Suchergebnisse

SUMMARY. The inwortance of tree-breeding research programs in Danmarkand Sweden during the last twenty years justify the trip performedin these countries ivith the following purpose: study of recentadvances of tree breeding methods, with particular attention drawnto the details of the technics concerning grafting, hybridization andestablishment of progeny tests and seed plantations.The tree breeding work is focused, in Danmark, on Beech andexotic species (Larch, Douglas fir) and in Sweden, on Scot Pine,Norway Spruce and Aspen.An accurate selection of parent individuals, followed by intra--specific hybridization in seed plantations, takes the first place inthe breeding programs. Several thousands of plus trees were selectedand multiplicated by graft. While the greenhouse technics givehighly successful grafts, important studies lead to good outdoorgrafting- technics during the recent years. The first seed orchardsfront an important program are planted in these years.If ybrid Larch and hybrid Aspen are bred by interspecific hybridization; they are used already in reforestation practice.Induced polyploidy or spontaneous polyploids used as mothertrees open new ways for investigations,• and hope for valuable improvements,especially with broadleaved trees.These both breeding technics — interspecific hybridization andpolyploidy --- are dealt with selected plus trees as mother trees.Progeny tests established and judged with the help of statisticalanalysis, take more and more place in the breeding work.in the both countries, governments, forests owners associations,timber and pulp industries, give their financial support to foresttree breeding research. The people interested in forest activitiespay the greatest attention to the advancement of the research programs.

International audience ; SUMMARY. The inwortance of tree-breeding research programs in Danmarkand Sweden during the last twenty years justify the trip performedin these countries ivith the following purpose: study of recentadvances of tree breeding methods, with particular attention drawnto the details of the technics concerning grafting, hybridization andestablishment of progeny tests and seed plantations.The tree breeding work is focused, in Danmark, on Beech andexotic species (Larch, Douglas fir) and in Sweden, on Scot Pine,Norway Spruce and Aspen.An accurate selection of parent individuals, followed by intra--specific hybridization in seed plantations, takes the first place inthe breeding programs. Several thousands of plus trees were selectedand multiplicated by graft. While the greenhouse technics givehighly successful grafts, important studies lead to good outdoorgrafting- technics during the recent years. The first seed orchardsfront an important program are planted in these years.If ybrid Larch and hybrid Aspen are bred by interspecific hybridization; they are used already in reforestation practice.Induced polyploidy or spontaneous polyploids used as mothertrees open new ways for investigations,• and hope for valuable improvements,especially with broadleaved trees.These both breeding technics — interspecific hybridization andpolyploidy --- are dealt with selected plus trees as mother trees.Progeny tests established and judged with the help of statisticalanalysis, take more and more place in the breeding work.in the both countries, governments, forests owners associations,timber and pulp industries, give their financial support to foresttree breeding research. The people interested in forest activitiespay the greatest attention to the advancement of the research programs.

By shifting from the "automobile city" paradigm to an omnimodal urban approach open to all transport modes, Norwegian cities entered a phase of ecomotive transition. This transition falls within the scope of a wider change of urban paradigm, from the modern urban planning model to the project of sustainable city. This dissertation reaches down to the historical roots of the transition and aims at understanding how it is inscribed and disseminated across Norwegian urban territories. In order to do so, a dual-scale analysis was carried out. This study intends to piece together the urban and transport planning policies which fuelled the transition on the national scale and at the level of its two major cities, Oslo and Tromsø. It is an attempt at understanding when and how the sustainable development paradigm translated into national and local planning policies, and the ways in which it echoed into the ecomotive transition process. The evolution of urban mobility usages in Norway is grasped, at various levels, through a statistical study completed by an observation work, carried out in Oslo and Tromsø with the aim of analysing the transition's spatial translation in the public space. Moreover, a geo-historical retrospective places the transition against the backdrop of urban morphogenesis. This thesis highlights the intra-urban and inter-urban space-time discrepancies in terms of intensity and rhythm of the transition. It challenges the status of model, often labelled on the country. It revisits the visions which steered change, the difficulties which had to be overcome, the opportunities seized and the paradoxes of the Norwegian case. Placing it in a European perspective, this doctoral thesis also points out the singularities of the country when it comes to conceiving, sharing and appeasing the public space. This research reaches beyond the field of urban geography to leverage social geography as well. It widens the scope of reflection as it places the notion of sustainability in the Nordic sociocultural context. ...

