Suchergebnisse

Résumé La Norvège constitue le cas d'un précurseur qui devient ensuite un acteur secondaire et réfractaire. Il n'y a pour l'instant aucun débat public en cous sur le développement durable. Et si l'on en trouve des éléments, la dimension environnementale demeure dominante. Le changement climatique reste l'enjeu central. En dépit de ce nouveau contexte politique et d'objectifs nouveaux et ambitieux (par exemple que la Norvège devienne neutre en matière d'émission de carbone pour 2030), et malgré le fait que la Norvège dispose d'un important potentiel en termes de production et d'exportation d'énergies renouvelables en Europe, on trouve peu d'information sur de nouveaux changements politiques substantiels sur le plan sectoriel.

This paper comments on a paper by Solvi Sogner published in ADH, 1986, p. 353-359, where she maintains that a taboo on sexual intercourse during the period of lactation was practiced in medieval Norway after christianisation. It is shown that there exists no

Les chercheurs norvégiens ont beaucoup travaillé durant la seconde partie du XIXe siècle sur les répercussions de la Grande Peste sur la population et société norvégiennes. On a établi avec certitude la relation entre l'incidence de la peste et le déclin continuel de la population durant les deux siècles qui ont suivi son apparition. Le déclin de la population norvégienne entre 1350 et 1550 fait état d'une baisse qui atteint 65 %. Deux orientations de recherche sont apparues. L'une centrée sur l'abandon des terres et connue sous l'appellation "Projet Odegard". L'autre est représentée par les travaux récents de Ole Jorgen Benedictow sur la recherche epidemiologique et archéologique. La lecture de ces travaux soulève la question de savoir dans quelle mesure la peste et ses réapparitions ont directement affecté la diminution de la population en Norvège à la fin du Moyen Age. Si le rapport entre la virulence de la peste et l'importance des abandons de fermes est évident, en revanche une relation directe avec la baisse de la population n'apparaît pas de manière aussi nette dans ces recherches. D'autres facteurs explicatifs, spécialement sociaux et économiques, ont été insuffisamment observés.

Les méthodes aggrégatives, telles la projection inverse ou la rétro-projection, qui permettent de donner une estimation de l'espérance de vie, des taux de reproduction et de la structure d'âge de la population à partir de décomptes annuels des naissances et décès, ont ouvert des champs nouveaux et vastes à l'étude de la démographie historique. La méthode et le programme logiciel pour micro-ordinateur Populate que nous présentons ici permet d'affiner la projection inverse et d'en accroître l'attrait pour étudiants et spécialistes. Alors que la méthode inverse conventionnelle impose rigoureusement, tout au long d'une projection, les limitations d'une série d'âges donnée, Populate peut incorporer des contraintes additionnelles à n'importe quel moment. Il ressort d'un test portant sur des données norvégiennes que les deux techniques permettent de donner une estimation très proche des chiffres officiels disponibles, avec une différence moyenne de moins de trois pour cent (eQ et grr). Populate fait un peu mieux que la méthode classique, mais c'est surtout sa conception qui fait sa force. Les tests confirment la thèse généralement acceptée selon laquelle l'augmentation de la population norvégienne pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle est due principalement au déclin de la mortalité. Cependant, dans l'allure générale des baby booms de la même période, il semble que joue autre chose que la simple réverbération des vagues d'âges dues aux crises du XVIIIe siècle à laquelle Sundt et Drake les attribuent.

Summary in EnglishTitle of our thesis: 'Norway and isolationism, 1940-1972'. We start by building up a portrait of Norway by referring to works by authors such as Raymond Aron (1905-1983) and his «War and peace between nations» [Guerre et paix entre nations], Francis Fukuyama (1952-) with his study of « The Origins of Political Order », Hans Magnus Enzensberger(1929-), author of « Out-of-step Norway » [Norsk utakt], Henrik Ibsen and his « Peer Gynt» as well as numerous writings by Olav Riste (1933-) and other contributors.At the end of this first part our analysis has uncovered the traditional and defensive isolationism of the Norwegians which we qualify as being of the first degree, then a second degree isolationism, organic in character, since it is interiorised and hence hidden.Our main sources are accounts of meetings of the "Committee for Foreign affairs and of the Constitution" at the Storting (Parliament) in Oslo.The second part of this thesis deals with the period from 1940 to 1949 where Norway joined the Atlantic pact and NATO in 1949, quite simply because the country had no other choice. In the third part we look at Norway during her period of opening up to the international community from 1950 to 1972 where the country joins, again because she was forced to, first the European Free Trade area (EFTA), then is a candidate for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). The loss at the referendum on Europe in 1972 is mostly due to her isolationism that we in the end shall qualify as being extraordinary. ; Résumé en françaisTitre de notre thèse : « La Norvège et l'isolationnisme, 1940-1972 ». Nous avons d'abord entrepris de tracer un tableau de la Norvège en nous reportant à des ouvrages d'auteurs tels Raymond Aron (1905-1983) et son « Guerre et paix entre nations », de Francis Fukuyama (1952-) avec son étude « The Origins of Political Order » [Les origines de l'ordre politique], de Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929-), auteur de « Norsk utakt » [La Norvège qui marche à contretemps], d'Henrik Ibsen ...

