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As we were writing this chapter, the 2020 election campaign in the US was entering its last week before the elections. There are probably few more news-intensive events in the world than the American presidential elections. The smallest and, in other settings, seemingly irrelevant details of a candidate's behaviour and appearance (a slip of the tongue, the way that they laugh or their temporary memory losses) are immediately picked up by cameras and microphones and publicized across news networks and commented on and shared throughout social media networks in a matter of seconds and minutes, possibly affecting people's attitudes towards particular politicians and parties (directly or indirectly).

The paper examines the theories of media, dominant effects and critical and cultural theories that are used to examine media and society issues, and then apply the theories to explore the current situation of news media in Arab societies. The research is meant to explore the nature of media in the Arab world and the way that modern technologies have changed the nature of the Arab public sphere. It considers the role of an open press in promoting a more democratic society, while recognizing the unique qualities of an Arab culture.

"The entertainment media often delivers cultural symbols, which occasionally inform news media discourse. Such is the case of the "Joker" being used as a symbol of chaos. Since the character's existence and popularity generated a pool of possibilities for political associations, the latest Joker film by director Todd Phillips, which premiered in 2019, caused controversy on many levels: "The real threat of Joker is hiding in plain sight" (The New York Times 2019); "Joker isn't an ode to the far right – it's a warning against austerity" (The Guardian 2019). The polemical aspect of the discourse prompted by this film is apparent in the frames used by the news media to cover Joker's premiere. This paper aims to identify these news media frames, using an inductive clustering method, and further investigate them by exploring theories of social construction of reality, with a focus on psychoanalytic aspects of the hero/villain myth that informs these news frames.

Keywords: Media Frames, Myth, Constructivism, Joker.

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Discusses factors shaping and influencing political news in the 50 US states. Media markets and media market integrity, place of the state capitals in the states, capital city and media markets, state's most important newspaper, and wire services.

The paper examines the theories of media, dominant effects and critical and cultural theories that are used to examine media and society issues, and then apply the theories to explore the current situation of news media in Arab societies. The research is meant to explore the nature of media in the Arab world and the way that modern technologies have changed the nature of the Arab public sphere. It considers the role of an open press in promoting a more democratic society, while recognizing the unique qualities of an Arab culture.

Publication of local newspapers and magazines was supported and largely flourished over much of China in the 1950s. Although for the most part western scholars had little access to the county dailies and smaller bulletins and tabloids of that period, it was apparent that the Chinese tradition of reporting and chronicling local events in written form continued with little interruption in many localities. In the early and mid 1960s, however, under both economic and political pressures, hundreds of county newspapers and other small publications were closed down or amalgamated. Since then, without much access to local or even many provincial newspapers, scholars outside China have known little of the structure and development of the local press and other news media.1 How many county newspapers survived the 1960s or were revived? To what extent have county wire broadcast networks been developed to meet the need for the dissemination of local information to rural and urban populations? What impact, if any, have the news services of these broadcast networks had on remaining local and provincial newspapers? With the current publishing boom in China, should we expect widespread revival of county-level newspapers or general news magazines?

This chapter addresses the topic of whether news media in different countries are still able to reach the general public and generate a shared public sphere as a prerequisite of democratic countries. The empirical part of the chapter focuses on the extent to which the different segments of the society use news media like newspapers, radio, television, and social media, comparing the results from 18 countries participating in the 2021 Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM) research project. We conclude that most people in most countries still use the news media regularly, although country-specific gaps exist related to sociodemographic factors like age, gender, and especially education and income. Most conspicuous is an intergenerational gap insofar

Digital native news media are becoming a blooming phenomenon, expanding globally. Up until now, however, the scholar community has paid little attention to online-born media, compared to the high interest devoted to the legacy media brands. Drawing upon the extant literature on this emerging topic, this editorial summarizes the empirical and theoretical contributions of the thematic issue entitled "Digital Native News Media: Trends and Challenges." The author highlights that the studies selected for this thematic issue not only explore the innovative characteristics and opportunities of digital native media in thirty countries, but also provide a cautionary tale about their structural problems and limitations.