20 pages. Article publié dans la revue historique de l'Université de Suceava (Universitatea Stefan cel Mare Suceava, Faultatea de Istorie și Geografie) ; International audience ; This study presents some aspects related to the literary life of the Norwegian capital, between 1770-1884. After a short history of the Christiania (i.e. Oslo) during the above mentioned period, the author foray into the history of the Norwegian press from the 19th century (1814-1876) and analyses the public space from this town. ; Cet étude présente certains aspects de la vie littéraire dans la capitale norvégienne au XIXe siècle, et notamment les conditions d'émergence de la sphère publique en tant qu'espace de débat littéraire et politique.

20 pages. Article publié dans la revue historique de l'Université de Suceava (Universitatea Stefan cel Mare Suceava, Faultatea de Istorie și Geografie) ; International audience ; This study presents some aspects related to the literary life of the Norwegian capital, between 1770-1884. After a short history of the Christiania (i.e. Oslo) during the above mentioned period, the author foray into the history of the Norwegian press from the 19th century (1814-1876) and analyses the public space from this town. ; Cet étude présente certains aspects de la vie littéraire dans la capitale norvégienne au XIXe siècle, et notamment les conditions d'émergence de la sphère publique en tant qu'espace de débat littéraire et politique.

This research is part of a multidisciplinary approach - . monographic, ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and includes a longitudinal dimension. It attempts to expound the language practices of four Indian immigrant families settled in four European countries : France, Sweden, Norway and Finland. This study also seeks to identify issues of family language policies, a domain where little research has been undertaken and therefore, remains to be developed. Moreover, ideologies and attitudes about languages are reflected in decisions taken by the heads of the household, who manifest a special penchant for a specific language, for themselves and in particular, for their children. At the macro level, the national language policy of each country in our study is discussed, including that of India, with a focus on language education policy and on the teaching of immigrant languages in schools. The plurilinguism of participants is analyzed with the concept of multilingual repertoire, in which language competencies are truncated by specific domains. The concepts of space, context, mobility, scale, polycentrality and orders of indexicality were raised in order to understand and sift the truncated verbal repertoire. Intergenerational language transmission is examined through a critical analysis of national and family language policies ; the question of the effect of the legacy of cultural and linguistic values of the country of origin (or the absence of such transmission) on the construction of the identity of the second generation are equally reviewed. The main contribution of this thesis is to take a look at language issues related to migration from the immigrants' own perspective rather than the perspectives of their host countries. ; Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans une approche pluridisciplinaire – monographique, ethnographique et sociolinguistique avec une dimension longitudinale. Il tente de décrire de manière approfondie les pratiques langagières familiales de quatre familles indiennes immigrantes installées dans ...

Developments in many fields, and especially in technology and economies, in international politics and in military strategy, have combined to give the Arctic a more important role in international affairs. By geographical location, with its mainland and islands stretching far to the North and framing the maritime link between the Atlantic and the Arctic, Norway has a strategic position at the main gateway to and from the Arctic Basin.
Historically, these European northern waters have been explored and exploited as an international commons and legally the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 which recognized Norway's sovereignty over the islands also secured permanent rights of access for foreign nationals and equal right to engage in research and to participate in commercial operations on the islands. In addition to the economic provisions, the Treaty served a strategic purpose by prohibiting the establishment of naval bases and fortifications on the islands and disallowing any use of them for « warlike purposes -».
With the Soviet Union emerging as the major military power in Europe at the end of the Second World War and concentrating its new and global naval forces in northern bases on the Kola Peninsula, the northern waters between Norway's coasts have become a strategic core area for any contest for maritime control of Atlantic supply lines, as well as for the strategic nuclear balance between the two superpowers and for a new nuclear threat against Europe.
In sum, the broad developments in the Arctic and the specific strategic interests in Arctic relations now focusing on the Norwegian Arctic, the Norwegian North has been turned into a center stage of international political and military interest and concern.

