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1. Introduction -- 2. Basic definitions and theoretical conceptions of institutional economics -- 3. A theory of the emergence of institutions -- 4. A model of networks of institutions -- 5. Varieties of policy reactions to the recent financial and economic crises and national systems of policies -- 6. Summary, conclusions, and future directions.

1. Knowledge intensive sectors in moderate innovative countries in Europe: overcoming the missing links, stepping over barriers; Isobel Salavisa and Carim Vali. - Part II: How are social networks relevant for technological entrepreneurship? An overview of the literature and methdological options . - 2. Dynamics, structure and content of innovation networks: an overview of the literature; Jana Almodovar and Aurora Teixeira . - 3. Networks and technological entrepreneurship; Cristina Sousa and Margarida Fontes . - 4. Using social network analysis to study entrepreneurship: methodological issues; Cristina Sousa. - Part III: The role of social networks in the creation and development of knowledge-intensive sectors in Portugal and Italy. - 5. Setting the scene; Margarida Fontes, Isabel Salavisa and Pedro Videira . - 6. Social networks and the entrepreneurial process in molecular biotechnology in Portugal: from science to industry; Margarida Fontes, Cristina Sousa and Pedro Videira. - 7. Social networks and the entrepreneurial process in molecular biotechnology in Southern Italy; Lorella Cannavacciula, Guido Capaldo and Pierluigi Rippa. - 8. Social networks and the entrepreneurial process in software for telecommunications in Portugal; Isabel Salavisa, Pedro Videira and Carim Vali. - 9. Comparing sectoral networks in software and biotechnology; Margarida Fontes, Isabel Salavisa and Cristina Sousa. - 10. Knowledge networks and technological regimes in biotechnology and software: searching for explanatory factors; Isabel Salavisa, Margarida Fontes, Cristina Sausa and Pedro Videiro. - Part IV: Strategic and policy implications. - 11. Location matters. Networking behaviour in different national contexts; Margarida Fontes and Guido Capeldo. - 12. Conclusions Isabel Salavisa and Margarida Fontes

1. A comparative study of social capital -- 2. Accessed and activated social capital -- 3. Institutional constraints -- 4. Theoretical models and hypotheses -- 5. Data, methods, and measures -- 6. Accessed social capital among the three societies -- 7. Social capital and status attainment -- 8. Social capital and institutional constraints.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Figures -- Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background of Study -- 1.2 The Political Economy of Social Enterprise Development -- 1.2.1 The Third Sector -- 1.2.2 The Shift from NGO to Social Enterprise -- 1.3 Aim of Research -- 1.3.1 The Research Question -- 1.3.2 Theoretical Background -- 1.3.2.1 Resource Dependency in State-WISE Relationships -- 1.3.3 WISE as the Subject of Study -- 1.3.4 Identifying WISEs in China -- 1.4 Research Design and Methodology -- 1.4.1 Methodology and Data Collection -- 1.4.2 Sample Selection -- 1.4.3 Qualitative Data Analysis -- 1.5 Significance of this Study -- 1.5.1 New Insights into Cross-Sector Development -- 1.5.2 Bridging Two Strands of Literature -- 1.5.3 Understanding Social Welfare Reform in China -- 1.5.4 The Advantage of the Grounded Approach -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: A Theoretical Review -- Introduction -- 2.1 Conceptualising Social Enterprises in Literature -- 2.1.1 Defining Social Enterprises in a Global Context -- 2.1.1.1 Social Enterprise as Efficient Social Service Provider -- 2.1.1.2 Social Enterprise as a Hybrid Organisation -- 2.1.1.3 Social Enterprises and Network Governance -- 2.1.2 Social Enterprises and the Third Sector -- 2.1.3 Models of Social Enterprise -- 2.1.3.1 Common Typologies -- 2.1.3.2 The Tri-Sector Model -- 2.1.4 Three Major Themes in Social Enterprise Research -- 2.1.4.1 Social Value and Mission -- 2.1.4.2 Hybrid Institutions and the Cross-Sector Partnership Paradigm -- 2.1.4.2.1 Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship -- 2.2 Assessing Institutional Effectiveness -- 2.2.1 Theories on Effectiveness -- 2.2.1.1 The Early Organisational Theories -- 2.2.1.2 Diversity in Measurement Standards -- 2.2.2 Debates over Effectiveness of Social Enterprises.

"Taking the case of Qazaq Pastoralists in Western Mongolia, this book looks at the universal human requirement to balance individual flexibility and strategies designed to make a living with the social expectations that impose particular rules of conduct but also enable mutual trust and cooperation to emerge. Pastoralists in Western Mongolia have experienced dramatic changes in recent decades, including the dismantling of the socialist economy, a series of natural disasters, and an emigration of roughly half of the local Qazaq minority to the newly independent state of Qazaqstan. Four aspects illustrate the chances and challenges that people face. First is the emergence of the market as the dominant mode of production and exchange, a thorny way full of uncertainties. Second is the individual household and its adaptation to the new economic system, creating new opportunities as well as precarities, and resulting in rapid social stratification. Thirdly, patterns of pastoral land allocation highlight problems of collective action and institutional fragmentation in the wake of a retreating state apparatus. Finally, social networks of mutual support and cooperation constitute a key component of pastoral livelihood but are under great pressure due to short time horizons and a lack of trust. The first longitudinal analysis of the Qazaqs in Mongolia in English and a contribution to anthropological theories on human adaptability and decision-making, economic and social inequalities, institutional change and the difficulty of deriving at cooperative solutions, this book will be a standard work and of interest to academics in the field of Central Asian Studies, Anthropology, Human Geography and Development Studies"--

part I. Measuring social capital -- part II. Endogeneity of social capital : structural and network features -- part III. Accessing and mobilizing social capital : institutional, networking and organizational factors -- part IV. Social capital and well-being.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- Part I: Theoretical Approaches -- 2 Institutional Orders and the Gift: A Macrosociological Approach -- 3 Beneficence, Reciprocity and Institutions in Smith -- 4 The Gift as Total Social Fact: From Mauss to Money -- Part II: Applied, Empirical or Experimental Case Studies -- 5 Lab Scientists' Innovativeness: A Case Study of Networks and Favour Exchange -- 6 Gift as Conspicuous Consumption: The Case of the Odyssey -- 7 The Fluid Nature of Gifts and Grants: An Institutional Application to the Marshall Plan -- 8 An Institutional Analysis of the Dowry System in South Asia -- 9 In Search of Relevant Financial Regulation: Some Lessons from the Gift-Economics -- 10 Principles of Exchange and Reciprocity in the Context of Providing Care -- 11 Afterword: The Puzzle of the Gift -- Index.

The sociological concept of social capital has grown in popularity in recent years and research programs in North America, Europe, and East Asia have demonstrated how social capital has a significant impact on occupational mobility, community building, social movement, and economic development. This book uses new empirical data to test how social capital works in different societies with diverse political-economic and cultural institutions. Taking a comparative approach, this study focuses on data from three different societies, China, Taiwan, and the United States, in order to revea.

"This volume is a collection of original studies based on one of the first research programs on comparative analysis of social capital. Data are drawn from national representative samples of the United States, China and Taiwan. The three societies selected for study allow the examination of how political-economic regimes (command versus market) and cultural factors (family centrality versus diverse social ties) affect the characteristics of social ties and social networks from which resources are accessed and mobilized"--