, optical coincidence cards may be adapted to provide a novel and simple alternative method of manipulating boolean matrices up to 50 × 50 in size which is of low cost and does not require special skills or access to special equipment.

The cultural transformation of our time stems from the extension of the industrial-technological revolution into the sphere of message-production. The mass production and rapid distribution of messages create new symbolic environments that reflect the structure and functions of the institutions that transmit them. These institutional processes of the mass-production messages short-circuit other networks of social communication and superimpose their own forms of collective consciousness—their own publics—upon other social relationships. The consequences for the quality of life, for the cultivation of human tendencies and outlooks, and for the governing of societies, are far-reaching. Informed policy-making and the valid interpretation of social behavior require systematic indicators of the prevailing climate of the changing symbolic environment. A central aspect of cultural indicators would be the periodic analysis of trends in the composition and structure of message systems cultivating conceptions of life relevant to socialization and public policy. Findings of studies of the portrayal of violence in network television drama illustrate the terms of such analysis, and demonstrate the need for more comprehensive, cumulative, and comparative information on mass-cultural trends and configurations.

SummaryThe Role of Regional Organization in Rural DevelopmentThis paper constitutes a report on the concept of regional organization in Israel and some aspects of its implementation. The term 'regional organization' is used in its broadest sense, covering formally organised enterprises as well as networks of relations, and including both manifest and latent functions. Regional organization is treated both as a method of development and as a social system growing out of daily interaction. The paper consists of four parts: first, a brief outline of rural and general development in Israel is sketched, as the background against which regional organization is analysed. Second, the concept of regional organization in Israel, i.e. the goals and functions, is presented. Third, the problems which arise during the implementation of this concept are discussed, including: a. the size and composition or the regional system, b. its ecological basis as opposed to its functional character, c. the scope of regional cooperation, d. the internal conditions necessary for the sustained development of the regional system as a whole, e. the general institutional conditions suitable for regional development. Fourth, and finally, a brief description of a current research project on some of these problems is given.

As Lévi-Strauss puts it, social facts are primarily communication facts. From this point of view political communication is not characterized by the objects it bears upon, but by its praxeologicial character; it is concerned with the effectiveness of communication, and more precisely with power relations and with strategies. So, political communication is to be analysed as a game structure, and not as a network structure or a code structure. It is shown by an example that political communication really presents a game structure, after which some distinctions are made between mastery and control, and then between material, informational, symbolic, and juridical means of power. Like the other structures, game structures are characterized by the laws which govern them. Three of them are specified: the law of equilibration, the law of connectedness, and the law of communal closure. Finally, after reviewing briefly the different orders (practical, institutional, and ideological) where a structure can be seen in operation, three positive aspects of such a game analysis are noted: it is concerned with the inner part of human action, it is well-suited to overcome the limits of functional and systems analysis, and it has the virtue of isolating a truly political dimension in human action.

CAPITAL IS DEFINED AS 'VALUE IN PROCESS' & THE SR ENVELOPING THIS PROCESS; PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION OF CAPITAL & THE CORRESPONDING CLASS RELATIONS ARE MENTIONED. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CAPITAL IS DISCUSSED WITHIN THE 2-FOLD DEFINITION. THE ORIGIN OF THE MARKET ON THE OUTSIDE OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES IS RELATED TO THE USE VALUE/EXCHANGE VALUE DICHOTOMY. THE PROCESS OF NATION-BUILDING IS THE CREATION OF NEW POLITICAL UNITS CENTERED ROUND SUCH A MARKET & BASED ON A DOFL CUTTING THROUGH PRECAPITALIST SOCIAL FORMATIONS. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CIRCULATION & EVENTUALLY OF PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION RESULT FROM THE CONTRADICATIONS OF THE CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION & DEVELOP ALONG THE LINES OF PRENATIONAL TRADE NETWORKS. CONSTRUCTING A SPECIFIC 'NEO' IMPERIALISM ON THE BASIS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION IS NOT VALID. 1870-1914 IMPERIALISM WAS THE FUSION OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CIRCULATION & OF PRODUCTION, WHILE TODAY'S IS THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION IN FULL SWING. CAPITAL AS A SR IS EXPLICITLY ATTACHED TO THE DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS. COMBINING 2 CONFLICT DIMENSIONS (CAPITALIST/LABOR & INTERCAPITALIST) CAPITAL REQUIRES SYSTEMATIC ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING CLASS RELATIONS, WHICH IS PROVIDED BY THE STATE. THE STATE PERFORMS 2 GROUPS OF FUNCTIONS, EACH DISPLAYING DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS IN THE COURSE OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS. IT IS THE MUTUAL DETERMINATION OF THE 2 CONFLICT DIMENSIONS THAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE SYSTEMIC NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF INTERNATIONALIZED PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION; BECAUSE OF STATE FUNCTIONS INTERNATIONALIZING ALONG WITH CAPITAL, AN INSTITUTIONAL SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM IS VISIBLE. HA.

