Suchergebnisse

Predmet ovoga rada je prikaz i kompracija politika obveznog vojnog roka u tri europske države, Francuskoj, Finskoj i Norveškoj. Cilj je analizirati nekoliko država unutar europskog konteksta s obzirom na: utjecaj geografskih i geopolitičkih faktora na sigurnosne i obrambene strategije; različit vojno-politički položaj s obzirom na članstvo u političkim i vojnim savezima, odnosno NATO-u i Europskoj uniji; različite regionalne odnose, sigurnosno okruženje i različita povijesna iskustva te na koji način ti faktori utječu na politiku obveznog vojnoga roka, odnosno na model popunjavanja vojnih jedinica. Rad je zamišljen kao komparativna studija slučaja triju europskih država, a temelji se na pregledu već postojećih tekstova i istraživanja. U prvom dijelu rada definira se obvezni vojni rok, njegov povijesni razvoj i moderni trendovi. U drugom dijelu razmatra se Francuska i razvoj obveznog vojnog roka do njegovog ukidanja. Zatim se razmatra Norveška, obvezni vojni rok te njeno članstvo u NATO savezu. U četvrtom dijelu razmatra se Finska kao država izvan vojnih saveza i njena politika obveznog vojnog roka. Rad završava komparacijom ovih država te se zaključuje kako mnogi različiti faktori utječu na politiku obveznog vojnog roka. ; The subject of this paper is the presentation and comparison of compulsory military service policies in three European countries, France, Finland, and Norway. The aim is to analyze several countries within the European context with regards to the impact of geographical and geopolitical factors on security and defense strategies; different military and political positions with regard to membership in political and military alliances, namely NATO and the European Union; different regional relations, security environment, and different historical experiences, and how these factors affect the military conscription policy, or the model of military unit replenishment. The paper is conceived as a comparative case study of three European countries, based on a review of existing texts and research. The ...

The article deals with the genesis & attainments of the ombudsmen institutions in Sweden & Norway. The author presents existing forms, organizational structure, functioning of ombudsmen, their competences, authorities, the way of financing their functions, rules of procedure & operation of some forms of the ombudsmen. He particularly analyses the institutional & other relationships between the ombudsmen institutions & legislative, executive & judicial authorities in these two countries. References. Adapted from the source document.

The paper highlights the remarkable religious homogeneity & the much-evolved secularization of Scandinavian societies as the distinguishing features of these countries. These traits explain why Christian parties in northern Europe have remained relatively minor compared to their counterparts in other European countries. Christian parties (except, perhaps, in Norway) are of a rather recent date in Scandinavian countries (in 1933 in Norway, in 1958 in Finland, in 1964 in Sweden, & in 1970 in Denmark) & have neither shaped nor deeply influenced the development of Scandinavian democracy as a political system or a lifestyle. Christian parties in Scandinavia emerged at the time when the democratic systems of these countries had already developed, & the electorate had already chosen to adhere to one party or another. The author claims that Christian parties in Scandinavian countries came into being as a sort of moral & ethical protest at the time of rapid cultural secularization, the role they have more or less retained until now. The emergence of these parties went somewhat against the grain. First, they emerged in religiously homogenous & conflict-free societies. Second, despite the fact that almost 90% of the populations of these countries belong to the Lutheran state church, their support for Christian parties has been relatively low. Although minor in the number of votes they get, the role of Christian parties in the political life of these countries is far from negligible, as can be seen by their inclusion as partners in the coalition governments (today in Denmark, Finland, & Sweden, & formerly in Norway). 19 References. Adapted from the source document.

