Abstract ; This article focuses on prostitution on the Ottoman home front. The research draws upon secondary and primary sources. By focusing on this subject, the article highlights the Ottoman wartime government's efforts to reorganize the socioeconomic sphere and the tensions escalated by the harsh circumstances of the war. ; SeriesInformation ; 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War ; SeriesInformation ; 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Abstract ; During the Great War, the Ottoman Empire fought on several major and minor fronts, both in the Middle East and in the Balkans. Although initially seen as a military liability by its allies and a weak enemy by its foes, Ottoman armies delivered some heavy blows to the Entente powers, mainly the British. Yet, by 1918, the military was battered beyond recognition. Ottoman civilians did not fare any better: they suffered and died by the millions due to war, deportation, massacre, disease, and famine. ; SeriesInformation ; 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War ; SeriesInformation ; 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
War, massacres, displacement, famine and economic crisis left over 100,000 children orphaned across the Ottoman Empire during WWI. Though most orphans were left to fend for themselves, as their numbers swelled, state and charitable groups began to set up orphanages, many of which were absorbed by Near East Relief after the war.
The economic system of the Ottoman Empire and its basic economic principles derived from a traditional view of state and society which had prevailed since antiquity in the empires of the Near East. This theory, since it determined the attitude and policy of the administrators, was of considerable practical importance.
Watching over neighboring provinces in the Ottoman empire: the case of tributary princes from the north of the Danube in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries / Viorel Panaite -- The role of Moldavia and Wallachia in Transylvania's contacts to the Sublime Porte / Klára Jakó -- News in Wallachia and Moldavia during the Ottoman Hegemony: fifteenth and sixteenth centuries / Ovidiu Cristea -- Calling for justice and protection: sixteenth-century Wallachian and Moldavian tributaries as petitioners to the Imperial Stirrup / Radu G. Păun -- Daghestan during the long Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1639): the Shamkhals' relations with Ottoman pashas / Dariusz Kołodziejczyk -- The Principality of Transylvania and the Ottoman province of Eger, 1596-1660 / Balázs Sudár -- Trade, diplomacy, and corruption in seventeenth-century Ottoman Bosnia: the Ragusan experience of a complex relationship / Erica Mezzoli -- The curious case of Caterina Cercheza: marriage, cross-border patronage, and Ottoman-Moldavian politics in the mid-seventeenth century / Michał Wasiucionek -- Prince György Rákóczi I of Transylvania and the elite of Ottoman Hungary, 1630-1636 / János B. Szabó -- Ottoman protection of Cossack Ukraine under Hetman Petro Doroshenko: between legal aspects and actual practice / Tetiana Grygorieva -- King Thököly in chains: the fall of the Ottoman tributary state of upper Hungary / Gábor Kármán -- Designers or obedient executors of the Ottoman northeastern policy? the governors of the Caffa and Trabzon provinces at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries / Natalia Królikowska-Jedlińska -- Dealing with Ottoman outlaws from land and sea: case studies of Dubrovnik (1746-1748) / Ruža Radoš Ćurić.
The Ottoman Empire was the most religiously diverse empire in Europe and Asia. Macedonia, the southernmost Balkan regions and Asia Minor, which formed historically and in the minds of late Ottoman elites the territorial core of the empire, housed large groups of Christians and a significant number of Jews; there was no clear Muslim majority. Struck by an existential crisis beginning in the late 18th century, the Ottoman state undertook reforms, declared the equality of its subjects, willingly maintained its diversity and even institutionalised the cultural and religious autonomies which it had given its Christian and Jewish communities. When the Ottoman state failed to defend its territory and sovereignty, the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), the revolutionary rulers who gained power in a coup, finally decided on a program of national homogenization in Asia Minor which it carried out in 1914-1918. The CUP classified the Ottoman populations and dealt with them through resettlement, dispersion, expulsion and destruction – depending on the populations' assimilability into a Turko-Muslim nation in the Anatolian core. It judged the Muslims, in particular the Kurds, assimilable, but the Christian groups non-assimilable.
Evliya Çelebi (d. after 1685), in his Seyahatname, Book of Travels, completed circa 1683, records a host of languages and dialects spoken within the Ottoman Empire at the time and provides practical word lists in transcription, especially for those less familiar to his Turkophone audience, such as Hungarian in the western borderlands and varieties of Kurdish in the eastern regions. Evliya also remarks of places where he met bilingual speakers. For instance, about the city of Ohrid in the central province of Rumelia, he informs us that, though its people mainly speak Greek or Bulgarian, they could converse in "elegant Turkish," some in a "very urbane and witty" manner typical of Ottoman literati. Yet curiously, about the capital of Istanbul, his hometown, Evliya says nothing specific about any interaction, besides that he had learned "fluent Greek and Latin" from a Christian goldsmith, to be able to read certain chronicles, and in exchange instructed Persian to the craftsman.
The implementation of sending scholarship students abroad that started in the 19th century by Sultan Selim III in Ottoman Empire continued during the period of other Sultans became a significant reference point for the abroad scholarship policy of Turkey. The students that were firstly sent abroad especially for military training, were sent to other countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, England, Belgium and Russia so as to have an education in various areas in the following years. In this paper, the legal arrangements for choosing scholarship student's selection process, rights, and obligation are dealt. Then, national and international factors that triggered sending scholarship students abroad are addressed in order to have a wide understanding of the implementation process of the scholarship program. Finally, the achievements of the Ottoman Empire due to the success of scholarship students are put forth by examining the study areas and countries of the students.
The implementation of sending scholarship students abroad that started in the 19th century by Sultan Selim III in Ottoman Empire continued during the period of other Sultans became a significant reference point for the abroad scholarship policy of Turkey. The students that were firstly sent abroad especially for military training, were sent to other countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, England, Belgium and Russia so as to have an education in various areas in the following years. In this paper, the legal arrangements for choosing scholarship student's selection process, rights, and obligation are dealt. Then, national and international factors that triggered sending scholarship students abroad are addressed in order to have a wide understanding of the implementation process of the scholarship program. Finally, the achievements of the Ottoman Empire due to the success of scholarship students are put forth by examining the study areas and countries of the students.