SummaryPLANNED REGIONAL‐RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISRAEL PROCESSES, PROBLEMS AND ISSUESThe paper discusses some of the problems and processes of social and institutional restructuring in Israeli rural life in the context of regional settlement. First, the sociological meanings of region and regional organization before statehood, and the major changes in regional‐rural settlement during the period of independence, are presented. The differential regional‐physical and socio‐economic focuses in the two main sectors of rural settlement ‐ the collective and the co‐operative —are explained.The bulk of the analysis is devoted to regional settlement of new immigrant villages, in which the functional and dysfunctional consequences of regional organization are studied in one planned regional network, established according to some new sociological planning concepts. In this context, inter‐ and intra‐institutional tensions between existing and emerging rural organizational patterns, and the re‐integrative functions of the new organizations are dealt with on different levels as political and/or religious reintegration, regional enterprises and regional independence, political empowerment of the regional leadership, and regional participation in national decision‐making.RÉSUMÉLA PLANIFICATION DU DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL RURAL EN ISRAEL PROCESSUS, PROBLÈMES, RÉSULTATSCet article a pour objet une présentation critique des quelques uns des problèmes et processus de restructuration sociale et institutionnelle de la vie rurale israelienne dans le cadre de la mise en valeur régionale. L'auteur présente, en premier lieu, la signification de concepts tels que «région», «organisation régionale», avant la création de l'Etat d'Israël. En second lieu, il expose les changements principaux dans la mise en valeur régionale depuis cette époque. Enfin, sont exposés les caractéristiques spécifiques, géographiques, sociales, économiques, des deux principaux secteurs: collectif et coopératif, de la mise en valeur.L'essentiel de l'analyse est consacréà l'implantation régionale des villages de nouveaux émigrants; les conséquences fonctionnelles et dysfonctionnelles de l'organisation régionale sont étudiées en prenant l'exemple d'un réseau régional planifié, établi en fonction de concepts sociologiques nouveaux en matière de planification. Dans ce contexte, les tensions inter‐ et intra‐institutionnelles entre les modèles d'organisation existants ou naissants et les fonctions de restructuration des nouvelles organisations sont abordées à différents niveaux de la réalité sociale: intégration politique et/ou religieuse, entreprise régionale et indépendance régionale, accroissement du pouvoir politique des autorités régionales et participation de la région à la prise de décision au niveau national.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGGEPLANTE LÄNDLICHE REGION ALENTWICKLUNG IN ISRAEL PROZESSE, PROBLEME UND AUFGABENDer Beitrag diskutiert einige Probleme und Prozesse der sozialen und institutionellen Umstrukturierung im ländlichen Leben Israels im Kontext der regionalen Siedlung. Zuerst werden die sozialen Inhalte von Region und regionale Organisation vor der Staatsbildung und die wesentlichen Veränderungen in der regionalen ländlichen Besiedlung während der Periode der Unabhängigkeit dargestellt. Die unter‐schiedlichen regional‐physikalischen und sozioökonomischen Brenn‐punkte in den beiden Hauptsektoren der ländlichen Besiedlung ‐ der kollektiven und der genossenschaftlichen Siedlung ‐ werden erklärt. Der Hauptteil der Analyse ist der regionalen Ansiedlung von neuen Immigrantendörfern gewidmet, in denen funktionale und dysfunktionale Folgen der regionalen Organisation in einem geplanten Rahmen untersucht werden, der entsprechend neuen soziologischen Planungskonzepten geschaffen wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang werden behandelt Spannungen in und zwischen existierenden und sich entwickelnden ländlichem Organisationen und die reintegrativen Fuuktionen neuer Organisationen auf den verschiedenen Ebenen der politischen und oder religiösen Reintegration, der regionalen Unter‐nehmen und der regionalen Unabhängigkeit, politische Machtbildung der regionalen Führung und regionale Teilnahme an den nationalen Entscheidungen.