The territorial sovereignty over Alaska, the Arctic islands of the Soviet Union, Svalbard, Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago poses no problem, but the continental shelf off those territories and islands has yet to be delimited between the five Arctic States: Alaska, the Soviet Union, Norway, Denmark and Canada. Beyond the continental shelf, the mineral resources of the deep sea-bed should normally form part of the common heritage of mankind, but their presence has not yet been determined. The Arctic Ocean, in spite of the permanent presence of ice, is subject to the freedoms of the seas. The straits of the Northeast Passage are internal waters of the Soviet Union, at least since the establishment of straight baselines in 1985 (presumably, under the Territorial Sea Convention to which the USSR is a Party) and, possibly before, by way of historic title. Under the Convention, a right of innocent passage would exist but not if they are historic waters. The waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada since their enclosure by straight baselines in 1985, under customary international law, and no right of passage exists. The sovereignty of Arctic States extends to the air space above their territory, internal waters and territorial sea. There is no right of over flight above those areas, outside of the I.C.A.O. Conventions. The Arctic Ocean being a semi-enclosed sea, bordering States should cooperate under the new Law of the Sea Convention in the exploitation of the living resources, the protection of the marine environment and the conduct of scientific research. This cooperation could best be attained by the creation of an Arctic Basin Council composed of all Arctic States and, possibly, the Nordic countries.