Summary in EnglishTitle of our thesis: 'Norway and isolationism, 1940-1972'. We start by building up a portrait of Norway by referring to works by authors such as Raymond Aron (1905-1983) and his «War and peace between nations» [Guerre et paix entre nations], Francis Fukuyama (1952-) with his study of « The Origins of Political Order », Hans Magnus Enzensberger(1929-), author of « Out-of-step Norway » [Norsk utakt], Henrik Ibsen and his « Peer Gynt» as well as numerous writings by Olav Riste (1933-) and other contributors.At the end of this first part our analysis has uncovered the traditional and defensive isolationism of the Norwegians which we qualify as being of the first degree, then a second degree isolationism, organic in character, since it is interiorised and hence hidden.Our main sources are accounts of meetings of the "Committee for Foreign affairs and of the Constitution" at the Storting (Parliament) in Oslo.The second part of this thesis deals with the period from 1940 to 1949 where Norway joined the Atlantic pact and NATO in 1949, quite simply because the country had no other choice. In the third part we look at Norway during her period of opening up to the international community from 1950 to 1972 where the country joins, again because she was forced to, first the European Free Trade area (EFTA), then is a candidate for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). The loss at the referendum on Europe in 1972 is mostly due to her isolationism that we in the end shall qualify as being extraordinary. ; Résumé en françaisTitre de notre thèse : « La Norvège et l'isolationnisme, 1940-1972 ». Nous avons d'abord entrepris de tracer un tableau de la Norvège en nous reportant à des ouvrages d'auteurs tels Raymond Aron (1905-1983) et son « Guerre et paix entre nations », de Francis Fukuyama (1952-) avec son étude « The Origins of Political Order » [Les origines de l'ordre politique], de Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929-), auteur de « Norsk utakt » [La Norvège qui marche à contretemps], d'Henrik Ibsen ...

Summary in EnglishTitle of our thesis: 'Norway and isolationism, 1940-1972'. We start by building up a portrait of Norway by referring to works by authors such as Raymond Aron (1905-1983) and his «War and peace between nations» [Guerre et paix entre nations], Francis Fukuyama (1952-) with his study of « The Origins of Political Order », Hans Magnus Enzensberger(1929-), author of « Out-of-step Norway » [Norsk utakt], Henrik Ibsen and his « Peer Gynt» as well as numerous writings by Olav Riste (1933-) and other contributors.At the end of this first part our analysis has uncovered the traditional and defensive isolationism of the Norwegians which we qualify as being of the first degree, then a second degree isolationism, organic in character, since it is interiorised and hence hidden.Our main sources are accounts of meetings of the "Committee for Foreign affairs and of the Constitution" at the Storting (Parliament) in Oslo.The second part of this thesis deals with the period from 1940 to 1949 where Norway joined the Atlantic pact and NATO in 1949, quite simply because the country had no other choice. In the third part we look at Norway during her period of opening up to the international community from 1950 to 1972 where the country joins, again because she was forced to, first the European Free Trade area (EFTA), then is a candidate for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). The loss at the referendum on Europe in 1972 is mostly due to her isolationism that we in the end shall qualify as being extraordinary. ; Résumé en françaisTitre de notre thèse : « La Norvège et l'isolationnisme, 1940-1972 ». Nous avons d'abord entrepris de tracer un tableau de la Norvège en nous reportant à des ouvrages d'auteurs tels Raymond Aron (1905-1983) et son « Guerre et paix entre nations », de Francis Fukuyama (1952-) avec son étude « The Origins of Political Order » [Les origines de l'ordre politique], de Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929-), auteur de « Norsk utakt » [La Norvège qui marche à contretemps], d'Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) et son « Peer Gynt », et de nombreux écrits d'Olav Riste (1933-) et d'autres auteurs.A la fin de cette première partie notre analyse a permis d'identifier l'isolationnisme traditionnel et défensif des Norvégiens que nous désignons comme étant du premier degré, puis une seconde forme d'isolationnisme appelé organique et du second degré, car intériorisé et ainsi occulté.Nos sources principales ont été les Comptes rendus de réunions du Comité des Affaires étrangères et de la Constitution au Storting (Parlement) à Oslo.La deuxième partie de cette thèse traite la période de 1940 à 1949 qui se termine par l'adhésion de la Norvège au Pacte atlantique et l'OTAN en 1949, car le pays n'avait tout simplement pas d'autre choix. En troisième partie nous suivons la Norvège dans une phase d'internationalisation profonde de 1950 à 1972 où le pays adhère, de nouveau sous la contrainte, d'abord à l'Association européenne de libre échange puis cherche à se joindre à la Communauté économique européenne. L'échec au référendum sur l'Europe en 1972 est à imputer en très grande partie à son isolationnisme que nous qualifions d'extraordinaire.

