Suchergebnisse

Following a long stay in the Daza de l'Est du Niger in 1971-1972, this brief report describes the progress of the mission and outlines the main features of the social organisation of these pastoralists. He referred in turn to: population in the region, clans, heads, housing, division of labour, social categories, property, theft, religion, human and veterinary medicine, convenience and beauty, marriage, oral literature and music. ; International audience After a long stay among the Daza of Eastern Niger in 1971-1972, this fieldwork report stresses the main aspects of these pastoralists' social organization. ; Following a long stay in the Daza de l'Est du Niger in 1971-1972, this brief report describes the progress of the mission and outlines the main features of the social organisation of these pastoralists. He referred in turn to: population in the region, clans, heads, housing, division of labour, social categories, property, theft, religion, human and veterinary medicine, convenience and beauty, marriage, oral literature and music. ; A la suite d'un long séjour chez les Daza de l'Est du Niger en 1971-1972, ce bref rapport relate le déroulement de la mission et esquisse des principaux traits de l'organisation sociale de ces pasteurs. Il évoque successivement : le peuplement de la région, les clans, les chefs, l'habitat, la division du travail, les catégories sociales, la propriété, le vol, la religion, la médecine humaine et vétérinaire, les convenances et la pudeur, le mariage, la littérature orale et la musique.

Metadata only record ; The Niger Range and Livestock Project has the twin aims of increasing the incomes of pastoralists in central Niger, and finding a long-term ecological balance in the zone. Sheep epidemic and the risk of cattle or camel rustling have resulted in the overrepresentation of goats in the Tuareg herds. The Tuareg form a small, politically independent group which is heavily involved in the market as a means of rebuilding their herds. They are relatively sedentary, but transhume along a northwest-southwest route to the salt cure. The Peul recognize the dominance of the Tuareg, and live in scattered and small communities and lack deep kinship groups; this makes for difficult census taking. They have few market needs and are irregular in their transhumance patterns. The paper outlines the forces which have brought change to the region. Firstly is the destruction of the Tuareg traditional political economy by the French, then the intensification of agriculture through the freeing of Tuareg slaves. The creation of a national boundary with Nigeria blighted the Tuareg trade routes, and this was followed by a decline in the terms of trade. Population pressure increased as a result of national social policy and the building of wells, and the onset of the Sahelian drought gave rise to in higher losses. The project is experimental in nature, and has broad implications, particularly in the light of a changing environment, including the tripling of uranium mine labor demands and the competition for salt trade. It is founded on the establishment of social organization and communication, both of which are hampered by the low population density. There is no guarantee of success, and the project may see the number of pastoralists continuing to decline. However, if it is successful, pastoralists will be encouraged to change their management strategies by overcoming technical constraints which they now face, and their level of autonomy will be enhanced by their increased bargaining power in the Nigerian economy. Replicability will be assured by the intensive research into herding management and the development of cost-effective technical intervention, although it is recognized that other areas have different social arrangements and managing practices. -from Blench and Marriage Annotated Bibliography ; Available in SANREM office, FS

Metadata only record ; Pastoralists have been settling and uprooting continuously, but current development thinking regards nomads as opponents, rather than valuing the knowledge they have acquired from generations of adaptation. Similarly, communication does not flow the other way, and pastoralists are generally unaware of the directions of government development planning. There are six features of pastoral life which need to be understood: pastoralists are engaged in multi-resource economies; they move out of necessity rather than choice; economic decisions are made with a view to long term security; production aims to maximize the number of goals, not just economic goals; ownership and management of herds may be in different hands; pastoralists are vigilant to changes in their environment. Policy directed towards pastoral communities must do away with stereotypical images of nomadic herders; sedentarization is frequently unviable, for the reason that, if it were an appropriate response to the conditions in hand, the pastoralists would make it unaided. Policy recommendations regarding pastoralists can come from two angles; either they hope to destroy pastoralism as a means of livelihood, or they hope to enhance the lives of the pastoralist as legitimate citizens. Assuming the latter position, areas for development would be access to veterinary medicine and relations between pastoralists and other members of the population. It is a mistake to presume that the crux of the pastoralist system is the contribution it makes to the national economy; on the contrary, it is often only the surplus to subsistence needs which goes to market. Priorities for development lie in improving the standard of living for pastoralists and secondly, increasing the growth of the national economy to which they contribute. The decline of pastoralism is not inevitable from an environmental point of view, as enough rangeland exists to support large numbers of people and herds. -from Blench and Marriage Annotated Bibliography

L'embouche industrielle est possible en Afrique. Mais les paysans de Madagascar, du Niger, du Sénégal maîtrisent déjà bien l'embouche à partir des sous-produits de leur exploitation. La culture attelée est aussi capable de participer à l'embouche bovine. Mais cette embouche paysanne ne peut pas être numériquement suffisante Les feed-lots sont nécessaires. L'embouche intensive est possible dans la plupart des régions mais non dans les steppes du Sahel. Dans les zones arides de ce dernier la productivité des troupeaux peut augmenter avec l'évolution de la commercialisation consécutive à l'embouche. Cependant, il est nécessaire de s'occuper des autres aspects de l'élevage: naissance, croissance et protection sanitaire.