By shifting from the "automobile city" paradigm to an omnimodal urban approach open to all transport modes, Norwegian cities entered a phase of ecomotive transition. This transition falls within the scope of a wider change of urban paradigm, from the modern urban planning model to the project of sustainable city. This dissertation reaches down to the historical roots of the transition and aims at understanding how it is inscribed and disseminated across Norwegian urban territories. In order to do so, a dual-scale analysis was carried out. This study intends to piece together the urban and transport planning policies which fuelled the transition on the national scale and at the level of its two major cities, Oslo and Tromsø. It is an attempt at understanding when and how the sustainable development paradigm translated into national and local planning policies, and the ways in which it echoed into the ecomotive transition process. The evolution of urban mobility usages in Norway is grasped, at various levels, through a statistical study completed by an observation work, carried out in Oslo and Tromsø with the aim of analysing the transition's spatial translation in the public space. Moreover, a geo-historical retrospective places the transition against the backdrop of urban morphogenesis. This thesis highlights the intra-urban and inter-urban space-time discrepancies in terms of intensity and rhythm of the transition. It challenges the status of model, often labelled on the country. It revisits the visions which steered change, the difficulties which had to be overcome, the opportunities seized and the paradoxes of the Norwegian case. Placing it in a European perspective, this doctoral thesis also points out the singularities of the country when it comes to conceiving, sharing and appeasing the public space. This research reaches beyond the field of urban geography to leverage social geography as well. It widens the scope of reflection as it places the notion of sustainability in the Nordic sociocultural context. By questioning the relations between urbanity, "norwegianness" and "europeanness", it reveals a new dimension of Norway's ecomotive transition. The latter appears to meet a drive for urbanity through a process of "rehumanisation" or "europeanisation" of the city, relegating the environment as a secondary concern. The transition then becomes a conveyer of metropolisation for a peripheral society, culturally ill-at-ease with urbanity and concerned about its regional, European and global integration. ; En passant du paradigme de la « ville automobile » à une approche urbaine « omnimodale », ouverte à tous les modes de transports, les villes norvégiennes sont entrées dans une phase de transition écomobile. Celle-ci s'inscrit dans un changement de paradigme urbain, plus vaste, en passant du modèle de l'urbanisme moderne au projet de la ville durable. Cette thèse remonte aux origines historiques de la transition et tente de comprendre comment elle s'inscrit et se diffuse dans les territoires urbains norvégiens. Pour cela, une analyse à plusieurs échelles est menée. L'étude propose une reconstitution des politiques publiques urbaines d'aménagement et de transport, au service de la transition, à l'échelle du pays et de deux de ses grandes villes, Oslo et Tromsø. Elle tente de comprendre quand et comment le paradigme du développement durable a été traduit dans les politiques nationales et locales d'aménagement, et de quelle manière il est entré en résonance dans le processus de transition écomobile. L'évolution des pratiques de mobilité urbaine en Norvège est appréhendée, à différentes échelles, à travers une étude statistique, complétée par un travail d'observation, réalisé à Oslo et Tromsø, dont l'objectif est d'analyser la traduction spatiale de la transition, dans l'espace public. De plus, la rétrospective géohistorique menée dans ces deux villes replace la transition dans la morphogénèse urbaine. Cette thèse met en avant les décalages spatio-temporels, intra et interurbains, en matière d'intensité et de rythme de la transition. Elle remet en question le statut de modèle, souvent accordé au pays. Elle revient sur les visions qui ont orienté le changement, sur les difficultés surmontées, sur les opportunités saisies et sur les paradoxes du cas norvégien. Dans une mise en perspective européenne, cette thèse de doctorat pointe, également, les singularités de la Norvège en matière de conception, de partage et d'apaisement de l'espace public. Dépassant le champ de la géographie urbaine, cette recherche mobilise aussi la géographie sociale. Elle mène une réflexion plus large, en replaçant la notion de durabilité dans le contexte socioculturel nordique. En questionnant le rapport entre urbanité, « norvégianité » et « européanité », elle révèle une nouvelle dimension à la transition écomobile norvégienne. Celle-ci semble répondre à une volonté d'urbanité, à travers une « réhumanisation » ou une « européanisation » de la ville, reléguant l'environnement à une considération secondaire. La transition devient alors un vecteur de métropolisation, pour une société périphérique, culturellement mal à l'aise avec l'urbanité et soucieuse de son intégration régionale, européenne et mondiale.

The year 1968 has come to symbolise the culmination of political, social and cultural protests in many Western countries. Half a century later, memories and narratives are still vivid and conflicted. Among all the institutions of power and knowledge challenged by the young generation, universities in particular became the sites of cultural and intellectual wars. As a result, both the fields of literature and philosophy have undergone profound changes in the wake of the massive influx of new theories that occurred in the late 1960s and 1970s, with Paris as a major centre. There, a new paradigm emerged as a critique of both institutionalised literary studies and structuralism. Many studies have since established the processes by which this new paradigm was mediated, received and "rebranded" in a North American context, resulting in so-called "French Theory". As new historicism and comparative criticism remind us, such processes illustrate how cultural phenomena are shaped and transformed through contacts across national borders. This study examines these processes of mediation and reframing in a Nordic context, with particular emphasis on the transnational dimension. This dissertation focuses on the central role of four literary magazines – Tel Quel in France, Poetik in Denmark, Profil in Norway and Kris in Sweden – in the process of producing, transmitting, discussing, and reformulating avant-garde theory, both in their local cultural contexts and within international research networks. Combining a hermeneutic approach with the historical framework, the study uses this sample of periodicals as actors at the intersection of the different subfields of cultural life (academic, intellectual, artistic, mediatic and political) to analyse the evolutions and shifts of theoretical production and circulation. The concept of utopia is used as an interpretative key to understand these avant-garde projects at the intersection of science, arts, and politics, and their various reconfigurations across time and space. In ...