Migracijska kretanja su konstanta ljudske povijesti, bilo da se radi o dobrovoljnim ili prisilnim migracijama. No,s prijelaza s 2015. na 2016. godinu, Europa se suočila s izbjegličkom krizom koja je uzrokovana dugogodišnjim tranzicijskim procesima na Bliskom istoku i sjevernoj Africi. Ti su tranzicijski procesi uzrokovali građanski rat u Siriji i Libiji, ali i stvorili ogromnu nestabilnost u susjednim državama. Veliki broj migranata s područja Bliskog istoka, Afrike i Azije je krenuo prema Europi, a cilj im je bio stići u najrazvijenije zemlje Europe, Njemačku, Švedsku, Norvešku i druge. Na putu koji se proteže preko Turske i Grčke pa sve do Švedske, našle su se i države koje su svoju samostalnost stekle dezintegracijom Jugoslavije. Neke od država nastalih raspadom Jugoslavije su članice Europske unije i NATO pakta, no to im nije olakšalo suočavanje s izbjegličkom krizom, iako su one, u većini slučajeva, samo tranzitne zemlje. Nedostatak sredstava, slaba koordinacija, manjak institucionalnih kapaciteta i problemi s drugim državama samo su neki od izazova s kojima su se ove države suočile. Upravo zbog svih navedenih problema ovaj rad se bavi komparacijom migracijskih politika država nastalih raspadom Jugoslavije, i to ne samo onih koje se nalaze na Balkanskoj ruti, već i Crne Gore i Bosne i Hercegovine. ; Migration movements have been a constant feature of human history, wheather voluntary or forced. However, in the late 2015 Europe was faced with refugee crisis caused by long – term transition process in Middle East and North Africa. That transition process caused Civil war in Syria and Libya and instability in neighboring countries. A huge number of migrants from Middle East, Africa and Asia headed to Europe with the aim to reach most developed countries: Germany, Sweden, Norway etc. Countries which gained their independence with desintergration of Yugoslavia can be found on the path from Turkey and Greece towards countries as far as Sweden. Althought some of the states that have been createdafter the ...

Jedan od praktično i teorijski najvažnijih problema teritorijalne organizacije lokalne samouprave svodi se na dilemu uspostave jednog stupnja ili više stupnjeva lokalnih samoupravnih jedinica. Stupnjevanjem se odgovara na problem i potrebu integracije sustava lokalne samouprave te na potrebu povezivanja tog sustava sa širom državnom organizacijom. Nakon opće rasprave o prednostima i nedostacima stupnjevanja, opsežno je komparativno analizirano stanje u 39 zemalja, 23 razvijene i 16 tranzicijskih. Ustanovljena su četiri tipa teritorijalnih okvira za integraciju sustava lokalne samouprave, jednostupanjski, mješoviti ili segmentirani, dvostupanjski i trostupanjski. Kao glavni faktori koji uvjetuju izbor jednog od tih okvira u pojedinoj zemlji utvrđeni su: veličina lokalnih jedinica, njihovo monotipsko ili politipsko uređenje, veličina države izražena brojem stanovnika te oblik društvenog uređenja (federacije, unitarne države). ; The dilemma about the establishment of one or more levels of local self-government units is one of the most important problems of territorial organisation of local self-government. Levelling is structural answer to the problem and needs to integrate local self-government system itself and to integrate that system into a wider organisation of a state as a whole. At the beginning, the paper deals with general discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of levelling. The situation in almost forty countries has been analysed, including two groups of countries: developed democracies (Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Island, Italia, Japan, Luxemburg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA) and transition countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Serbia). Four different types of territorial frames for local self-govern mentsystem integration have been identified: one-tier, mixed or segmented, two-tier, and three-tier systems. Decision to select one of them is conditioned by the average size of local units, monotypic or polytypic design of territorial division of a country, the size of a country in terms of the number of inhabitants, and form of political organisation (federation or unitary state).