In September, the Norwegian elected their local representatives and the Danes renewed their parliament. These two elections were followed with the greatest interest by all Europeans. Is there a backsliding of the far right in response to the violent events in Norway this summer? ; En septembre dernier, les Norvégiens ont élu leurs représentants locaux et les Danois ont renouvelé leur parlement. Ces deux scrutins ont été suivis avec le plus grand intérêt par l'ensemble des Européens. Allait-on observer un recul de l'extrême droite en réaction aux événements violents qui se sont produits cet été en Norvège ?

Through a geographical approach to urban protected areas, this doctoral dissertation proposes to consider conservation policies as production choices of metropolitan naturality. Based on the study of five northern European metropolises (Oslo, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Helsinki) in four different national contexts (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland), it develops a reasoning on the foundations, practices and representations relating to spaces and spatialities of conservation. We do not propose a monographic compilation, and it is in a transversal and critical way that we invite to consider the protected space as an urban space in its own right. In the light of nordicity, this doctoral thesis questions the existence, the modalities and the specificities of a supposed Scandinavian model which would show through the conservation policies. The demonstration suggests above all a reversal of the usual patterns of conservation: here, the city is not understood as a threat to nature; rather, it is questioned as a protective factor. In return, conservation can strengthen some urban functions and may even appear to be a leverage of metropolisation. By mobilizing different forms of observation and various materials, this work of social and political geography of the environment is also a wider epistemological reflection on the notions of city and nature and on the links they maintain. By confirming the necessary overcoming of the dualisms resulting from modernity, this dissertation questions the hybrid spatial forms produced by the introduction of protective regulations within metropolitan spaces. Thus, conservation may appear as a means of regulating urbanization, but it is above all a means of enhancing the value of certain urban spaces and, as such, it can often strengthen urbanity. Among the diversity of situations encountered, preserving the urbanity of natural spaces sometimes becomes the primary objective of protection. In short, some urban protected areas are more protected urban spaces. Conservation is ...

Through a geographical approach to urban protected areas, this doctoral dissertation proposes to consider conservation policies as production choices of metropolitan naturality. Based on the study of five northern European metropolises (Oslo, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Helsinki) in four different national contexts (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland), it develops a reasoning on the foundations, practices and representations relating to spaces and spatialities of conservation. We do not propose a monographic compilation, and it is in a transversal and critical way that we invite to consider the protected space as an urban space in its own right. In the light of nordicity, this doctoral thesis questions the existence, the modalities and the specificities of a supposed Scandinavian model which would show through the conservation policies. The demonstration suggests above all a reversal of the usual patterns of conservation: here, the city is not understood as a threat to nature; rather, it is questioned as a protective factor. In return, conservation can strengthen some urban functions and may even appear to be a leverage of metropolisation. By mobilizing different forms of observation and various materials, this work of social and political geography of the environment is also a wider epistemological reflection on the notions of city and nature and on the links they maintain. By confirming the necessary overcoming of the dualisms resulting from modernity, this dissertation questions the hybrid spatial forms produced by the introduction of protective regulations within metropolitan spaces. Thus, conservation may appear as a means of regulating urbanization, but it is above all a means of enhancing the value of certain urban spaces and, as such, it can often strengthen urbanity. Among the diversity of situations encountered, preserving the urbanity of natural spaces sometimes becomes the primary objective of protection. In short, some urban protected areas are more protected urban spaces. Conservation is ...

Through a geographical approach to urban protected areas, this doctoral dissertation proposes to consider conservation policies as production choices of metropolitan naturality. Based on the study of five northern European metropolises (Oslo, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Helsinki) in four different national contexts (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland), it develops a reasoning on the foundations, practices and representations relating to spaces and spatialities of conservation. We do not propose a monographic compilation, and it is in a transversal and critical way that we invite to consider the protected space as an urban space in its own right. In the light of nordicity, this doctoral thesis questions the existence, the modalities and the specificities of a supposed Scandinavian model which would show through the conservation policies. The demonstration suggests above all a reversal of the usual patterns of conservation: here, the city is not understood as a threat to nature; rather, it is questioned as a protective factor. In return, conservation can strengthen some urban functions and may even appear to be a leverage of metropolisation. By mobilizing different forms of observation and various materials, this work of social and political geography of the environment is also a wider epistemological reflection on the notions of city and nature and on the links they maintain. By confirming the necessary overcoming of the dualisms resulting from modernity, this dissertation questions the hybrid spatial forms produced by the introduction of protective regulations within metropolitan spaces. Thus, conservation may appear as a means of regulating urbanization, but it is above all a means of enhancing the value of certain urban spaces and, as such, it can often strengthen urbanity. Among the diversity of situations encountered, preserving the urbanity of natural spaces sometimes becomes the primary objective of protection. In short, some urban protected areas are more protected urban spaces. Conservation is ...