This thesis explores the construction of the Göta Canal in Sweden between the 1790s and its opening in 1832, in its technical and circulatory dimensions, from a political angle. The main purpose is to show how the construction of the Göta Canal, initially a technical and commercial project, gradually acquires a political dimension through the intervention of the Swedish royal and the international events which upset Northern Europe in the first third of the XIXth century. The circulations and technical transfers used for the construction of the waterway, as well as the difficulties encountered by the canal company, profoundly transformed the project, which was assigned a much larger scale than that initially planned. Financial difficulties, the progression of nationalist ideas, the culmination of technical transfers and the annexation of Norway in 1814 contributed to move the initial project of a single waterway towards a royal policy of infrastructure development, across the entire Swedish kingdom. ; Cette thèse explore la construction du canal de Göta en Suède entre les années 1790 et son ouverture en 1832, dans ses dimensions techniques et circulatoires, sous un angle politique. Le principal propos est de montrer comment la mise en chantier du canal de Göta, au départ projet technique et commercial, acquiert progressivement une dimension politique par l'intervention royale suédoise et les événements internationaux qui bouleversent l'Europe du Nord dans le premier tiers du XIXe siècle. Les circulations et les échanges techniques mis pour la construction de la voie d'eau ainsi que les difficultés rencontrées par la compagnie du canal transforment profondément le projet qui se voient attribué une ampleur bien plus conséquente que celle prévue initialement. Les difficultés financières, la progression des idées nationalistes, l'aboutissement des transferts techniques et l'annexion de la Norvège en 1814 contribuent à faire évoluer le projet initiale d'une voie d'eau unique vers une politique royale d'aménagement ...

This thesis explores the construction of the Göta Canal in Sweden between the 1790s and its opening in 1832, in its technical and circulatory dimensions, from a political angle. The main purpose is to show how the construction of the Göta Canal, initially a technical and commercial project, gradually acquires a political dimension through the intervention of the Swedish royal and the international events which upset Northern Europe in the first third of the XIXth century. The circulations and technical transfers used for the construction of the waterway, as well as the difficulties encountered by the canal company, profoundly transformed the project, which was assigned a much larger scale than that initially planned. Financial difficulties, the progression of nationalist ideas, the culmination of technical transfers and the annexation of Norway in 1814 contributed to move the initial project of a single waterway towards a royal policy of infrastructure development, across the entire Swedish kingdom. ; Cette thèse explore la construction du canal de Göta en Suède entre les années 1790 et son ouverture en 1832, dans ses dimensions techniques et circulatoires, sous un angle politique. Le principal propos est de montrer comment la mise en chantier du canal de Göta, au départ projet technique et commercial, acquiert progressivement une dimension politique par l'intervention royale suédoise et les événements internationaux qui bouleversent l'Europe du Nord dans le premier tiers du XIXe siècle. Les circulations et les échanges techniques mis pour la construction de la voie d'eau ainsi que les difficultés rencontrées par la compagnie du canal transforment profondément le projet qui se voient attribué une ampleur bien plus conséquente que celle prévue initialement. Les difficultés financières, la progression des idées nationalistes, l'aboutissement des transferts techniques et l'annexion de la Norvège en 1814 contribuent à faire évoluer le projet initiale d'une voie d'eau unique vers une politique royale d'aménagement d'infrastructures, à l'échelle de tout le royaume suédois.