Starenje stanovništva jedna je od najvećih strukturnih promjena koje trenutno utječu na razvoj svih europskih socijalnih država. Različite države se suočavaju s tim promjenama na različite načine. Kao odgovor na svjetsku gospodarsku krizu, mnoge su države reformirale svoje mirovinske sustave i način na koji odgovaraju na rastuće potrebe za skrbi. Te promjene znatno utječu na stavove ljudi o perspektivi socijalne države i na njihova očekivanja u budućnosti vezano uz buduću raspodjelu odgovornosti u pružanju skrbi za starije osobe. Temelj za analizu su podatci prikupljeni u poredbenom europskom projektu uz metodu korištenje demokratskih foruma. Stavove i očekivanja sudionika – kao i razloge i argumente koje su iznijeli – upotrijebili smo kako bismo rasvijetlili čimbenike koji će vjerojatno oblikovati buduće oblike skrbi za starije osobe i mjere mirovinske politike. Analizirali smo četiri države koje imaju različite socijalne režime – Norvešku, Sloveniju, Njemačku i Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo – i usredotočili se na podjelu odgovornosti između države, tržišta i obitelji, kao i na sličnosti i razlike u prioritetima i proizlazeće argumente iznesene u te četiri države. ; Population ageing is one of the biggest structural changes currently affecting the development of all European welfare states. Countries have tackled these changes in different ways. In reaction to the global economic crisis, many countries have reformed their old-age pension systems and how they address the rising care needs. These changes are bound to influence how citizens view the welfare state's prospects and what they expect from it in the future in relation to policies for the elderly. The paper explores citizens' attitudes and expectations with regard to the future division of responsibilities for the provision of welfare for the elderly. The basis for the analysis is data gathered in a comparative European project adopting coordinated democratic forums as a methodology. We use the participants' views and expectations – as well as the reasons and arguments they presented – to shed light on the factors likely to shape future elderly care and old-age pension policies. We analyse four countries – Norway, Slovenia, Germany and the UK – belonging to four different welfare regimes and focus on the division of responsibilities between the state, the market and the family and the differences and similarities in priorities and subsequent arguments put forward in the four countries.

Ove se godine (2009.) slavi šezdeseta obljetnica postojanja i uspješnoga djelovanja Sjevernoatlantskoga saveza, poznatijega kao NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). NATO je međunarodna vojno-politička organizacija koja je osnovana 4. travnja 1949. potpisivanjem Sjevernoatlantskoga ugovora (Washingtonski ugovor) između dvanaest zemalja zapadnoga bloka (Belgija, Danska, Francuska, Italija, Island, Kanada, Luxemburg, Nizozemska, Norveška, Portugal, SAD i Velika Britanija). Na stvaranje NATO-a utjecali su sljedeći čimbenici: razilaženje protuhitlerovske koalicije zbog suprotnih ciljeva, stvaranje zemalja "narodne demokracije" pod sovjetskom dominacijom, Marshallov plan gospodarske pomoći Sjedinjenih Američkih Država razrušenoj Europi koji je odbio Sovjetski Savez, Trumanova doktrina iz 1947. godine koja je označila veće angažiranje SAD-a, politika SSSR-a pod Staljinovim predsjedanjem i sve veće "prijetnje komunizma i socijalističkih zemalja". Sjevernoatlantski ugovor počiva na četrnaest članaka, a prema petomu članku "strane su suglasne da će se oružani napad na jednu ili više zemalja Saveza smatrati napadom na sve njih". Sjedište je NATO-a u Bruxellesu, službeni su jezici engleski i francuski, a aktualni glavni tajnik jest Anders Fogh Rasmmunsen. Savez funkcionira u skladu s načelima međuvladine suradnje, a odluke se donose pristankom svih zemalja članica (28 zemalja). Misija NATO-a u BiH od 1992. do 1995. godine bila je najopsežnija u povijesti Saveza. U njoj je zabilježeno i prvo oružano djelovanje ove organizacije. Danas je NATO ne samo vojna nego i politička organizacija. ; The sixtieth anniversary of existence and successful functioning of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, more famous as NATO is celebrated in this year (2009). NATO is international military-political organization established on April 4, 1949 by signing North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) between twelve countries of the Western block (Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Iceland, Canada, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA and Great Britain). Following factors influenced on establishment of NATO: separation of anti-Hitler coalition because of opposing goals, development of "national democracy" countries under Soviet domination, Marshall's plan of the USA help to demolished Europe, which was rejected by the Soviet Union, Truman's doctrine from 1947 which marked greater engagement of USA, politics of U.S.S.R. under Stalin's presiding and bigger "threats of communism and socialist countries". North Atlantic Treaty is based on fourteen articles, and according to the fifth article "the parties agreed that an armed attack against one or more of the organization members shall be considered as an attack against them all". The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, official languages are English and French and Anders Fogh Rasmmunsen is the current Secretary General. The alliance functions in accordance with the principles of intergovernmental cooperation and decisions are made by common consent of all members (28 countries). NATO mission in B&H from 1992 to 1995 was the most extensive in the history of Alliance. The first military action of this organization took place during this mission. Today NATO is not only military, but also political organization.

Iako intervencijska kardiologija u Hrvatskoj unatrag dvaju desetljeća bilježi napredak, ne nalazimo analizu broja intervencijskih kardioloških zahvata na nacionalnoj razini. Cilj je rada bila analiza broja koronarnih angiografija (CA) i perkutanih koronarnih intervencija (PCI) u razdoblju od 2010. do 2014. godine. Analizirani su dijagnostičko-terapijski postupci iz računa hospitaliziranih bolesnika u Hrvatskoj koji se odnose na CA i PCI u 13 hrvatskih centara. U promatranom je razdoblju prosječna stopa CA bila 4390 na milijun stanovnika godišnje uz porast od 8,5 % u promatranom razdoblju. Prosječna stopa PCI-ja bila je 2208 uz porast od 15 %. Omjer PCI/CA porastao je s 0,48 na 0,52. Od 47 470 PCI-ja učinjenih u Hrvatskoj od 2010. do 2014. godine 18,6 % učinjeno je u Klinici za kardiovaskularne bolesti Magdalena, 13,8 % u Kliničkom bolničkom centru (KBC) Zagreb, 11,9 % u KBC-u Rijeka i 11,3 % u Kliničkojbolnici Dubrava, dok su ostali centri imali udjele manje od 10 %. Prema broju PCI-ja, sedam hrvatskihcentara (54 %) ubrajamo u velike centre, a četiri (30,7 %) među srednje velike centre. Opća bolnica Dubrovnikod 2013. godine ima dovoljan godišnji broj PCI-ja (> 200), dok Opća bolnica Karlovac radi samo CA. Rezultati upućuju na izniman uspjeh hrvatske intervencijske kardiologije u zadnja dva desetljeća. Hrvatska je 2010. godine imala višu stopu PCI-ja od prosjeka članica Organizacije za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj (OECD) i 21 zemlje članice Europske unije i veći prosječan godišnji rast (26,8 %) od svih analiziranih zemlja, osim Rumunjske. Stopa PCI-ja bila je viša od većine europskih zemalja, osim Njemačke, Belgije, Austrije i Norveške. Za daljnju analizu uspješnosti intervencijskih zahvata i planiranje daljnjeg razvoja nužno je formiranje unificiranoga Hrvatskog registra kardioloških procedura. ; Although there has been progress in interventional cardiology in Croatia over the last two decades, there has been no analysis of interventional cardiologic procedures at the national level. The aim of this article was to analyze of the number of coronary angiographies (CA) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in the period from 2010 to 2014. Diagnostic and treatment procedures were analyzed based on the CA and PCI hospital claims of Croatian patients in 13 Croatian centers. The average rate of CA in the observed period was 4 390 per million population annually, with a growth of 8.5% over the observed period. The average rate of PCI was 2 208 with an increase of 15%. The PCI/CA ratio grew from 0.48 to 0.52. Of the 47 470 PCI procedures performed in Croatia between 2010 and 2014, 18.6% were performed in the Magdalena Special Hospital for Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology, 13.8% in the University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 11.9% in the University Hospital Centre Rijeka, and 11.3% in the University Hospital Dubrava, while other centers had shares below 10%. Based on PCI numbers, 7 Croatian centers (54%) can be classified as high volume centers, and 4 (30.7%) as medium volume centers. The Dubrovnik General Hospital since 2013 had a sufficient annual number of PCIs (>200), while the Karlovac General Hospital only performed CA. Results indicate that Croatian interventional cardiology has achieved a great success over the last two decades: in 2010, Croatia already had an above average rate of PCIs compared with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and 21 countries of the European Union, as well as a larger annual growth (26.8%) than all analyzed countries except Romania. PCI rates were higher than most European countries except Germany, Belgium, Austria, and Norway. Further analysis of the success of interventional procedures and further development plans require the formation of a unified Croatian Registry of Cardiologic Procedures.