This study rests on Agribiom, a simple world food-balance model in calories connecting land use and agricultural production to biomass consumption in various forms (food, feed, biofuel, etc.). This tool is used to revisit and discuss the 2012 revision of the "World Agriculture Towards 2030/50" of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Conversion and aggregation into calories of country-wise and product-wise detailed FAO data in tonnes (demand, production and trade) for 2005-07 and 2050 helps to synthesize the FAO projections and their assumptions for nine world regions, including "Europe" (EU27 plus Switzerland, Norway and Island), the focus of this study. Our regional FAO-based scenarios in calories are then compared and discussed with Agribiom historical estimates from 1961 to 2007 in various fields (cultivated area, yield, net trade, population and food diet, other uses of food biomass). In the last section, we question three critical points that challenge the projection of Europe in the global food system: the population projections, the conversion of plant food biomass into animal food products, the demand for biofuel. ; L'étude PluriAgriBiom (PAB), commanditée et financée par l'association française Pluriagri, vise à mieux cerner la place passée et future de l'Europe dans le système alimentaire mondial en mobilisant l'outil quantitatif rétro-prospectif Agribiom. Un premier volet, réalisé en 2011-12, était centré sur une vaste analyse rétrospective des productions, échanges et usages mondiaux de biomasses alimentaires (1961-2007). Ce deuxième volet, réalisé en 2013-14, est entièrement consacré à la consolidation et analyse d'un scénario mondial de référence PluriAgriBiom pour 2050 (PAB50) adossé aux projections 2012 de la FAO pour cet horizon. La première partie de ce rapport synthétise, pour neuf régions du monde dont une Europe à 30 pays (EU30 = EU27 + Suisse, Norvège et Islande), plusieurs centaines de milliers de données transmises par la FAO pour sa base historique 2006 ...

In most countries of Europe, different levels of government, from municipal to national, subsidize demand responsive transportation (DRT) for different target groups, e.g.: the handicapped, the elderly, and even for the residents of low density areas, where scheduled bus transportation would be too expensive to provide because of low demand. Urban sprawl combined with the greying of the suburbs and of the countryside, together with a growing awareness for the needs for social inclusion of the handicapped put the budgets for these subsidized transportation services on the fast-growing trend. The strategies put forward by the public authorities to contain these growing costs vary from country to country but basically, they rely on two ingredients: (i) combine as much as possible the services for different target groups, and (ii) try to introduce competition when tendering these services to the transport operators. These two strategies are intimately interwoven since the number of competitors and hence competition for the markets depends on the size of the market, and the size of market depends on the ability of the various public authorities to work together and allow regrouping these different services into the same vehicles. Everywhere, taxicabs play a substantial role in these markets. In most countries of Northern Europe, from France to Norway, outside of the big cities, these subsidized transportation markets represent from 70 to 95% of the turnover of the taxicab operators. DRT markets, especially in rural areas, exhibit several features of natural monopoly, from economies of scale (e.g.: DRT corridors) and economies of scope (e.g.: diversity in the vehicle fleet) to economies of reputation (e.g.: call centre and radio dispatch centres). These monopoly features tend to favour larger firms. It is thus difficult to design a tendering process that would not crowd out (and thus kill) small taxi operators. Several regions in Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands seem to have come up with different and innovative ...

This research is part of a multidisciplinary approach - . monographic, ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and includes a longitudinal dimension. It attempts to expound the language practices of four Indian immigrant families settled in four European countries : France, Sweden, Norway and Finland. This study also seeks to identify issues of family language policies, a domain where little research has been undertaken and therefore, remains to be developed. Moreover, ideologies and attitudes about languages are reflected in decisions taken by the heads of the household, who manifest a special penchant for a specific language, for themselves and in particular, for their children. At the macro level, the national language policy of each country in our study is discussed, including that of India, with a focus on language education policy and on the teaching of immigrant languages in schools. The plurilinguism of participants is analyzed with the concept of multilingual repertoire, in which language competencies are truncated by specific domains. The concepts of space, context, mobility, scale, polycentrality and orders of indexicality were raised in order to understand and sift the truncated verbal repertoire. Intergenerational language transmission is examined through a critical analysis of national and family language policies ; the question of the effect of the legacy of cultural and linguistic values of the country of origin (or the absence of such transmission) on the construction of the identity of the second generation are equally reviewed. ; Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans une approche pluridisciplinaire – monographique, ethnographique et sociolinguistique avec une dimension longitudinale. Il tente de décrire de manière approfondie les pratiques linguistiques familiales de quatre familles indiennes immigrantes installées dans quatre pays européens : la France, la Suède, la Norvège et la Finlande. Cette étude cherche également à cerner les enjeux des politiques linguistiques familiales, domaine dans lequel ...